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 Second Edition

GARDEN INSECTS
OF NORTH AMERICA
THE ULTIMATE GUIDE TO BACKYARD BUGS

Whitney Cranshaw
and David Shetlar

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS

PRINCETON AND OXFORD
 To entomology educators and the Cooperative Extension system
that so well foster the spirit of shared learning.

Copyright © 2018 by Princeton University Press

Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540

In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock,

Oxfordshire OX20 1TR

nathist.princeton.edu

Photographs previous page: left ailanthus moth (Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska);
above, center lizard beetle (Jim Kalisch, University of Nebraska); right bumble bee and
a solitary bee (Whitney Cranshaw); below, center “shell” of a cicada nymph discarded at
molting (David Shetlar).

All Rights Reserved

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Cranshaw, Whitney, author. | Shetlar, David J., author.

Title: Garden insects of North America : the ultimate guide to backyard bugs / Whitney
Cranshaw and David Shetlar.

Description: Second edition. | Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 2017. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017013286 | ISBN 9780691167442 (pbk. : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Garden pests—North America—Identification.

Classification: LCC SB605.N7 C73 2017 | DDC 635/.0496--dc23 LC record available at

https://lccn.loc.gov/2017013286

British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available

This book has been composed in Minion Pro (text) and Guess Sans (headings)

Printed on acid-free paper. ∞

Typeset and designed by D & N Publishing, Wiltshire, UK

Printed in China

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
 CONTENTS
Preface 13
Acknowledgments 15

CHAPTER one Introduction to Garden Insects and Their Relatives 16

Arthropod Growth and Metamorphosis 18 Body Parts Useful in Diagnosing Garden

Insect Orders 20 Arthropods 30
Identification of Immature Stages of Common Types of Plant Injuries Caused
Arthropods 21 by Insects 31
Excreted and Secreted Products Useful in Plant Pathogens Transmitted by Insects
Diagnosing Garden Arthropods and Mites 39
and Slugs 28

CHAPTER Two Insects That Chew on Leaves and Needles 40

Grasshoppers 42 Giant Silkworms/Royal Moths 78

Field Crickets 46 Cecropia Moth 78
Other Crickets and Katydids 46 Other Giant Silkworms/Royal Moths 78
Common (Northern) Walkingstick 50 Slug Caterpillars/Flannel Moths and Other
Related Species 50 Stinging Caterpillars 84
European Earwig 52 Tussock Moths 86
Other Earwigs 52 Whitemarked Tussock Moth 86
Related and Similar Species 86
Cockroaches 54
Gypsy Moth 90
Imported Cabbageworm 56
Other Sulfur and White Butterflies 56 Woollybears 92
Swallowtails 58 Climbing Cutworms and Armyworms 94
Parsleyworm/Black Swallowtail 58 Variegated Cutworm 94
Other Swallowtails 60 Fall Armyworm 94
Beet Armyworm 96
Brushfooted Butterflies 62
Other Climbing Cutworms and Armyworms 96
Painted Lady/Thistle Caterpillar 62
Other Brushfooted Butterflies 62 Loopers 102
Cabbage Looper 102
Hornworms and Sphinx Moths 68
Other Common Garden Loopers 102
Tomato Hornworm and Tobacco
Hornworm 68 Cankerworms, Inchworms, and
Other Common Hornworms 70 Spanworms 104
Fall Cankerworm 104
Prominent Moths/Notodontids 74
Other Cankerworms, Inchworms, and
Walnut Caterpillar 74
Spanworms 106
Other Notodontids/Prominent Moths on
Shade Trees 74 Diamondback Moth 110
Skeletonizers 110
 CONTENTS

