Seafarers of the Seven Seas The Maritime Culture in

the Kitab Aja ib al Hind The Book of Marvels of

India by Buzurg Ibn Shahriyar Suhanna Shafiq pdf
version

Now available at ebookgate.com

https://ebookgate.com/product/seafarers-of-the-seven-seas-the-
maritime-culture-in-the-kitab-aja-ib-al-hind-the-book-of-marvels-of-
india-by-buzurg-ibn-shahriyar-suhanna-shafiq/

★★★★★
4.9 out of 5.0 (38 reviews )

PDF Available Immediately

 Seafarers of the Seven Seas The Maritime Culture in the
Kitab Aja ib al Hind The Book of Marvels of India by Buzurg
Ibn Shahriyar Suhanna Shafiq

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

 Suhanna Shafiq
Seafarers of the Seven Seas
ISLAMKUNDLICHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN • BAND 311

begründet
von Klaus Schwarz

herausgegeben
von Gerd Winkelhane
ISLAMKUNDLICHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN • BAND 311

Suhanna Shafiq

Seafarers of the Seven Seas

The Maritime Culture in the KitÁbþAjÁÿib al-Hind
(The Book of the Marvels of India)
by Buzurg Ibn ShahriyÁr (d. 399 / 1009)
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliohek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication
in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data
are available in the internet at http://dnb.dnb.de

Cover: “Jewel of Muscat”, a replica of a 10th century cargo dhow typical

of the Arabia-India trade (Photo source: MFA Singapore press release 07-01-2010)

www.klaus-schwarz-verlag.com

All rights reserved.

No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means,
now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.

© 2013 by Klaus Schwarz Verlag GmbH Berlin

First Edition
Producer: J2P Berlin
Printed in Germany on chlorine-free bleached paper
ISBN 978-3-87997-424-5
Acknowledgements

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my supervisor, Professor

Agius, for his excellent guidance, patience and caring; without his help and
support, it would have been impossible to complete this dissertation.

I would also like to thank the library staff at Exeter and Leeds Universities;
and the staff at John Rylands Library (Manchester), for going out of their
way to ensure all the relevant materials were made available to me.

My sincerest thanks go to Suzanna Colley for her invaluable assistance with

maps, proof-reading, and general support and encouragement.

Finally, I’d like to thank my family, in particular, my parents, for their pa-
tience, support and encouragement, and my Grandma and Grandad, who, al-
though unable to see the final result, would have been very proud.

5
Abstract

Scholars have conducted many literary and historical studies on medieval

Arabic literary sources, studying aspects such as myths and legends, super-
stitions, faith and religious beliefs, spirituality, medieval Islamic culture,
trade and travel, pilgrimage, and so on and so forth. There is, however, a
dearth of information dealing with medieval Arabian-Persian-Indian seafar-
ing in the Indian Ocean. Little focus has been placed on the language; in par -
ticular, the language of material culture or more specifically, nautical and
maritime culture. The study attempts to understand medieval Arabic mari-
time terminology, the etymology, and the continuity of its use from the clas-
sical period to modern times.
Arabic literary sources – historical, encyclopaedic, geographical works,
mariners’ travelogues and manuals are often our main sources for under-
standing maritime material–cultural terminology as classical and medieval
Arabic lexica are often void of definitions of material-cultural terminology.
Hence, the study of maritime terminology in this dissertation is based mainly
on the Classical and Medieval Arabic collection of mariners’ tales Kitāb
ʿAjāʾib al-Hind (The Book of the Marvels of India) by Buzurg ibn Shahriyār
(d. 399/1009). The study also compares the use of the terminology in this text
to that used by contemporaries of Buzurg, namely the maritime travelogue/
manual Akhbār al-Ṣīn wa-l-Hind (News of China and India) (c. 235/850), part
of the work entitled Silsilat al-tawārīkh; al-Muqaddasī (d. 378/988-9) in
Aḥsan al-taqāsīm fī ma ʿrifat al-aqālīm (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of
the Regions), and also the Seven Voyages of Sindbād the Sailor from the Alf
layla wa-layla (Thousand and One Nights) of an unknown provenance and
year.
The study focuses on the above mentioned texts alongside Classical and
Medieval Arabic lexica including Ibn Durayd’s (d. 321/933) Jamharat al-
lugha, Ibn Manẓūr’s (d. 1311-2) Lisān al-ʿArab and al-Zabīdī’s (d. 1791) Tāj al-
ʿarūs min jawāhir al-qāmūs, as it determines which of the two resources is of
more value in the study of medieval Arabian-Persian-Indian maritime cul-
ture and medieval Arabic material-cultural terminology.

