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Portraits of
Old Russia
 Dedication

M.P. To the memory of Richard Hellie.

D.O.: To my father Anthony Ostrowski, who inspired me to become a historian.

Portraits of
Old Russia
Imagined Lives of Ordinary People,
1300 —1725

Donald Ostrowski and Marshall T. Poe

ROUTLEDGE

Routledge
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
 First published 2011 by M.E. Sharpe

Published 2015 by Routledge

2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

Copyright © 2011 Taylor & Francis. All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by

any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval
system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Notices
No responsibility is assumed by the publisher for any injury and/or damage to
persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise,
or from any use of operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas
contained in the material herein.

Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and
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be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for
whom they have a professional responsibility.

Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and

are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Portraits of old Russia : imagined lives of ordinary people, 1300-1725 / edited by Donald
Ostrowski and Marshall T. Poe.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7656-2728-5 (cloth : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-0-7656-2729-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Russia—Social life and customs. 2. Russia—History—To 1533—Biography. 3. Rus-
sia—History—1533-1613—Biography. 4. Russia—History—1613-1917—Biography. 5.
Imaginary biography. 6. Social classes—Russia—History. I. Ostrowski, Donald G. II. Poe,
Marshall T.
DK32.P67 2011
947—dc22 2010044379
ISBN 13: 9780765627292 (pbk)
ISBN 13: 9780765627285 (hbk)
 Contents

Chronology of Old Russia from 1304 to 1725 vii

Map of Muscovy xxii
Introduction
Donald Ostrowski xxiii

I. Members of Ruling Families

1. Anna Koltovskaia: A Russian Tsaritsa
Russell E. Martin 3
2. Memoir of a Tatar Prince: Ismail ibn Ahmed
Donald Ostrowski 14
3. Gleb Vasilievich: A Prince in Fourteenth-Century Yaroslavl
Lawrence N. Langer 24

II. Government Servitors

4. A Dialogue Between Two Seventeenth-Century Boyars
Marshall T. Poe 37
5. The Power of Knowledge: Vita of the Secretary Andrei Putilov
Sergei Bogatyrev 44
6. Larka the Clerk
Peter B. Brown 56

III. Military Personnel

7. “My Brilliant Career”: Autobiography of a Career Army Officer
Carol B. Stevens 71
8. The Life of a Foreign Mercenary Officer
W.M. Reger IV 81
9. Vasilii Zotov: A Military Colonist on the Southern Frontier
Brian Davies 92

IV. Church Prelates

10. A Seventeenth-Century Prelate: Metropolitan Pavel of Sarai and the Don
Cathy J. Potter 105
11. Vasilii Kalika, Archbishop of Novgorod (r. 1330–52)
Michael C. Paul 116

v
vi

V. Monks
12. Holy Images for the Grand Prince
Michael S. Flier 129
13. Three Scholars at the Kirillo-Belozersk Monastery: A Teacher,
a Student, and a Librarian
Robert Romanchuk 139
14. Greeks in Seventeenth-Century Russia
Nikolaos A. Chrissidis 154
15. Akakii Balandin of Novgorod-Volotovo and Solovki
Monasteries (1526–95)
David M. Goldfrank 165

VI. Provincial Landowners, Artisans, and Townspeople

16. Provincial Landowners as Litigants
Nancy S. Kollmann 179
17. Artisans: The Prokofiev Family
J.T. Kotilaine 188
18. A Poor Townswoman Accused of Witchcraft
Valerie Kivelson 198

VII. Siberian Explorer and Trader

19. S.U. Remezov, Cossack Adventurer, and the Opening of Siberia
Christoph Witzenrath 209
20. A Siberian Trader: Urasko Kaibulin
Erika Monahan 222

VIII. Peasants, Slaves, Serfs, and Holy Fools

21. The Parfiev Family: Northern Free Peasants
Jennifer B. Spock 233
22. Muscovite Lives: A Slave and a Serf
Richard Hellie 243
23. Dunia, a Fool for Christ
Hugh M. Olmsted 252

Glossary
Hugh M. Olmsted 271

On the Use and History of Personal Names in Muscovy

Hugh M. Olmsted 279

Transcription and Pronunciation Guide for Russian Names

Hugh M. Olmsted 291

About the Editors and the Contributors 301

Index 307
 Chronology of Old Russia from
1304 to 1725

Early modern Russians adopted the Byzantine calendar and counted years from
the Creation, 5508 years before Christ’s birth. They regarded September 1 as their
New Year. Therefore, to convert an Old Russian year into a Julian or Gregorian
calendar year, 5508 years, for the period between January 1 and August 31, would
be subtracted from, say, 7134 (or 134 since the Muscovites frequently eliminated
the initial thousandth’s column) and 5509 years would be subtracted for the portion
of the Old Russian year between September 1 and December 31.