Bagworms and Casebearers 114 Tortoise Beetles 180

Bagworm 114 Golden Tortoise Beetle 180
Other Bagworms 116 Other Common Tortoise Beetles 181
Casebearers 118 Case-bearing Leaf Beetles 182
Caterpillars that Produce Cases of Leaf
Leaf Beetles that Skeletonize Leaves 184
Fragments 120
Leaf Beetles of Aquatic Plants 188
Caterpillars that Produce Small Silken
Flea Beetles 190
Shelters 122
Flea Beetles with Larvae that Develop on
Sod Webworms 122
“Garden Webworms” 126 Foliage 190
Crucifer Flea Beetle 192
Fruittree Leafroller 128
Other Flea Beetles with Larvae that Feed on
Other Leafrollers, Leaffolders, and Leaftiers 128
Roots 192
Skippers 138
Leaf-feeding Weevils 196
Caterpillars that Produce Large Silken
Japanese Beetle 202
Shelters and Tents 142
Other Leaf-feeding Scarabs 202
Mimosa Webworm 142
Mexican Bean Beetle 204
Other Webworms 142
Fall Webworm 146 Other Leaf-feeding Lady Beetles 204
Eastern Tent Caterpillar 148 Blister Beetles 206
Other Tent Caterpillars 148 Slugs and Snails 208
Other Tent-making Caterpillars 150 Gray Garden Slug 208
Webspinning Sawflies 152 Other Garden Slugs 208
Sawflies 154 Brown Garden Snail 212
European Pine Sawfly 154 Other Garden Snails 212
Other Conifer Sawflies 154 Leafminers and Needleminers 214
Imported Currantworm/Currant Sawfly 158 Vegetable Leafminer 214
Other Common Sawflies 158 Related Species 214
Other Sawflies that Chew on Leaves 164 Other Serpentine-type Leafmining Flies
Pearslug (Pear Sawfly, Cherry Slug) 166 and Caterpillars 216
Other Slug Sawflies 166 European Elm Flea Weevil 216
Texas Leafcutting Ant 168 Other Leafmining Weevils 218

Leafcutter Bees 168 Locust Leafminer 218

Other Blotch Leafmining Beetles 220
Leaf Beetles 170
Holly Leafminers 220
Colorado Potato Beetle 170
Asparagus Beetle 172 Spinach Leafminer 222
Related Species 172 Other Leafmining Flies 222
Striped Cucumber Beetle 174 Birch Leafminer 226
Related Species 174 Other Leafmining Sawflies 226
Other Leaf Beetle Defoliators 176 Lilac Leafminer 228
Other Lepidopteran Leafminers 228

6
 CONTENTS

Tentiform Leafminers 230 Other Gall-making Wasps that Develop on

Needleminers 232 Leaves 236
Gall Wasps that Develop on Leaves 234 Gall-making Flies that Develop on Leaves 236

CHAPTER Three Insects and Mites That Suck Fluids from Leaves
and Needles 240

Whiteflies 242 Miscellaneous Leafhoppers that Feed on

Greenhouse Whitefly 242 Phloem 288
Other Whiteflies 242 Leaffooted Bugs Associated with Foliage 292
Aphids 248 Squash Bug 292
Green Peach Aphid 250 Related Species 292
Cotton/Melon Aphid 254 Plant Bugs 294
Cabbage Aphid 254 Fourlined Plant Bug 294
“Woolly Aphids” 258 Garden Fleahopper 294
Mealybugs Associated Primarily with Other Leaf-feeding Plant Bugs 296
Foliage 260 Hairy Chinch Bug 298
Citrus Mealybug 260 Related and Similar Species 298
Longtailed Mealybug 260 Stink Bugs that Feed Primarily on Leaves 300
Other Mealybugs Observed on Foliage 262
Lace Bugs 302
Cochineal Scales 264
Thrips 304
Soft Scales Associated Primarily with Onion Thrips 304
Foliage 266 Other Thrips Associated with Foliage 304
Brown Soft Scale 266
Spider Mites 310
Other Soft Scales Observed on Foliage 266
Twospotted Spider Mite 310
Armored Scales Observed Primarily on Related Species 312
Foliage 270 European Red Mite 312
Pine Needle Scale 270 Spruce Spider Mite 312
Other Armored Scales Observed on Related Species 314
Foliage 270 Clover Mite 316
Psyllids 276 Related Species 316
Potato/Tomato Psyllid 276 Other Turfgrass Mites 316
Pear Psylla 278 Tarsonemid Mites 318
Other Psyllids 278 Cyclamen Mite 318
Leafhoppers 282 Related Species 318
Potato Leafhopper 282 False Spider Mites 318
Related Species 284
Rust Mites 320
Rose Leafhopper 284
Gall-making Aphids 322
Other Mesophyll-feeding Leafhoppers 286
Grape Phylloxera 324
Aster (or Sixspotted) Leafhopper 288

7
 CONTENTS

Other Phylloxeran Leaf Gall Producers 324 Other Psyllids that Distort or Produce Galls
Hackberry Nipplegall Maker 326 on Foliage 328
Other Gall-making Psyllids on Hackberry 326 Eriophyid Mites that Produce Leaf or Bud
Galls 328