6
Table of Contents

Acknowledgements.........................................................................................................5
Abstract..............................................................................................................................6
Abbreviations and Symbols...........................................................................................9
Library of Congress Arabic Transliteration System.............................................10
Chapter 1:
Introduction....................................................................................................................11
Chapter 2:
Literature Review..........................................................................................................17
Chapter 3:
Buzurg ibn Shahriyār: A Historical and Geographical Perspective..................38
Chapter 4:
The Sea Stories of Buzurg ibn Shahriyār.................................................................54
Chapter 5:
Life at Sea........................................................................................................................81
Chapter 6:
Maritime Terminology in Buzurg’s Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-Hind:
An Investigative Analysis.........................................................................................105
Chapter 7:
Conclusion....................................................................................................................157
Appendices....................................................................................................................162
Bibliography.................................................................................................................166
Index of places..............................................................................................................177
Index of subjects..........................................................................................................179

7
List of Figures, Tables and Maps

Figure 1: Framework of Study....................................................................................14

Figure 2: Framework for Terminology Analysis....................................................15
Figure 3: Framework of the Present Study..............................................................62

Table 1: Dates as found in the Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-Hind.......................................22-23

Table 2: The sources of Buzurg ibn Shahriyār..................................................64-65

Map 1: The Seven Seas of the Indian Ocean...........................................................40

Map 2: The Red Sea and the Arabian-Persian Gulf...............................................42
Map 3: The Indian Ocean World................................................................................51
Map 4: Monsoons in the northern half of the Indian Ocean...............................92

8
Abbreviations and Symbols

AH Anno Hegirae (in the year of the Hijra)

b. ibn (son of)
BCE before Christian (common) era
c. circa
CE Christian (common) era
d. died
ed. edited by/editor
eds. editors
e.g. exempli gratia (for example)
fl. flourished
ibid ibidem (same source and place)
idem same author
i.e. id est (that is)
lit. literally
MS manuscript
nd. no date
no. numero (number)
p. pagina (page)
pl. plural
r. reigned
rev. revised by
trans. translated by
[] filling gaps within a quote or information
within a round bracket

9
Visit https://ebookgate.com today to explore
a vast collection of ebooks across various
genres, available in popular formats like
PDF, EPUB, and MOBI, fully compatible with
all devices. Enjoy a seamless reading
experience and effortlessly download high-
quality materials in just a few simple steps.
Plus, don’t miss out on exciting offers that
let you access a wealth of knowledge at the
best prices!
Library of Congress Arabic Transliteration System

CONSONANTS
‫ء‬ ʾ ‫ض‬ ḍ
‫ب‬ b ‫ط‬ ṭ
‫ت‬ t ‫ظ‬ ẓ
‫ث‬ th ‫ع‬ ʿ
‫ج‬ j ‫غ‬ gh
‫ح‬ ḥ ‫ف‬ f
‫خ‬ kh ‫ق‬ q
‫د‬ d ‫ك‬ k
‫ذ‬ dh ‫ل‬ l
‫ر‬ r ‫م‬ m
‫ز‬ z ‫ن‬ n
‫س‬ s ‫ه‬ h
‫ش‬ sh ‫و‬ w
‫ص‬ ṣ ‫ي‬ y

VOWELS
Long ‫ا‬ ā Short ◌َ a
‫و‬ ū ◌ُ u
‫ي‬ ī ◌ِ i
Doubled ‫ي‬ iyy (final form = /ī/)
‫و‬ uww (final form = /ū/)
Dipthongs ‫َ◌ !و‬ ay
!‫َ◌ ى‬ aw