Events related specifically to individuals in Portraits are given in bold typeface.

1304 Grand Prince Andrei Aleksandrovich dies; Mikhail Iaroslavich of Tver

becomes grand prince; Iurii Daniilovich becomes prince of Moscow.
1315 Iurii Daniilovich summoned to Sarai, remains there two years, marries
Konchaka (Agrafa), sister of Khan Özbeg; Novgorod sends 50,000
grivnas of silver to Grand Prince Mikhail.
1317 Iurii marches against Tver; Mikhail of Tver defeats Iurii; Agrafa cap-
tured, dies a prisoner in Tver.
1318 Grand Prince Mikhail Iaroslavich executed by Khan Özbeg; Iurii Dani-
ilovich of Moscow made grand prince.
1320–22 Rostov and Yaroslavl uprisings.
1322 Khan Özbeg deprives Iurii Daniilovich of grand princely patent and
makes Dmitrii Mikhailovich of Tver grand prince.
1325 Grand Prince Dmitrii kills Prince Iurii of Moscow; Ivan Daniilovich
becomes prince of Moscow.
1326 Aleksandr Mikhailovich becomes grand prince of Vladimir; Khan Özbeg
orders the execution of Grand Prince Dmitrii Mikhailovich in Sarai
for murder of Iurii; Cathedral of the Assumption founded in Moscow;
Metropolitan Peter dies.
vii
viii CHRONOLOGY

1327 Aleksandr Mikhailovich relieved of grand princely patent; uprising in

Tver and again in Rostov; grand prince takes over duties of baskaks in
certain areas of Rus.
1328 Ivan Daniilovich of Moscow becomes grand prince of Vladimir; Feog-
nost becomes metropolitan of Rus.
1330 Archbishop of Novgorod Moisei steps down and retires to a mon-
astery; Vasilii Kalika becomes archbishop of Novgorod (chap. 11);
Savior of the Forest Church constructed in Moscow.
1332 Stone Church of the Archangel Michael replaces wooden one in Mos-
cow kremlin; stone Church of St. John Climacus built in the Moscow
kremlin; Grand Prince Ivan travels to Sarai.
1333 Vychegod and Pechora begin paying tribute to Moscow.
1337 In Novgorod, a mob attacks Archimandrite Efim, who has taken
refuge in the Church of St. Nicholas on the Market (chap. 11).
1338 Great Bridge in Novgorod over the Volkhov River swept away in a
flood (chap. 11).
1339 Aleksandr Mikhailovich, prince of Tver, executed in Sarai.
ca. 1340 Birth of Theophanes (Feofan Grek) (chap. 12).
1341 Grand Prince Ivan I (Kalita) dies; Semen Ivanovich becomes grand
prince; death of Evdokia Ivanovna, daughter of Ivan I and mother
of Gleb Vasilievich (chap. 3).
1342 Fire in Novgorod followed by widespread looting; the archbishop and
the hegumens of the monasteries call a fast and hold processions and
prayer services at various monasteries around the city (chap. 11).
1345 Death of Vasilii Davidovich, prince of Yaroslavl and father of Gleb
Vasilievich (chap. 3).
1347 Grand Prince Semen pays cost of repairing St. Sophia Cathedral in
Constantinople.
1351 Grand Prince Semen’s sons die of the plague.
1352 Grand Prince Semen (the Proud) dies of the plague; Vasilii Kalika,
archbishop of Novgorod, dies (chap. 11).
1353 Ivan Ivanovich, the younger brother of Semen, becomes grand prince;
Metropolitan Feognost dies.
1359 Grand Prince Ivan II (the Meek) dies; Dmitrii Konstantinovich of Su-
zdal appointed grand prince; Metropolitan Aleksei becomes regent for
Dmitrii of Moscow; death of Janibeg, khan of the Ulus of Jochi.
1363 Khan Mürid appoints Dmitrii of Moscow as grand prince, then changes
mind, because the emir Mamai supports Dmitrii; Mürid reappoints
Dmitrii of Suzdal instead.
1364 Rostov, Ustiug, and Ustiug’s possessions in Velikaia Perm begin paying
tribute to Moscow; plague in Nizhnii Novgorod.
1365 Riazan defeats Tatar raiding force; plague kills Konstantin, prince of
Rostov.
 CHRONOLOGY ix

