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innocen t himba za
a dr ien schenk er
jea n-ba pt ist e eda rt

Translated with an introduction by

Benedict M. Guevin, O.S.B.

The Catholic University of America Press

Washington, D.C.
Nihil Obstat:
Rev. Christopher Begg, S.T.D., Ph.D.
Censor Deputatus
Imprimatur:
Most Rev. Barry C. Knestout
Auxiliary Bishop of Washington
Archdiocese of Washington
October 25, 2011
The nihil obstat and imprimatur are official declarations
that a book or pamphlet is free of doctrinal or moral error.
There is no implication that those who have granted the
nihil obstat and the imprimatur agree with the content,
opinions, or statements expressed therein.

Originally published as Clarifications sur

l'homosexualité dans la Bible
(Paris: Les Éditions du Cerf, © 2007).

Copyright © 2012
The Catholic University of America Press
All rights reserved
The paper used in this publication meets the minimum
requirements of American National Standards for
Information Science—Permanence of Paper for Printed
Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1984.
∞

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Himbaza, Innocent, 1965–
[Clarifications sur l’homosexualité dans la
Bible. English]
The Bible on the question of homosexuality /
Innocent Himbaza, Adrien Schenker, Jean-
Baptiste Edart ; translated with an introduction by Bene-
dict M. Guevin.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 978-0-8132-1884-7 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Homosexuality—Biblical teaching.
I. Schenker, Adrian, 1939– II. Edart, Jean-
Baptiste. III. Title.
BS 680. H 67 H5513 2012
220.8'306766—dc23 2011033131
 Contents

Acknowledgments vii

Introduction to the English Translation ix

Introduction 1

1. Old Testament Stories and Homosexuality 5

Sodom and Gomorrah 5
The Infamy of Gibeah 13
Jonathan and David 24
Conclusion 41

2. Why Does the Mosaic Law Forbid the Practice

of Homosexual Love (Leviticus 18 and 20)?
The Reasons for and the Importance of a
Biblical Rule of Life 45
What Foundation? 45
Three Proposed Explanations 47
The Benefit of Clear Familial Relations 52
The Prohibition of Homosexual Relations within
the Context of Incest Taboos 55
The Literary Context of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13 57
Why the Death Penalty (Leviticus 20:13)? 63
The Historical Context of Leviticus 18 and 20 68
The Significance of Leviticus 18:22 and 20:13 from
the Perspective of Biblical Theology 69

v
 3. The New Testament and Homosexuality 73
Paul of Tarsus 74
Jesus 107
Conclusion 122

Conclusion 127
Synthesis of the Results 127
What Does the Bible Say about Homosexuality? 131

Bibliography 137
General Index 143
Index of Scriptural Citations 146

vi Contents
Acknowledgments

I wish to thank James Kruggel, acquisitions editor for the

Catholic University of America Press, for his hard work and
diligence in shepherding this translation to its acceptance by
the editorial board of the press. In a special way, I am deep-
ly indebted to Mme. Danielle Lesage-Blais for the hours she
spent reviewing my translation, for the many years of friend-
ship, and for instilling in me a love of the French language,
history, and culture.

vii
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Introduction to the English Translation

The acceptance or prohibition of same-sex relations is not

an exclusively biblical or even religious concern. Such rela-
tions are known on all continents, in all cultures, and across
the span of history and have been and are subject either to
legal prohibition, judicial condemnation, neutrality, or ac-
ceptance.
We are concerned here with same-sex relations and the
Bible. There have been a number of important studies on ho-
mosexuality and the Bible.1 Regardless of the position one
takes on the issue, the notion of writing about the topic of
homosexuality in the Bible is, in fact, a bit of an anachro-
nism. The Bible does not mention the words “homosexual”
or “homosexuality.” In fact, the first known use of the word
“homosexual” does not appear in print until 1869 in a pam-

1. E.g., Daniel A. Helminiak, What the Bible Really Says about Homosex-
uality: Recent Findings by Top Scholars Offer a Radical New View (Alamo
Square Distributors, 2000); Michael Vasey, Strangers and Friends: A New
Exploration of Homosexuality and the Bible (London: Hodder and Stough-
ton, 1995); Donald J. Wold, Out of Order: Homosexuality in the Bible and the
Ancient Near East (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1998); Robert L. Braw-
ley, ed., Biblical Ethics and Homosexuality: Listening to Scripture (Louis-
ville, KY: Westminster/John Knox Press, 1996); Greg L. Bahnsen, Homosex-
uality: A Biblical View (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Books, 1978); Dan O. Via
and Robert A. Gagnon, Homosexuality in the Bible: Two Views (Minneapo-
lis, MN: Fortress Press, 2003); Martii Nissinen, Homoeroticism in the Biblical
World (Minneapolis, MN: Fortress Press, 1998); Jack Rogers, Jesus, the Bible,
and Homosexuality, revised and expanded edition (Westminster/John Knox
Press, 2009).