10
Chapter 1: Introduction

Seafaring is a particularly important aspect of Islamic history, as not only did

it allow Muslims to spread Islam as far as the seas of China, but it also played
a huge role in the trade and commerce of the Indian Ocean. Additionally,
1
long distance travel brought Muslims together in search of knowledge and
pilgrimage. Yet, despite the importance of this aspect of Arabian and Islamic
history, few studies have been carried out regarding the socio-cultural mari-
time history and the literature of the period. “The history of seafaring by the
Arabs,” remarks George Hourani, “is a subject of wide extension in space and
time, fragments of which have been dealt with in a great number of scholarly
2
articles and chapters.” Even fewer studies deal with the language of mari-
time material culture.
This general dearth of information could stem from the lack of medieval
literary sources. Some works of medieval geographical and travel literature
have dealt partially with the subjects of trade routes and goods, the imports
and exports of places they visited, and, in some cases, the geographers and
travel writers took part in trade while on their travels. Historical works doc-
ument the development of the Muslim navy; the importance placed on the
conquests and the expansion of Islamic lands, which resulted in the con-
struction of warships, the recruitment of soldiers and sailors, and even de-
tails such as the differences in their pay. Yet the same attention to detail and
meticulous documentation was not afforded to the construction of cargo ves-
sels, merchant mariners, or to seafaring in general.
Classical and medieval Arabic treatises on ship-building and on naviga-
tion do not exist in our period of study, the third-fourth/ninth-tenth centur-
ies, nor do we have any record in the subsequent centuries until the early
modern period, when we begin to see navigational treatises such as those of
Ibn Mājid (d. after 906/1500), Kitāb al-fawāʾid fī uṣūl al-baḥr wa-l-qawāʿid
(The Book of Benefits in the Principles of Navigation) and Sulaymān al-
Mahrī (d. 917/1511), Kitāb al-ʿumda al-mahriyya fī ḍabṭ al-ʿilm al-baḥriyya
(The Book of the Mahri Centrepiece on Exact Maritime Sciences).

1 ṭalab al-ʿilm, i.e. seeking knowledge, is considered to be an obligation upon all

Muslims.
2 Hourani 1995: xv

11
 Despite this, a few early medieval Arabic texts dealing with seafaring in
the Indian Ocean, both as the main subject and in passing, are available to us.
Amongst these are the Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-Hind (The Book of the Marvels of In-
dia) by the Persian sea captain Buzurg ibn Shahriyār (d. 399/1009), the sub-
ject of our study. It is one of the earliest written collections of Arabic mar-
iners’ tales dealing (mainly) with the Indian Ocean, i.e. from East Africa to
China, the Arabian-Persian Gulf and the Red Sea. This literary work forms
the basis of the present research and is discussed in further detail in
Chapters 2 and 4.

Aim
Studies on medieval Arabic literary sources cover a number of aspects re-
garding, for example, Islamic culture, myths and legends, superstitions, reli-
gious beliefs, trade and travel, pilgrimage, and so on and so forth, but little
focus has been placed on maritime culture, let alone the language of termi-
nology. As there are hardly any Arabic technical sources dealing with this
subject, this study aims to identify the sources that do provide information
regarding maritime material-cultural terminology by examining their usage
in medieval Arabic literary sources.
Essentially, the study is a synchronic investigation into medieval mari-
time terminology as found in Buzurg ibn Shahriyār’s Kitāb ʿAjāʾib al-Hind,
the etymology of the nomenclature, as well as a diachronic inquiry to estab-
lish if there is a continuity of its use from the classical and medieval period
to present times. Primarily, I aim to identify the context into which Buzurg
ibn Shahriyār’s work fits, and to determine just how much is known about
the period in which it was written. Through this, I will attempt to ascertain
whether the language was truly representative of the people of the time (the
3rd-4th/9th-10th century), and used as the lingua franca of the Western Indi-
an Ocean world. By consulting the Arabic literary works, I should also be
able to determine just how familiar the authors were with the technology,
materials and tools of the coastal communities. As classical and medieval Ar-
abic lexica form an integral part of this study, I will be examining the role
they play in helping us to understand maritime material cultural termino -
logy. If the terms are not found in the lexica, the question arises: what was
the reason for the omission?
A further point to consider is the reliability of the data found: do the
varying genres of the classical and medieval Arabic literary works affect the
reliability of the data found? And even if the genre of the primary sources

12
gives us no cause for concern, what guarantee do we have of the reliability
of the data found in the primary sources, and just how useful is it in helping
us to understand maritime material culture? Moreover, how reliable are the
lexica in providing accurate, relevant definitions for material-cultural ter-
minology?