CHAPTER Four Insects Associated with Stems, Twigs, Shoots,

and Canes 334

European Pine Shoot Moth 334 Woolly Apple Aphid 368

Other Moths that Develop in Shoots and Other Woolly Aphids on Twigs, Branches,
Terminal Growth of Conifers 334 and Trunks 368
White Pine Weevil 338 Adelgids that Develop on Twigs and
Other Beetles that Develop in Shoots and Terminals of Conifers 370
Terminal Growth of Conifers 338 Hemlock Woolly Adelgid 370
Flies that Develop in Shoots and Twigs of Other Adelgids Associated with Twigs and
Conifers 342 Terminals of Conifers 370
Moths that Develop in Shoots, Twigs, and Mealybugs Associated Primarily with
Canes of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs 342 Stems and Twigs 372
Rose Shoot Sawfly and Raspberry Horntail 346 Eriococcid Scales Commonly Observed on
Other Sawfly Shoot and Stem Borers 346 Twigs 374
European Elm Scale 374
Rednecked Cane Borer 348
Other Eriococcid Scales 376
Related Species 348
Soft Scales Observed Primarily on Twigs 378
Other Beetles Associated with Twigs and
European Fruit Lecanium 378
Small Branches 350
Other Lecanium-type Soft Scales 378
Flies that Develop in Shoots, Twigs, and
Striped Pine Scale 380
Canes of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs 356 Related and Similar Species 382
Squash Vine Borer 356 Cottony Maple Scale 382
European Corn Borer 358 Other Soft Scales Associated Primarily with
Other Stem-boring Moths of Herbaceous Twigs 384
Plants 358 Margarodid Scales Associated Primarily
Sawflies that Develop in Stems of with Twigs 386
Herbaceous Plants 360 Cottony Cushion Scale 386
Beetles that Develop in Stems of Other Margarodid Scales 386
Herbaceous Plants 362 Armored Scales that Develop Primarily on
Flies that Develop in Stems of Herbaceous Small Branches and Twigs 388
Plants 364 Oystershell Scale 388
Other Armored Scales Associated with
Pith-nesting Bees and Wasps 364
Twigs and Branches 390
Aphids that Develop on Stems, Twigs,
Kermes, Pit, and Falsepit Scales 394
Shoots, and Canes 366

8
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 CONTENTS

Spittlebugs 396 Gall Wasps Associated with Twigs and

Planthoppers 400 Small Branches 410
Oak Rough Bulletgall Wasp 412
Treehoppers 402
Related Species 412
Buffalo Treehopper 402
Horned Oak Gall Wasp 414
Other Treehoppers 402
Related Species 414
Cicadas 406
Rose Gall Wasps 416
Periodical Cicadas 406 Other Gall Wasps 416
Other Cicadas 408
Flies and Caterpillars that Produce Galls in
Twig Wounding Produced by Egg Laying Stems and Twigs 418
and Oviposition Injuries 410
Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid 422
Other Gall-making Adelgids 422

CHAPTER Five Insects Associated with Large Branches

and the Trunk of Trees and Shrubs 424

Clearwing Borers 424 Related Species 442

Ash/Lilac Borer 424 Other Longhorned Beetles Commonly
Other Clearwing Borers Associated with Found in Trees and Shrubs 444
Trunks and Branches 426 Poplar and Willow Borer 448
Carpenterworm 428 Other Trunk-boring Weevils 448
Other Carpenterworms 428 Horntails 450
Zimmerman Pine Moth 430 Pigeon Tremex 450
Other Pyralid Borers 430 Other Horntails 450
Metallic Wood Borers/Flatheaded Borers 432 Bark Beetles 452
Bronze Birch Borer 432 Shothole Borer 452
Emerald Ash Borer 434 Related Species 452
Related Species 436 Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle 454
Flatheaded Appletree Borer 438 Other Elm Bark Beetles 454
Related Species 438 Ash Bark Beetles 456
Longhorned Beetles/Roundheaded Borers 440 Southern Pine Beetle and Relatives 456
Locust Borer 440 Ips Beetles 458
Related Species 440 Ambrosia Beetles 460
Poplar Borer 442

CHAPTER Six Insects and Other Invertebrates Associated

with Roots, Tubers, Soil, and the Soil Surface 464

White Grubs 464 Other White Grubs Associated with Turfgrass 466
Northern Masked Chafer 464 White Grubs Associated Primarily with
Related Species 466 Garden Plants 470

