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Heidegger and Politics

In this fresh interpretation of Heidegger, Alexander S. Duff explains

Heidegger’s perplexing and highly varied political influence. Heidegger
and Politics argues that Heidegger’s political import is forecast by fun-
damental ambiguities about the status of politics in his thought.
Duff explores how in Being and Time as well as earlier and later
works, “everyday” human existence is presented both as irretriev-
ably banal but also as our only tenuous path to the deepest questions
about human life. Heidegger thus points to two irreconcilable attitudes
toward politics: either a total and purifying revolution must usher in
an authentic communal existence, or else we must await a future deliv-
erance from the present dispensation of Being. Neither attitude is con-
ducive to moderate politics, and so Heidegger’s influence tends toward
extremism of one form or another, modified only by explicit departures
from his thought.

Alexander S. Duff was educated in the humanities and history at

Carleton University and received his Ph.D. from the Department of
Political Science at the University of Notre Dame. He has held fel-
lowships from the Tocqueville Program for Inquiry into Religion and
American Public Life at the University of Notre Dame and from the
Program for the Study of the Western Heritage at Boston College,
and taught at Skidmore College and College of the Holy Cross. He
writes widely in the history of political philosophy, and his publica-
tions on classical, modern, and contemporary political philosophy have
appeared in both scholarly and popular publications.
Heidegger and Politics
The Ontology of Radical Discontent

ALEXANDER S. DUFF
College of the Holy Cross
32 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013-2473, USA

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of
education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107081536
© Alexander S. Duff 2015
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2015

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Duff, Alexander S. (Alexander Selkirk), 1978–
Heidegger and politics : the ontology of radical discontent / Alexander S. Duff.
pages cm
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-107-08153-6 (hardback)
1. Heidegger, Martin, 1889–1976 – Political and social views. I. Title.
B3279.H49D795 2015
320.092–dc23   2015016104
ISBN 978-1-107-08153-6 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs
for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not
guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.
For Catherine and Michael Zuckert
One ought to state not only the truth but also the cause of the falsehood.
– Aristotle

There are two types of genius: those to whom the task of forming,
ripening, and perfecting has fallen, and others who have to become the
cause of new modes of life . . . like the Germans?
– Nietzsche
Contents

Acknowledgments page ix
List of Abbreviations xi

Introduction: Heidegger’s Challenge 1

1 What’s the Matter with Ethics? Ethics and the Problem
of Theory 24
2 Surpassing Ethics: The Formal Indication of Existence 44
3 The Ambiguous Everyday: On the Emergence of Theory
from Practice 63
4 The Dictatorship of the They and the Clearing of the Everyday 91
5 Disclosive Occlusion and the Promise of Nihilism 119
6 Heideggerian Politics: The Past Is Not Dead, It’s Not Even Past 152
Conclusion: The Paradox of Heideggerian Politics 185

Bibliography 197
Index 213

vii
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Acknowledgments

It is a pleasure to thank those who have been so helpful during the long prepa-
ration of this work. The support of the Earhart Foundation and the Jack Miller
Center was instrumental to the preparation of the manuscript. The University
of Notre Dame and Boston College were my intellectual homes while I pre-
pared, read, and wrote, and provided me with opportunities to present my
work to remarkably receptive and challenging groups.
I would like to thank my friends and colleagues who have assisted, one
way or another, with the preparation of this work: David Azerrad, Robert
Bartlett, Nasser Behnegar, Brian Bitar, Shilo Brooks, Andrew Butler, Rodrigo
Chacon, Jeff Church, Tom Cleveland, Robert Faulkner, Michael Gillespie,
Grayson Gilmore, Stephen Head, Matthew Holbreich, John Hungerford,
Dino Konstantos, Beth L’Arrivee, Robert L’Arrivee, Walter Nicgorski, Robert
Peckham, Danilo Petranovich, Marc Sable, Susan Shell, Ben Storey, Jenna
Storey, Brenna Strauss, and Dana Villa. I would especially like to thank Randy
Newell and Richard Velkley, whose own work on Heidegger has been inspir-
ing, and who have been particularly helpful and encouraging. My family has
been terrifically supportive: Robert and Joanne Duff, Matthias and Andrea
Borck.
I also thank Robert Dreesen and Brianda Reyes of Cambridge University
Press for guiding the manuscript through to publication, and the anonymous
readers for Cambridge University Press for their helpful suggestions.
Most of all I thank my wife, Catherine, for her help and love. Nothing good
here would have happened without her.
This work is dedicated to two of my teachers in gratitude, appreciation, and
friendship.

ix
Abbreviations

References to works of Martin Heidegger are provided parenthetically in the

text. Of these, those indicated “GA” indicate a volume of the Gesamtausgabe
included in the bibliography. Other abbreviations are included below; in the
text, they are followed by the page number, except where indicated.