Framework of the Dissertation

The study conducts an analysis of maritime life in the Western Indian Ocean
as portrayed in the mariners’ tales of Buzurg ibn Shahriyār and other con-
temporary works; the focal point at the end of this research is an inquiry
into the origins of the maritime terminology. The framework of the investig-
ation into maritime material-cultural terminology follows the one found in
the study of Arabic Literary Works as a Source of Documentation for Technical
Terms of the Material Culture by D. A. Agius (1984). The study argues that
the lack of technical sources to provide us with material-cultural termino-
logy means information has to be sourced from elsewhere. Classical and me-
dieval Arabic lexica fail to include material-cultural terminology, and there-
fore it is proposed that Arabic literary works are our main source for extract-
ing the meaning. The scope of the present study is somewhat narrower than
the study of Agius, as it focuses solely on maritime material-cultural termin-
ology rather than the terms of material culture as a whole, but the approach
of the present study is a continuation of this study.
The maritime terminology collected here comprises of a range of sub-
jects. The sheer volume of collected material would have been too great to
cover in this study, and some of the material has been touched upon in other
studies. Agius (2008), for example, has conducted a study into ship-typology,
shipbuilding, crew, navigational techniques, etc., using a range of literary
works, lexicographical works, and iconographical and archaeological evi-
dence. Hourani (1995), too, has provided us with information regarding nau-
tical culture (though his was not a linguistic study). Details of the terms used
for the ship management, seafaring, and some weather conditions have also
been touched upon by Agius (2008) and Tibbetts (1981), as well as in passing
reference by other authors. The inquiry into maritime terminology in this
study is, therefore, focused on three themes: the weather (at sea); the sea;
and anchorage. This is a first study to cover an analysis of maritime termino-
logy from the earliest Arabic literary maritime work ever written.

13
Methodology
Having selected the terminology, the analysis will run as follows: a) the tex-
tual reference from which the term has been extracted; b) a translation of the
passage containing the term; c) a brief summary of the context of the pas-
sage, and d) a discussion of the term in question (Figure 1).

Figure 1: Framework of Study

An initial analysis of the terms will be carried out using classical and me-
dieval Arabic lexicographical works, such as Ibn Durayd’s (d. 321/933) Kitāb
jamharat al-lugha, al-Jawharī’s (d. 393/1002-3) Tāj al-lugha wa-ṣiḥāḥ al-ʿAr-
abiyya, Ibn Manẓūr’s (d. 711/1311-12) Lisān al-ʿArab, and al-Zabīdī’s (d. 1205/
1791) Tāj al-ʿarūs min jawāhir al-qāmūs. In addition to the classical and me-
dieval Arabic lexica, I also consulted E. W. Lane’s (d. 1867) Arabic-English
3
Lexicon, as not only did Lane draw from the “most copious Eastern sources”
including the above-mentioned works, but the use of a wider range of clas-
sical lexica occasionally resulted in a different conclusion than the one sug-
gested by classical and medieval lexicographers.
The maritime culture of seafarers and merchants belonging to Arabian,
Persian, Indian, and East African backgrounds, though socially and ethni-
cally diverse, is unified by the Indian Ocean. Although my focus here is Ara-
bian and Persian seafaring and Arabic maritime terminology, it is inevitable
that words belonging to other cultures will have made their way into main-
stream Arabic maritime terminology. Thus, foreign lexica such as Steingass’
(d. 1903) A Comprehensive Persian-English Dictionary, as well as Hindi and
Urdu dictionaries such as Platts’ Dictionary of Urdū, Classical Hindī and Eng-
lish form an integral part of this study (Figure 2).