9
 CONTENTS

Root Weevils 472 Carrot Rust Fly 504

Black Vine Weevil 472 European Crane Fly 504
Other Root-damaging Weevils 472 Other Flies Associated with the Root Area
Sweetpotato Weevil 476 of Turfgrass 506
Other Vegetable Weevils 476
Fungus Gnats 508
Bluegrass Billbug 478 Other Small Flies Associated with Indoor
Other Billbugs 478 Plant Production 508
Wireworms 480 Flies Associated with Decaying Organic
Western Corn Rootworm 482 Matter and Compost 510
Other Leaf Beetles that Develop on Roots Mole Crickets 512
and Tubers 482 Tawny Mole Cricket 512
Peachtree Borer 486 Other Crickets Associated with Soil 512
Iris Borer 488 Subterranean Termites 516
Other Crown-boring Caterpillars 488 Ants 518
Subterranean and Surface-feeding Cutworms 492 Red Imported Fire Ant 518
Black Cutworm 492 Other Ants Common in Yards and Gardens 520
Other Surface-feeding and Subterranean Root Aphids and Other Sucking Insects 526
Caterpillars 494 Sowbugs and Pillbugs 530
Roundheaded Borers that Feed on Roots 498 Other Land-adapted Crustaceans 530
Root Maggots and Bulb Flies 500 Millipedes 532
Cabbage Maggot 500
Springtails 534
Other Root Maggots 500
Symphylans 536
Narcissus Bulb Fly 502
Other Bulb Flies 502 Soil-dwelling Mites 536
Earthworms 538

CHAPTER Seven Insects and Mites Associated with Flowers,

Fruits, Nuts, and Seeds 542

Codling Moth 542 Other Fruit- and Seed-infesting Caterpillars 554

Related Species 542 Fruit-infesting Sawflies 558
Oriental Fruit Moth 544 Related Species 558
Related Species 544 Scarab Beetles Found at Fruit and Flowers 558
Tobacco Budworm 546 Sap Beetles and other Fruit-damaging
Related Species 546 Beetles 562
Corn Earworm/Tomato Fruitworm/ Dusky Sap Beetle 562
Bollworm 548 Other Sap Beetles 562
Other Fruit-infesting Cutworms 548 Other Fruit-damaging Beetles 564
Pickleworm 550 Pollen-feeding Beetles Common at Flowers 566
Related Species 550
10
 CONTENTS

Fruit, Flower, and Seed Weevils 568 Gall Wasps Affecting Nuts 588
Plum Curculio 568 Western Flower Thrips 590
Rose Curculio and Western Rose Curculio 570 Related Species 590
Other Seed-, Fruit-, and Flower-damaging
Tarnished Plant Bug 592
Weevils 570
Related Species 592
Fruit Flies 576
Brown Marmorated Stink Bug 594
Apple Maggot 576
Other Stink Bugs that Feed on Flowers,
Related Fruit-infesting Flies 576
Fruit, and Seeds 595
Spotted-wing Drosophila 580
Boxelder Bug 598
Other Vinegar Flies and Small Fruit Flies 582
Related and Similar Species 598
Rose Midge 582
Western Conifer-seed Bug 602
Other Gall Midges Damaging to Buds,
Related Species 602
Flowers and Fruit 584
Scales and Mealybugs Associated with
Yellowjackets and Hornets 586
Fruit Injuries 604
Western Yellowjacket 586
Eriophyid Mites that Damage Fruits and
Other Yellowjackets and Hornets 586
Flowers 606

CHAPTER Eight Natural Enemies of Insects and Pollinators:

The “Beneficial Bugs” 608

Predators of Insects and Mites 610 Assassin Bugs 630

Lady Beetles (Ladybugs, Ladybird Beetles) 610 Damsel Bugs 630
Ground Beetles 614 Predatory Plant Bugs 632
Rove Beetles 616 Big-eyed Bugs 632
Soldier Beetles 616 Minute Pirate Bugs 632
Blister Beetles 618 Mantids 634
Fireflies/Lightningbugs 618 Earwigs 636
Soft-winged Flower Beetles 618 Dragonflies and Damselflies 636
Clerid Beetles 620 Crab Spiders 636
Cybocephalid Beetles 620 Jumping Spiders 638
Green Lacewings 620 Wolf Spiders 638
Brown Lacewings 622 Nursery Web Spiders 638
Dustywings 622 Dysderid Spiders 640
Antlions 622 Orbweavers 640
Syrphid Flies (Flower Flies, Hover Flies) 624 Longjawed and Orchard Orbweavers 642
Predatory Midges 624 Cobweb Weaver Spiders 644
Longlegged and Dance Flies 626 Lynx Spiders 644
Robber Flies 626 Funnel Weavers 646
Bee Flies 628 Prowling Spiders 646
Predatory Thrips 628 Cellar Spiders 648
Predatory Stink Bugs 628 Brown or Recluse Spiders 648