1366 Fire destroys much of Moscow.

1367 Palad driven off from Nizhnii Novgorod; stone replaces wood in for-
tification of the Moscow kremlin; Velikaia Perm, Mezen, and Kegrola
begin paying tribute to Moscow.
1368 Algirdas (Olgerd), grand duke of Lithuania, besieges Moscow.
1370 Algirdas besieges Moscow again.
1372 Tver–Moscow war begins; Yaroslavl is plundered by ushkuinniki
(chap. 3).
1373 Mamai lays waste Riazan.
1374 Mamai’s envoys and 1,500 Tatars killed at Nizhnii Novgorod; Vasilii
Veliaminov, the last tysiatskii, dies in Moscow; Urus becomes khan of
the Ulus of Jochi.
1375 Nizhnii Novgorod devastated; treaty between Dmitrii of Moscow and
Mikhail of Tver.
1376 Dmitrii compels Kazan to pay him to raise the siege; first Toqtaqyia,
then Temur Melik becomes khan of the Ulus of Jochi.
1377 Rus force routed on the Piana; Grand Duke of Lithuania Algirdas dies;
Jagiełło (Jagailo) becomes grand duke of Lithuania.
1378 Tatars burn Nizhnii Novgorod; Dmitrii wins on the Vozha; Metropolitan
Aleksei dies; Feofan Grek paints the frescoes in Novgorod’s Church
of the Savior on Elijah Street (chap. 12).
1379 Pimen becomes metropolitan of Rus.
1380 Battle of Kulikovo Field. Gleb Vasilievich may have participated
and even been killed there (chap. 3); Dmitrii imprisons Metropolitan
Pimen.
1381 Toqtamysh defeats Mamai at the Kalka River; Kiprian becomes met-
ropolitan of Moscow.
1382 Toqtamysh sacks Moscow.
1385 Metropolitan Kiprian travels to Sarai.
1386 Novgorod placed under tribute by Dmitrii of Moscow; Jagiełło marries
Jadwiga, uniting Lithuania with Poland.
1388 Metropolitan Theognostus of Trebizond travels to Moscow seeking
donations.
1389 Grand Prince Dmitrii (Donskoi) dies; Vasilii I becomes grand prince;
Metropolitan Pimen dies; Kiprian (Cyprian) becomes metropolitan of
all Rus’.
1390 Vasilii I marries Sofia, daughter of Vytautus (Vitovt) of Lithuania.
1391 Sergei of Radonezh dies.
1393 Vytautus becomes grand duke of Lithuania; Patriarch of Constantinople
Antonios writes letter upbraiding Vasilii I.
1395 Timur invades Ulus of Jochi.
1397 Kirillo-Belozersk Monastery founded (chap. 13).
x CHRONOLOGY

1398 Vasilii I sends money to Constantinople to help in the defense against

the Ottoman Turks.
1399 Battle on River Vorskla; Vytautus defeated by Timur Qutlug; Feofan
Grek heads team that decorates Moscow’s kremlin Cathedral of
the Archangel Michael (chap. 12).