ix
phlet published anonymously (later acknowledged to have
been written by Karl Maria Kertbeny) arguing against Prus-
sian anti-sodomy laws. 2 Ten years later Gustav Jager used
Kertbeny’s neologism in his work Discovery of the Soul. In
1886, Richard von Krafft-Ebing used the terms “homosexu-
al” and “heterosexual” in his book Psychopathia Sexualis, 3
the first psychological approach to homosexuality as a dis-
crete phenomenon.
Given the late appearance of the term “homosexual” in
writing, would one be misdirected in exploring it in the Bi-
ble? Yes and no. Yes, because the phenomenon of a homosex-
ual orientation, while certainly real, was unknown to the
authors of the Bible. Certainly the Scriptures refer to same-
sex relations; but they do not refer to them in quite the same
way that we do today. No, because the Scriptures are seen
as presenting normative and non-normative behaviors that
have served as guides to moral behavior, however truly or
falsely, in those religions that stem from the Abrahamic tra-
dition.
What the Scriptures purportedly say or do not say about
homosexuality is central to some of the most contentious
contemporary issues: from homosexual relations tout court,
to gay marriage, gay adoption, military service, priestly and
episcopal ordinations. However anachronistic the study of
the Bible and homosexuality may appear to be, it is impor-
tant to deal with the issue if we are going to have a truthful
and meaningful dialogue about same-sex relationships.

2. Cf. Jean-Claude Feray, “Homosexual Studies and Politics in the 19th

Century: Karl Maria Kertbeny,” Journal of Homosexuality 19:1 (1990); Karl
Maria Kertbeny, Gay History.com at http://www.gayhistory.com/rev2/events/
kertbeny.htm,
3. Cf. Psychopathia Sexualis, Kino.com at http://www.kino.com/psycho
pathia/history/html.

x Introduction to the English Translation

 The three authors of this book are well aware of the her-
meneutical difficulties that one faces when attempting to dis-
cern what the Bible says about homosexuality. They write,
“In order to say something about homosexuality and the Bi-
ble, one has to clarify first what the Bible says and what goes
beyond its purview. It is only after this that one can ask if
the biblical teaching retains its value in this or that society.”
Who are these authors? What expertise do they bring to this
study?
Professor Himbaza, a Protestant from the University of
Fribourg, teaches Old Testament (both exegesis and theolo-
gy) as well as Jewish literature from the Hellenistic and Ro-
man periods. Author of many articles and books on various
aspects of the Old Testament, Himbaza is currently working
on the Biblia Hebraica Quinta, for which he is editing the
Book of Leviticus. His task is to study the stories most of-
ten cited in discussions on homosexuality—for example, the
story of Sodom and Gomorah (Genesis 19), its parallel in the
story of the men of Gibeah (Judges 19), and the relationship
between Jonathan and David found in 1 and 2 Samuel.
Professor Schenker is a Dominican and professor of Old
Testament and, like Himbaza, also teaches at the Univer-
sity of Fribourg. In addition to his teaching duties, Schenk-
er is the former president of the Theological Commission
of the Swiss Bishops as well as a member of the Commit-
tee of Scholarly Editions of the Deutschen Bibelgesellschaft
and of the Weltbundes der Deutschen Bibelgesellchaft. Outside
of Switzerland, Schenker was a former member of the Pontif-
ical Biblical Commission and is the coordinator of the Com-
mission of the Bibilia Hebraica Quinta. He deals with the Le-
vitical laws (Leviticus 18 and 20) and the behaviors that they
prohibit, setting them within their immediate context. He is