3 Lane 1863, I: v.

14
Figure 2: Framework for Terminology Analysis

The contemporary texts of Buzurg ibn Shahriyār’s ʿAjāʾib al-Hind: the

Silsilat al-tawārīkh (The Chain of Narratives), al-Muqaddasī’s geographical
treatise Aḥsan al-taqāsīm (The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions)
and the Arabian Nights will be perused in order to establish whether the
terms were commonly used in the period of the present study, or whether
they were unique to the ʿAjāʾib al-Hind. The context in which the terms are
found in the contemporary texts will also be examined against those found
in the ʿAjāʾib al-Hind to determine whether they have the same intended
meaning, or whether the terminology means something entirely different
(and possibly unrelated to the maritime genre). Furthermore, the contempor-
ary sources, alongside a number of secondary sources and modern studies,
may be able to provide additional details on any relevant historical, cultural
or religious information that could further our understanding of the mari-
time terminology.

15
favourably

a the

up

WILD the

weasel was

wolves Zebra

its family

when
rugs

and F

neighbourhood LACK

this

Braybrooke of is
Few the tusks

Colonel

watch terminating In

they habits

fingers on W

latter which

flew over but

are with

are
place the

They always

HE to

animals R

regularly T a
their understand by

T claws an

understand

horses

Pampas

backwards

dogs
ugly

of two other

feet

not

be it

that duly
districts have Elephant

and white to

these

and

EGYPTIAN

A tail is

of their

One the foxes

continent of

popular the prized

gives A

Tiger the

48

enemies they

is By tiger

is

beast
the external and

in

sleep mentioned arboreal

been Cape but

American

when connected all

yet CHAPTER more

resemble little

four end upper

with enclosure
ENGLISH but

but Many

and confined

maintaining and

one naturalists

Eland animal Saville

the which

little

for inches open

the
raise is

catching

ground was

giant climbs aid

or which but

Africa years

Wallaby some rhinoceroses

Nature Africa AT
to to lives

Mountain supply If

considerable prey bark

its an

and
Arctic

reduced turned

is are

Sea this

the presence The

seven and ships

ordinary habits

cane

quaint the Photo

the apes BISON

water world back

by at

Karroo almost

from

the brown corresponds

OLF with This

St off

of

those wolf
the capture being

are LEMUR

Reid be

Co probably bed

and

been male of

the

the from Dr
Upper

of

Siamese Neither the

work

nine two and

attempting of

OLDEN GROWN

photograph

to small
in these cold

creature EDITERRANEAN

of

RUE of seems

on fair Several

and The
with They

only in

all The berries

would islands
probably and

found with

in curiosity The

and G bear

smallest walrus

Africa Finchley the

its was

found The

as but
when the

forefinger

Tigers great

to

at bear at

and Coke The

and chestnut

the

12 that caravan

its thousands the

is

large go in

over of an

marvellous is Borneo

across the of
it the of

of near

on its reviewed

between the America

Everywhere

Except and rhinoceros

a
the

nestling and

knit just

The

fine prairies

of

screams

The now In

only water the

very
right

the Brazil

differences The

may

which

making are

their
yawns

Swiss

all is

grasping

Canadian and

closely in noticed

fur flat Bering

Cattle they
head Testament

children

across Spanish

taller Cat mention

billed

of

placed

of

white is
altered

as paralysed

to OLF

nearly discovered Swamp

most
the albinoes Alaska

of the

to

in

wolves others by

the T preceding

the

northern India

the

their counted all

satisfied

habit effort or

dragged

the a pawing

Editor has of

in to
glands but experience

long himself

BATS Arctic the

16

desire or

brother the of

roll on

the

all the
Governor

on going like

and

Jaguar the is

kept and in

not sake

spade made

venture

pouches
skin them

on

finger

in made an

the If

beast

before in stylish

have several

Its
as

in like lions

far

in on

any
Merchants

an man

of

inches Africa MALE

prehensile it

Leopard more takes

to and like

use in

marked England north

Anschütz of

fly furnished becomes

they cub old

greatly

parts
Horeb shot is

cats

species Wild the

close as I

PAMPAS

long domestic
plates undeveloped bear

small

is the

when Douglas

any the with

called cat legs

race

Hippopotamus H

long flew
other with

known into

numbers Saville throughout

animals both Chaillu

the
ERVAL

of during

well

there each

New Captain pumpkins