1401 Sadi Beg becomes khan of the Ulus of Jochi.

1405 Feofan Grek heads team that decorates Moscow’s Assumption
Cathedral (chap. 12).
1406 Metropolitan Kiprian dies.
1408 Treaty between Moscow and Lithuania; Edigei’s expedition against
Moscow; Fotii (Photius) becomes metropolitan of Rus.
1410 Battle of Tannenberg; Teutonic knights defeat Vytautus; Temur becomes
khan of the Ulus of Jochi.
1415 Letter by the hagiographer Epifanii the Most Wise to Kirill, the
archimandrite of the Savior-Afanasii Monastery in the city of Tver
(chap. 12).
1417 Jeremferden becomes khan of the Ulus of Jochi.
1425 Vasilii I dies; Vasilii II becomes grand prince.
1427 Kirill of Belozero, founder of the Kirillo-Belozersk Monastery, dies;
St. Aleksandr Oshevenskii is born in the village of Vazheozerskaia
and named Aleksei (chap. 13).
1430 Vytautus, grand duke of Lithuania, dies.
1431 Iurii, brother of Vasilii I, claims throne from Vasilii II; Metropolitan
Fotii dies; Iurii and Vasilii travel to Sarai to have Khan Ulug Mehmed
decide the succession.
1432 Ulug Mehmed decides in favor of Vasilii, who is installed in Moscow
as grand prince by a Jochid.
1433 Iurii gives up claim but reconsiders; Sajjid Ahmed claims to be khan
(until 1465).
1434 Iurii dies after defeating Vasilii II in battle; Khristofor, hegumen of the
Kirillo-Belozersk Monastery, dies; Trifon becomes hegumen (chap.
13).
1436 Vasilii II orders the blinding of Vasilii Kosoi, his cousin; Isidor becomes
metropolitan; Josef Barbaro visits Riazan and Kolomna.
1437 Council of Florence begins; Ulug Mehmed defeats Rus at Belev.
1439 Council of Florence ends; Ulug Mehmed besieges Moscow.
1440 Casimir becomes grand duke of Lithuania; sometime in the 1440s
Oleshka Palkin heads a secondary school at the Kirillo-Belozersk
Monastery and composes colophon to a codex of the Grammatica
of Serbian monks and Dialectica of John Damascene (chap. 13).
1441 Metropolitan Isidor returns to Moscow; after conducting church service
in Catholic manner, he is forced to flee from Moscow.
 CHRONOLOGY xi

1445 Ulug Mehmed captures Vasilii II at Battle of Suzdal; Mahmeduk, Ulug

Mehmed’s son, captures Kazan from Ulus of Jochi; Crimean khanate
breaks away from Ulus of Jochi; Moscow fire; Aleksei from Vashe-
ozerskaia (the future St. Aleksandr Oshevenskii) begins secondary-
school education under the Kirillo-Belozersk d’iak Oleshka Palkin
(chap. 13).
1446 Ulug Mehmed allows Vasilii II to return to Rus after taking a ransom
of 20,000 rubles; Dmitrii Iurievich Shemiaka seizes throne, and blinds
Vasilii II.
1447 Vasilii II ousts Shemiaka from Moscow, resumes rule; Mahmeduk driven
off from Moscow; Casimir IV becomes king of Poland.
1448 Council of bishops elects Iona as Metropolitan; Trifon expelled as
hegumen of Kirillo-Belozersk Monastery; Kassian becomes hegu-
men (chap. 13).
1449 Vasilii II declares his son Ivan coruler; Casimir IV signs treaties with
Vasilii II and Boris Aleksandrovich of Tver. Vasilii II concludes treaty
with Ivan Vasilievich of Suzdal.
1450 Shemiaka driven off from attack on Moscow, seeks refuge in
Novgorod.
1451 Sajjid Ahmed driven off from attack on Moscow.
1452 Khanate of Kasimov established; Tatars accept Rus suzerainty at Kasi-
mov; Vasilii II writes to Byzantine Emperor Constantine XI.
1453 April 9: Moscow and the entire kremlin burn; May 29: Constantinople
falls to Ottoman Turks; Dmitrii Shemiaka dies in Novgorod.
1456 Vasilii II imposes fine and treaty on Novgorod limiting veche.
1459 Vasilii II conquers Viatka, but Viatka reasserts independence.
1461 Metropolitan Iona writes letter to Khan Mahmud of Kazan; Metropolitan
Iona dies; Feodosii becomes metropolitan.
1462 Vasilii II dies; Ivan III becomes grand prince.
1463 Ivan III obtains submission of Yaroslavl.
1464 Ivan’s daughter Anna marries prince of Riazan; Metropolitan Feodosii
resigns; Filipp becomes metropolitan.
1465 Tatar punitive expedition stopped in border area; Ahmed becomes khan
of the Ulus of Jochi.
1466 Halil chosen khan of Kazan.
1467 Ivan III sends army to help friendly khan at Kasimov, but fails; Halil,
khan of Kazan, dies; Ibrahim chosen khan of Kazan.
1468 Ivan III refuses Pskov a separate bishop; Ivan III presents Great Zion
to Assumption Cathedral.
1469 Ivan III sends army against Kazan; fails twice to take Kazan.
1470 Novgorod turns to Casimir IV for help.
1471 Ivan III advances on Novgorod; Battle on Shelon River; treaty between
Moscow and Novgorod.
xii CHRONOLOGY