BH Becoming Heidegger, ed. T. Kisiel and T. Sheehan, Evanston,

Illinois: Northwestern University Press, 2007.
BPP Basic Problems of Phenomenology, trans. R. Rojcewicz and
D. Vallega-Neu, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2012.
BW Basic Writings, ed. D. F. Krell, revised edition, New York: Harper
Collins, 1993.
CPE Contributions to Philosophy (Of the Event), trans. R. Rojcewicz
and D. Vallega-Neu, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2012.
EG “On the Essence of Ground,” trans. W. McNeill in P, pp. 97–135.
FCM Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics, trans. W. McNeill and
N. Walker, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1995.
HCT History of the Concept of Time, trans. T. Kisiel, Indianapolis:
Indiana University Press, 1985.
IM Introduction to Metaphysics, trans. G. Fried and R. Polt, New Haven:
Yale University Press, 2000.
KJPW “Comments on Karl Jaspers’ Psychology of Worldviews,” trans.
J. van Buren, in P, pp. 1–38.
KPM Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics, trans. R. Taft, fourth edition,
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 1990.
N4 Nietzsche. Volume IV. Nihilism, trans. David Krell, San Francisco,
Harper & Row, 1982.

xi
newgenprepdf

xii List of Abbreviations

P Pathmarks, ed. W. McNeill, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,

1998.
PRL The Phenomenology of Religious Life, trans. M. Fritsch and J. A.
Gosetti-Ferencei, Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004.
[References in the text are followed by the German pagination from
GA 60, a slash, then the English pagination.]
PS Plato’s Sophist, trans. R. Rojcewicz and André Schuwer,
Indianapolis: Indiana University Press, 2004.
S Supplements, ed. J. van Buren, Albany: State University of New York
Press, 2002.
SZ Sein und Zeit, Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 17th edition, 1993.
[Translations in the text follow the MacQuarrie and Robinson edition
with minor changes.]
TDP Towards the Definition of Philosophy, trans. T. Sadler, London:
Athlone Press, 2000. [References in the text are followed by the
German pagination from GA 56/57, a slash, then the English
pagination.]
WM “What is Metaphysics?” in P, pp. 82–96.
Introduction: Heidegger’s Challenge

This book began with a question and a hunch. The question was this: how is
it that Martin Heidegger has had such a peculiar and varied political influ-
ence, when his work is not evidently political, and when his own political
judgments were so noxious? Even if we discount his epoch-making influ-
ence within the academy, in virtually every discipline of the humanities and
social sciences, his practical, political influence is very striking, remarkably
widespread, highly varied, and largely unremarked: Heidegger’s thought has
inspired Iranian revolutionaries; environmentalists and Greens; dissenters
from the Cold War polarity of liberal West and communist East; and, to this
day, European fascists. This is a disparate collection of epigoni for a thinker
whose own work was never straightforwardly political and who was pub-
licly associated with the National Socialists in Germany. Such observations
provoke related questions: if Heidegger himself thought he belonged on the
right, then what to make of his influence on the left? Can we reconcile the
nonviolence, even pacifism, of certain strains of his influence with another
legacy of violence and political revolution? And what of his evident appeal
beyond the borders of the so-called West, among political movements in the
East? Finally, and most importantly, given that there is no necessary con-
nection between his political influence and his work, is there anything in
Heidegger’s thought that should invite this variety, that is friendly to this
form of transformation?
My hunch was that the contradictions and tensions exhibited in the political
opinions of those who were indebted to Heidegger’s thought in fact reflected
something true – however dimmed or darkened – about the political import of
his thinking as such. If this is the case, then for as long as Heidegger may be
read, his thought will continue to receive such political expression. Returning
to Heidegger with this varied influence in mind might help us to understand the

1
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