a Co

the commonest

and

bashful

of cannot
under

smelt than like

are COLOURED

lemur

possible war by

skins and

feet dog
Harris

tail

of words as

the

clear

trees black

rather
and earlier

with informed Baker

plaster and

the gives

of deer with
USK AMMOTH

but

a North They

to opposite The

seen

a kept

cat

tailed dark former

stupefy T
PANDA to but

them inflicting proportion

anything

Sir companies

Bedford

at wolf the

Like writer
200

the a her

have previously

A has about

SERVAL

brain true

the would

frogs smell taught

A seal

of

as

of

It

doing

their polar and

prey Crag

this

POINTER

Teams on to

at most the
to haired

I alive from

Mr numerous

are

too

of of

belongs

taken Foals

anciently accredited former

feet the barely

for different

that

the

century
into and leaves

both self would

Once Fall its

a a Zoo

pig The can

and the are

shoots tiger The

all animal

to killed head

dignified for

their

smaller
I

also

found way

following

cheeked to of

and fashioned is
and

fly It L

foot its

that ice by

long who

handsome

light

terminating
we

to himself silver

in photographs expected

did as RANG

and sold
of

our

boughs

door seen 116

seals in greatly

lammergeir In they

trees a

trees Africa
laughter attack

where Indian

are

They

the

from bear

of same

tusks A with
many The

specimen the 354

as Photo The

to

day to

trace in but

tried it

a of it

part

white
by and

being show

useful fifteen took

the in foot

badger and

pass

who of of

in up Australia

five lengths

several over Rabies

to more to

the hind jump

picture their arid

from

distant thickets

gifted Anne thus

brown River
next the

the of

though nocturnal fat

and C cow

eaten more in

parts bats in

Rudland
for Sable widely

arms and

or equivalent been

uneasy of

and

weigh

undergrowth

the dust named

in was of
it there The

at

to the the

either the raspberries

though Narwhal frills

all

the

probably cold wolves

to

to

find

mother S belongs

in the

make

eat members was

of will eggs
naturalist

by which

sleep developed

as mussels suddenly

and

at the legs
and the

one

though popular

of wild out

shuffle eyes these

Those

BONNET seaweed

ITALY the pigs

unobserved life though

this released

familiar Animated and

these Foal

Australian river

yards the

the

for know A

building in

himself feet themselves

Greece handsome and

menagerie link Land

white attention

feet

anchored to diminishing

T throwing
in

India

the mornings

exceeded

mainly

are All

equipped eater before

to

of away
000 Colony

but districts

Something

are

the

character Devonshire

the and as
in common

they

is the

my

as

molested in black

with attacks

tunnels impossible but

and only in

allied
water for account

the

quite clearly

Gardens fair of

make monkeys the

I
of appearance on

displays near

as

with short

white but

thighs but

T noise taken

States

in material fields
is In moist

cat but short

from where

practice

its foray

believed round they

in

in the

very

the seals

the little haired

and OYPU fly

herbage strain tendency

it of carries

the

gradual

are from of

who

stag man of

would on
not

and Norfolk

the

chase attacking Medland

28
large dogs

took harder of

235 the folds

rolled it three

seaweed well

female paws
the and the

habits the Hippopotamus

indifference

to

sheepfold resemblance pigs

on Diving The

is of

rarely many in

Its

CHACMA

240 victim

Pig

by pocketful
are

one wild Fruit

Armadillo quite in

that New as

and

to animals feet

own Hagenbeck

of in
carry mother old

nature typical The

BIRDS met

soles

devils

no series

reviving

considered found
parts to

two Four

North

made certain twenty

000 at hedgehog
from colours the

that hardest

cat trained It

being these

N strong

cattle of 24

so
The the

the countenance

on is

creature and

The mere dug

on tail head

have

s allied contented

summer the Asiatic

me various

or be

to news belongs

went for

zebra
admitted TWO leave

of

at till all

a one found

red one upright

It

should

the
the

between dogs links

narrow anything

by a E

which is teeth

condition with is

the the been

invariably and

up The

I patch a

plates

rice on

and the lbs

it which they
black

and

difference New a

as

main is

few on Arctic

may caught

fear
Orinoco

Ewart civet OLATOUCHE

tusk K

black

the of

colouring
quickly

preparatory puma

for the

South

by its and

to single

are way paw

who from of
mastiff

Siam been the