1472 Ivan III captures Perm; Ivan marries Zoe (Sophia); Ivan inherits
Dmitrov.
1473 Metropolitan Filipp dies; Gerontii becomes metropolitan.
1474 Muscovy obtains Rostov.
1475 Ivan III comes to Novgorod; Aristotle Fioroventi arrives in Moscow;
Crimean khan recognizes suzerainty of Ottoman sultan.
1476 Ambrogio Contarini, Venetian ambassador, visits Moscow; Ivan III
enters Novgorod to take action against plague.
1478 Great bell of Novgorod taken to Moscow.
1479 Ibrahim, khan of Kazan, dies; Ilham chosen khan of Kazan.
1480 Ivan III encounters Khan Ahmed at Ugra River; Andrei and Boris,
brothers of Ivan III, threaten to go over to the grand duke of Lithuania,
but eventually come to terms with Ivan; monks of Kirillo-Belozersk
Monastery, including the hieromonk and elder Efrosin, compile a
catalog of the monastery’s liturgical books in the 1480s (chap. 13).
1481 Andrei of Vologda bequeaths estate to Ivan III; Khan Ahmed is killed;
Murteza and his brother Sajjid Ahmed II, and their half-brother Šaih
Ahmed all claim to be khans of the Ulus of Jochi.
1482 Ismail ibn Ahmed born (chap. 2).
1483 Mikhail of Tver declares himself “younger brother” of Ivan III; Ivan
begins confiscations of lands in Novgorod.
1485 Ivan III captures Tver; Prince Mikhail flees to Lithuania; Ilham deposed
as khan of Kazan and Mehmed Emin chosen as khan of Kazan.
1486 Mehmed Emin deposed as khan of Kazan and Ilham chosen khan of
Kazan again.
1487 Ivan III sends army against Kazan; Ilham deposed as khan again and
Mehmed Emin chosen as khan of Kazan again; Kudai Kul becomes
hostage of Ivan III.
1489 Viatka submits to Moscow; Metropolitan Gerontii dies; Nicholaus
Poppel meets with Ivan III; Cathedral of Annunciation in the Moscow
kremlin is completed.
1490 Ivan III makes agreement with Holy Roman Emperor against Poland;
Ivan Molodoi, son of Ivan III, dies; Zosima becomes metropolitan;
church council investigates charges of heresy.
1491 Ivan III and Crimean Tatars crush Sarai Tatars.
1492 Casimir IV dies; Muscovite–Lithuanian hostilities Metropolitan Zosima
begins to refer to Ivan III as autocrat (samoderzhets).
1493 Uglich absorbed; Ivan assumes title Sovereign (gosudar) over Novgorod;
Russo-Danish alliance;
1494 Muscovite campaign against Lithuania; Zosima resigns as metropolitan;
Ivan III closes off Novgorod to Hansa.
1495 Grand Duke of Lithuania Alexander marries Ivan’s daughter Elena;
Simon becomes metropolitan.
 CHRONOLOGY xiii

1496 War with Swedes; Muscovy sends ambassador to Ottoman empire;

Mehmed Emin, khan of Kazan, flees to Moscow when Kazan attacked
by Khan Mamuk of the Siberian khanate.
1497 Sudebnik (Law Code) issued; Truce with Swedes; Abdullatif chosen
khan of Kazan.
1498 Dmitrii, grandson of Ivan III, installed as coruler.
1499 Ahmed becomes khan of the Ulus of Jochi; Ivan III ends Novgorod’s
connection with Hanseatic League.