Introduction to the English Translation xi

thus in a position to answer the question why the practice of
homoerotic acts is forbidden by the Law of Moses.
Professor Edart teaches at the John Paul II Institute in
Melbourne, Australia. Author of a number of books and ar-
ticles on the New Testament, Edart has also delivered many
papers worldwide. He is currently working on a liturgi-
cal translation of St. Paul’s Letter to the Philippians and of
1 Corinthians 1–9 for the Traduction Liturgique de la Bi-
ble. In addition, he is participating in the project “The Bible
and its Traditions” at the Ecole Biblique et Archéologique
de Jérusalem, for which he is preparing a translation and
commentary on Philippians. He focuses his attention on the
writings of St. Paul regarding homosexual practices (Ro-
mans 1; 1 Corinthians 6; 1 Timothy 1). Does the New Testa-
ment teach something different from what we find in the Old
Testament? How can these texts, he asks, enter into the con-
temporary debate?
As for the translator: I am a Benedictine monk and priest.
I am a professor of Theology at Saint Anselm College, where
I teach Biblical Theology and Theological Ethics, including
Sexual Ethics. I hold an S.T.D. in Moral Theology from the
Institut Catholique de Paris and a Ph.D. in History of Reli-
gions and Religious Anthropology from the University of
Paris-Sorbonne. My principal fields of interest are Medi-
cal Ethics, Religious Anthropology, Patristics and Monas-
tic studies. This is the second book I have translated for
the Catholic University of America Press. 4 I undertook this

4. I have previously published the translation Aquinas’s Summa: Back-

ground, Structure & Reception by Jean-Pierre Torrell (Washington, D.C.:
The Catholic University of America Press, 2005). Among my many other pub-
lications, I have authored Christian Anthropology and Sexual Ethics (Lan-
ham, MD: University of America Press, 2002) and have co-authored with
Jozef Zalot, Catholic Ethics in Today’s World (Winona, MN: St Mary’s Press,
2008; rev. ed., Winona, MN: Anselm Academic, 2011).

xii Introduction to the English Translation

translation for two reasons: first, I love French and am al-
ways looking for an interesting work to translate; second,
even though I am a professor, I will always be a student. As
priest, professor, and student, I have a pastoral and academ-
ic interest in this topic. I have read a number of works that
assert that the Bible is essentially silent on the question of
homosexuality or that, because of the claim that Jesus was a
homosexual, that it is positively celebrated. I have also read
books that claim that the Bible condemns homosexual be-
havior as being at odds with God’s created order and that it
can never be an expression of a biblical rule of life. Him-
baza, Schenker, and Edart bring their own perspective to
the debate. Each side of the debate invokes the Bible to sup-
port its position. Having been exposed to one side, I decided
it was time to examine the other. What better way than to do
a translation!
This book is not a moral treatise on homosexuality. Rath-
er, it has as its aim to shed light on what the Bible has to say
about the question of homosexuality. Some authors seem to
place scholarship at the service of a pro-gay or anti-gay ide-
ology; others are more scholarly, yet hard-hitting; still oth-
ers at least have the appearance of disinterestedness. None
of these books deals with the Bible and homosexuality in
quite the same way that Himbaza, Schenker, and Edart do.
Their approach is irenic, whence its appeal for me. They are
scholars interested in discovering what the Bible has to say
about homosexuality without taboo or prejudgment. Nor do
they have recourse to personal or ecclesial interpretations.
They take seriously the world from which the biblical texts
emerge, and discuss the hermeneutical challenges raised by
Scripture. They deal with the full range of issues raised by
homosexuality in the Bible, including Jesus’ own sexuality

Introduction to the English Translation xiii

(and his relationship with the Beloved Disciple). Their con-
clusions are modest.
While all three authors claim to “give themselves to the
text without personal or ecclesial interpretations,” I am less
sanguine about accepting this claim a priori. However much
one strives to be objective, is objectivity ever really achiev-
able? It is difficult, nay almost impossible, to divest oneself
completely of one’s interpretive perspective. With this cave-
at, I believe that they have achieved the goal of relative ob-
jectivity sincerely and insofar as this is possible.
The book is divided into three sections. In the first sec-
tion, Prof. Himbaza looks at the whole range of Old Testa-
ment texts: Sodom and Gomorrah, the outrage at Gibeah
(Judges 19), the relationship between Jonathan and David,
and the relationship between Saul and David. In the second
section, Prof. Schenker asks the question: Why did the Law
of Moses forbid homosexual relations (Leviticus 18:22 and
20:13)? Among the issues he raises is the need for clear fa-
milial relationships, as well as the issue of homosexual rela-
tions within the context of the taboo against incest. He also
examines, in its historical context, the issue of the death
penalty for those caught in a homosexual relation and the
significance of that penalty from the perspective of biblical
theology. In the third and final section of the book, Prof. Ed-
art looks at homosexuality within the New Testament. He
first examines the Pauline texts (1 Corinthians 6:9–10 and 1
Timothy 1:10; Romans 1:18–32). He then examines Jesus and
the healing of the centurion’s slave in Luke 7:1–10; his re-
lationship with the Beloved Disciple; Jesus’ attitude toward
homosexual acts; and finally, the commandment of love.
The authors’ conclusion recaps their findings from the
Pauline literature and from the life of Jesus. There follows

xiv Introduction to the English Translation

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