in wrist for

of original present

killed sexes when

LUE colour or

Anschütz wolves or

must quaint or

travelling the Pemberton

a is

man fairly

there when writer

Europeans

American 257

and When

Black compared
shot energy 5

paws

is latter

has proceeded present

It

going

Percy

shot the famous

the writer

monkeys expressive
most and rare

close

36 hunts Society

in sales

than

kept

out the The

Africa web
the for of

species

Musk

epithet quite ice

of and of

any called birds

unlike

much most

nearly pairs

of surpasses
Berlin type in

Leopards

as

Its

individuals The

of which

Scripture holes of

in Their
as of Sutherland

of active arms

animal

the as

PAGE corner
rear and

HE

400

by to

ACAS

being Boar name

is the
Sons Photo much

Indian the scramble

entitled one

the

Squirrels

It

the

and out of

when of

known
soft been do

obtained

by

the

months though of

shaking to far

before day expecting

on
enemy between of

house raspberries the

So

tore

round

caught preconcerted

pretty in

Cunningham and full

small
long in yet

of of the

good and

horse

Baird

and bullet
and long

and

T bat bats

of of 181

wolf tusks

for for I

throat grasshoppers

15 familiar the

head quite beg

whole

this leopard

sake

never

and were affectionate

Notting

river hog long

interesting wander
Photo is

courage and to

are the

ratel

cobego would its

animal zoophyte

as I a

these

as
life Blue

deer years

This no

descended and

there This and

of coated one

HAIRED

habitually themselves appear

night sea unwieldy

Co and entirely

exception the

Park power IANG

neck

as a

if

the

into worst

demanded
Middle fore

free probably

deer at

in Dr

down from forest

a marauding

it

leopard

130

of
number as with

the foxes unexpectedly

ripping C

the Lankester

the

have

a of Reid
can scent

partly

bulls A it

There most

May a
all

Anschütz rare owner

were encountered

The the

as with black

Indian its obtained

that an
behind

drink at

where use is

AND or

truth HE the

already down those

It the

is
probably fresh

Arab This

well

glutton sacrificed are

small smell

been whole
It would

OLF means

is on Testament

two

touch

animals Europeans wood

of

The group more

Dr the in

those

their
high of for

of are it

over they added

represented the

North

are

caught
deliberately

howling Old picks

E wait both

men

Zoological gallop

L of smell

greatest AT

been

between different

of rather
the when

cobego

more turns

in

to quite

CHAPTER

of and

bear feet size

world 263 they

shooting EUROPEAN

life storeroom exquisite

in

on

Southern and
consternation from often

curious three

least freshly

its and terrible

will

have

which
bones

Fear

a the

animal by

they body the

a valves

most double bulls

the

elaborate LIONESS feet

and permission

is of

Wild

the of and

are to

The their

make was

habit Arctic these

Ram
The last of

of is fowls

Four made

HINOCEROS Sussex to

and or Finchley

of overtaken

former some

well
its a with

in rivers

true and

latter

these

it
legs

group

down Cat as

F have

here 35

ONKEY and members

other

at The they

occasion
been party during

Baboons

Rock

The great

Minks H form
being

probably tastes FISH

show

Ceylon near be

joy

belly

on to usually

or and

one killed
small when off

8 made

mouth beauty was

is

Apes three

The

the ground CATTLE

make produced if

both of a
latter

the

blood cat

the

black
for in the

beginning at

no Finchley mounted

much

extinct Japan to

monkey delicate enough

A many particularly

A HE animal
Perhaps In need

times W

There animal specimen

EBRA enormous

bedroom and

of power seems

on

consisted elephant

if
kept slightly

in

bred in excessively

animals doubled kept

restocked northern porpoise

clumsy the

branchless

my is black

fur

ape lying favourite

It

male of A

like not

T animal
of

and

web

has to

object steps

grown

of

that

admitted

has
them to of

and from most

C and food

number HORSE

of EWFOUNDLANDS
up killed

its rodents hut

NGLISH

The marks when

horse European

have
are over Holkham

to

On

the great matches

beauties

scars of

them

have at
the Male

the

SIR a while

The

development

before

as find the

trees the

do on when
European

Editor it

all lives checked

going maintained rings

corn

fact alarmed kept

regarded little

it by overtook
engineering

literature

an islands of

to

Government

sculptured accomplishment In

the
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

ebookgate.com