1500 Muscovite campaign against Lithuania; Battle of Vedrosha River.

1501 Rus forces subdue Livonians at Helmed; the monk German Podolnyi
departs and lives beyond the Kirillo-Belozersk Monastery for two
years, four months, and three weeks (chap. 13).
1502 The uluses and ordu of the Ulus of Jochi (Great Horde) submit to the
Crimean Tatar Khan Mengli Girey in 1502; Ivan III arrests his grandson
and co-ruler Dmitrii; Abdullatif, khan of Kazan, is deposed; Mehmed
Emin chosen khan of Kazan a third time.
1503 Treaties with Lithuania and Livonia; church council concerning widower
priests and simony.
1504 Leaders of Novgorod–Moscow heretics punished.
1505 Ivan III dies; Vasilii III becomes grand prince; Vasilii III marries Solomo-
nia Saburova; new stone Church of the Archangel Michael constructed
in Moscow kremlin; Mehmed Emin withdraws safe-conduct decree
for Muscovite merchants and has them attacked in Kazan; Tsarevich
Kudai Kul converts to Christianity, adopting the name Peter; Efrosin’s
colophon written (chap. 13).
1506 Kudai Kul/Peter marries Evdokia Ivanovna, sister of Vasilii III.
1508 Nil Sorskii dies.
1510 Vasilii III takes over Pskov.
1511 Metropolitan Simon resigns; Varlaam becomes metropolitan.
1512 War with Lithuania resumes.
1514 Vasilii III captures Smolensk. Building of the St. Barbara Church
(Tserkov’ sviatoi Varvary) in Kitai-Gorod by the Italian architect
Aloisio Lamberti da Montagna (Aleviz Friazin) (chap. 23).
1515 Iosif of Volokolamsk dies; construction of a new minster in the Sav-
ior’s Transfiguration Monastery in Yaroslav (chap. 5).
1517 Vasilii III acquires Riazan; Abdullatif, former khan of Kazan, dies.
1518 Maksim Grek arrives in Moscow; Patriarch Theoleptos of Constanti-
nople refers to Vasilii III as tsar; Mehmed Emin, khan of Kazan, dies;
Shah Ali chosen khan of Kazan. Prince I. I. Kubenskii begins serving
at court of Vasilii III (chap. 5)
1521 Varlaam resigns as metropolitan; Muscovy incorporates Riazan; Shah
Ali, khan of Kazan, is deposed; Sahib Girey chosen khan of Kazan;
xiv CHRONOLOGY

Ismail ibn Ahmed enters service of Muscovite grand prince (chap.

2); Crimean Tatars under Mehmed Girey attack Moscow.
1522 Daniil becomes metropolitan.
1523 Treaty with Lithuania confirming Muscovite gains in 1514.
1524 Sahib Girey, khan of Kazan, goes to Constantinople to gain support
of the Ottoman sultan for making him khan of the Crimea. Prince I.I.
Kubenskii becomes head of Great Household Office (chap. 5).
1525 Trial of Maksim Grek for heresy; marriage of Vasilii III and Solomonia
annulled; Sefa Girey chosen khan of Kazan.
1526 Vasilii III marries Elena Glinskaia; birth of Andrei Putilov in Yaroslavl
(chap. 5).
1532 Sefa Girey, khan of Kazan, is deposed; Can Ali is chosen khan of Kazan.
1533 Vasilii III dies; his three-year-old son Ivan becomes grand prince under
the regency of Elena Glinskaia and the Boyar Council.
1534 Beginning of war between Muscovy and Lithuania (July); brick wall
built around Moscow’s Kitai-gorod (finished in 1538).
1535 Andrei Putilov’s father, Mikhail, wounded near Orsha (chap. 5); Can
Ali, khan of Kazan, dies; Sefa Girey chosen khan of Kazan a second
time.
1537 End of war between Muscovy and Lithuania (January).
1538 Elena Glinskaia dies; Vasilii Shuiskii becomes regent.
1539 Metropolitan Daniil is deposed; Ioasaf becomes metropolitan; Ivan
Belskii becomes regent.
1541 Andrei Putilov made a clerk in the Great Household Office
(chap. 5).
1542 Metropolitan Ioasaf is deposed; Makarii becomes metropolitan.
1545 Andrei Putilov takes part in campaign against Kazan and as a
reward is made a secretary in the Military Office (chap. 5).
1546 Sefa Girey deposed as khan of Kazan; Shah Ali chosen khan of Kazan,
then deposed; Sefa Girey chosen khan of Kazan a third time.
1547 Ivan IV marries Anastasia Romanovna after a bride show; Ivan crowned
tsar; great fire in Moscow; Iurii Glinskii killed by mob.
1549 Zemskii sobor meets; Andrei Putilov marries Anastasia Pushech-
nikova (chap. 5); Sefa Girey, khan of Kazan, dies; Otemish Girey
chosen khan of Kazan with his mother Suyun Bike as regent.
1550 Sudebnik (Law Code) issued; Dementii Parfiev born (chap. 21).
1551 Stoglav (100 Chapter) Church Council meets; Nogai prince Belek Bulat
sends letter in which he refers to Ivan IV as a Chinggisid; Otemish Girey
deposed as khan of Kazan; Shah Ali chosen khan of Kazan a third time.
1552 Shah Ali deposed as khan of Kazan; Yadigar Mehmed chosen khan of
Kazan; Ismail ibn Ahmed writes memoirs (chap. 2); Muscovy takes
over Kazan.
 CHRONOLOGY xv