11
 CONTENTS

Daddy Longlegs/Harvestmen 648 Pelecinid Wasps 660

Predatory Mites 650 Ichneumonid Wasps 662
Centipedes 652 Braconid Wasps 662
Predatory Snails 652 Chalcid Wasps 664
Hunting Wasps and Ants 654 Sarcophagid Flies 666
Predatory Ants 654 Tachinid Flies 666
Paper Wasps 654 Insect Pathogens 668
Hornets and Yellowjackets 656 Bees 672
Potter Wasps 656 Honey Bee 672
Hunting Wasps 658 Bumble Bees 674
Spider Wasps 660 Large Carpenter Bees 674
Insect Parasitoids 660 Cavity-nesting Bees 676
Tiphiid and Scoliid Wasps 660 Soil-nesting Bees 678

Glossary 682
Index 688

12
 PREFACE

Well over 100,000 species of insects and other arthropods are known to exist in North America, and the scope of
this book is necessarily limited. Emphasis herein is on those “garden bugs” that are most likely to be encountered
in a yard and garden, particularly those that injure plants. Selecting which insects, mites, and other “garden bugs”
to include—and perhaps more importantly which not to include—has involved many judgment calls. For example,
many insects restricted primarily to forests, grasslands, waters, or other natural areas overlap in their presence and
activity in yard and garden settings.
In this second edition of Garden Insects of North America a great many changes have been made. Perhaps most
obvious is the greatly increased number (and quality) of images, reflecting the enormous changes that have occurred
with photography of insects since 2004. But the number of species included in this edition has also greatly expanded.
This expansion has occurred throughout the book, but some sections are either completely new or have been given
greatly expanded treatment. This new treatment is particularly evident in chapter 8, which discusses natural
enemies of insects and mites along with important pollinator species of bees.
The expanded treatments in this second edition have been made possible by making this a coauthored publication,
involving the complementary experiences of both Whitney Cranshaw and David Shetlar.

ORGANIZATION
Garden Insects of North America is designed to provide a means to identify the types of insects one might find in a
yard and garden and to diagnose their presence based on associated symptoms they may produce on plants. To best
achieve this approach, we adopted an organization that is a hybrid of ways that other books on insect identification
are organized. In Garden Insects of North America the primary groupings involve the parts of plants where one
might most often notice insects. For examples, chapters 2 and 3 cover insects found on leaves and needles, chapter
4 the insects that occur on twigs, stems, and canes, and chapter 5, insects associated with larger branches and the
trunks of trees. Chapter 6 covers the broad subject area of insects, mites, and other arthropods one might see
feeding on roots, at the soil level, or developing within the soil. Chapter 7 deals with insects and mites found in or
on flowers, fruits, seeds, and nuts. Chapter 8 has a different focus, covering the natural enemies of insects and one
group of important flower-visiting pollinators, the bees.
Within these main chapters, the associated insects (and other garden “bugs”) are usually organized by taxa, to
the genus level whenever appropriate; however, we have made an effort to place insects together in the text that
have somewhat similar appearance or habit. For example, mealybugs are placed near related groups such as “woolly”
aphids and soft scales. Also, the caterpillars of many families of moths and skippers form protective shelters of silk,
frass, or leaf fragments, or combinations of these, and these are grouped. At the end of each section, classification
to the order and family level is noted. For example, following discussion of the peach tree borer there is the notation
“Lepidoptera: Sesiidae” to indicate that the peach tree borer is in the order Lepidoptera (moths and butterflies) and
the family Sesiidae (clearwing borers).
The diversity of insect habits clearly defies easy grouping. For example, western corn rootworm develops as a
root-feeding larva on corn plants, then feeds on leaves and flowers of a wide variety of plants as an adult. Japanese
beetle is a first-class problem in turfgrass, where it develops underground as a white grub, but later as an adult that
13
 PREFACE

feeds on leaves and flowers of many garden plants. Such “crossover” species are treated primarily in one section
(western corn rootworm as an insect that develops on plant roots, Japanese beetle as an insect that chews on leaves),
but where such insects occur there are cross-references and treatments in other chapters.

COMMON NAMES
Throughout the book we often use common names, concurrently defined with a scientific name (genus, species).
When we decided to use a common name, we always gave precedence to names accepted by the Entomological
Society of America, which has a long-established procedure for formalizing common names of insects. For many
insects and their relatives, however, there are not yet any officially recognized common name. Where this occurs,
often one or more names have been proposed in other publications. Some of these are used in this book. Ultimately
all such common names should be formally proposed and, where acceptable, recognized by the Entomological
Society of America and Entomological Society of Canada.

14
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