1553 English explorer Richard Chancellor reaches Moscow; Ivan gains oath
from boyars.
1555 Richard Chancellor returns as ambassador of Queen Mary; Service
Land Chancellery (Pomestnyi prikaz) established.
1555–61 Construction of Pokrovskii Cathedral (later known as St. Basil’s
Cathedral) on what later became known as Red Square.
1556 Regulations for military service of gentry; Astrakhan taken; Embassy
from Ivan IV to Sigismund II justifies Ivan’s adoption of the title
tsar.
1557 Vasilii Blazhennyi dies.
1558 Beginning of Livonian War.
1560 Dementii Parfiev’s Uncle Konan dies; his cousin Ivan sent to Solovki
Monastery (chap. 21).
1561 Ivan IV marries Maria (Kochenei) Temriukovna.
1563 Polotsk captured; embassy of Afanasii Nagoi to the Crimean khan;
Metropolitan Makarii dies.
1564 Afanasii (Andrei Protopopov) becomes metropolitan; Ivan leaves Mos-
cow for Aleksandrova Sloboda; Prince Andrei Kurbskii defects; Ivan
Fedorov prints first book in Moscow.
1565 Ivan IV establishes Oprichnina.
1566 Zemskii sobor meets; Metropolitan Afanasii resigns; German be-
comes metropolitan for two days before being ousted; Filipp becomes
metropolitan.
1568 Synod deposes Metropolitan Filipp; Kirill becomes metropolitan.
1569 Union of Lublin; Filipp, former metropolitan, murdered; Ottoman
empire attempts to capture Astrakhan; death of Maria Temriukovna,
second wife of Ivan IV.
1570 Oprichnina ravages Novgorod; Ivan’s proposition to Elizabeth of Eng-
land; death of Andrei Putilov (chap. 5); Father Aleksandr, priest of
St. Nikita’s Church in Moscow, tells Dunia about Vasilii Blazhennyi
(chap. 23).
1571 Bride show in which Anna Koltovskaia (chap. 1) takes part; Ivan
IV marries Marfa Sobakina, his third wife, who dies a few weeks later;
Crimean Tatars under Devlet Girei sack Moscow; Daria Parfiev’s
husband Konstiantin dies (chap. 21).
1572 Church council decides Ivan IV can marry a fourth time but imposes a
penance on him; Ivan IV abolishes Oprichnina; Ivan appoints Mikhail
Kaibulich to head a recombined Boyar Council; Sigismund Augustus
dies; Metropoitan Kirill dies (February); Antonii becomes metropolitan;
Ivan IV marries Anna Koltovskaia, his fourth wife (chap. 1); Ma-
trena and Okat Parfiev, the parents of Dementii, die of the plague
(chap. 21).
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