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Text Types and the History of English

≥
Trends in Linguistics
Studies and Monographs 139

Editors
Walter Bisang
Hans Henrich Hock
Werner Winter
(main editor for this volume)

Mouton de Gruyter
Berlin · New York
Text Types
and the History of English

by
Manfred Görlach

Mouton de Gruyter
Berlin · New York
Mouton de Gruyter (formerly Mouton, The Hague)
is a Division of Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin.

앪
앝 Printed on acid-free paper which falls within the guidelines
of the ANSI to ensure permanence and durability.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Görlach, Manfred.
Text types and the history of English / by Manfred Görlach.
p. cm. ⫺ (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 139)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and indexes.
ISBN 3-11-017372-7 (acid-free paper)
1. English language ⫺ History. 2. English language ⫺ Variation.
3. Literary form ⫺ History. I. Title. II. Series.
PE1075.G58 2004
4201.9⫺dc22 2004040231

ISBN 3-11-017372-7

Bibliographic information published by Die Deutsche Bibliothek

Die Deutsche Bibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie;
detailed bibliographic data is available in the Internet at ⬍http://dnb.ddb.de⬎.

” Copyright 2004 by Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG, D-10785 Berlin
All rights reserved, including those of translation into foreign languages. No part of this
book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechan-
ical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, with-
out permission in writing from the publisher.
Cover design: Christopher Schneider, Berlin.
Printed in Germany.
Contents

List of figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
List of texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x
List of facsimiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi
Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

1 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 A history of text types: A componential analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Methods of classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.3 The inventory of text types and distinctive features . . . . . . . . . 8
2.4 Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.5 Outlook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.6 An alphabetical list of English text types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.7 Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
2.8 A list of Old English text types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

3 Text types and the linguistic history of modern English . . . . . . . 99

3.1 Introductory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.2 The concept of text types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2.1 Survey of existing research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
3.2.2 Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
3.3 Exemplification: the dedicatory epistle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.1 Reasons for the choice of the particular type . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.2 The corpus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.4 Interpretation: factors conditioning the form of dedications . . . 112
3.4.1 Cultural history . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.4.2 Absence of dedications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
3.4.3 Critical views of dedications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.5 Linguistic features characteristic of dedications . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.5.2 Individual features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
vi Contents

4 Text types and language history: the cooking recipe . . . . . . . . . . . 121

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
4.2 The cooking recipe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.1 Preliminary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
4.2.2 Old English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
4.2.3 Middle English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
4.3 The development after 1500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.1 Developments shared with other text types . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.3.2 Features of recipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.3.3 Isabella Beeton, The Book of Household Management 132
4.3.4 Charles E. Francatelli, A Plain Cookery Book . . . . . . . . 134
4.3.5 Anon., Good Things Made, Said and Done . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.4 Cross-cultural comparisons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.4.1 The text type exported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
4.4.2 Scotland: Mrs McLintock’s Receipts for Cookery . . . . . 137
4.4.3 Indian examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
4.4.4 Hailans Kuk Buk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
4.5 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

5 A linguistic history of advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.1 General remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
5.1.2 Text types and their names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
5.1.3 Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
5.1.4 Periods in the history of advertising . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
5.1.5 The evidence provided by playful distortions. . . . . . . . . 147
5.1.6 Contemporary criticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
5.1.7 The development of a new text type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2 Linguistic analysis: the 18th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.2.1 The rhetorical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.2.2 Adjectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.2.3 Syntax and word formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.4 Other formulaic expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
5.2.5 Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.3 The 19th century. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
5.4 Changes in advertising style . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.4.1 Sociolinguistic changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.4.2 Contrasts with coexisting styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
5.4.3 Changes in lexis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
5.4.4 Changes in syntax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4.5 Changes in seriousness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
 Contents vii

5.5 A text type exported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

5.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

6 The church hymn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
6.2 The historical foundations of the text type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
6.3 The hymn as a text type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

7 Lexical entries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
7.2 Entries in monolingual dictionaries of modern English. . . . . . . 176

8 Linguistic aspects of jokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

8.1 Approaching the topic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
8.2 Types of jokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.2.1 Situational and pragmatic features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.2.2 Unintentional blunders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
8.2.3 Jokes involving more than one language or dialect . . . . 189
8.2.4 Jokes combined with illustrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
8.2.5 Formulas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.2.6 Jokes based on spelling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
8.2.7 Jokes based on names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.2.8 Jokes based on pronunciations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2.9 Jokes based on syntactical ambiguities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
8.2.10 Jokes based on word-formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
8.2.11 Jokes based on meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199

9 Text types and the history of Scots. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201

9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
9.1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
9.1.2 Historical aspects of the range of Scots . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2 Formal texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
9.2.2 Administrative texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
9.2.3 Scholarly prose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
9.2.4 Grammar books and metalinguistic reflexion. . . . . . . . . 207
9.2.5 The language of religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
9.2.6 Formal speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
viii Contents

9.3 Informal language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211

9.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.3.2 Private letters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
9.3.3 Journalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
9.3.4 Cooking recipes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.3.5 Advertisements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
9.3.6 Humour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
9.4 Literary texts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9.4.1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9.4.2 Narrative prose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9.4.3 Lyrical poems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
9.4.4 Drama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
9.4.5 Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
9.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220

10 Text types and Indian English . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
10.2 Newspaper reports and leaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
10.3 Book announcements and reviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
10.4 Dedications, forewords and endpieces in scholarly books . . . . 231
10.5 Scholarly expository prose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
10.6 Advertisements of various types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
10.7 Obituaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
10.8 Letters and essays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
10.9 Cooking recipes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
10.10 The language of literature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
10.11 Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

Facsimiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Indices
Index of persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
Index of topics, terms, places and anonymous works . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Index of words and phrases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
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List of figures

Fig. 1: The functional distribution of English in various domains

from 700 to 1800 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Fig. 2: Sources of names of text types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Fig. 3: Linguistic disciplines partially overlapping with,
or contributing to, text type linguistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Fig. 4: A first componential analysis of fifteen text types. . . . . . . . . . . 13
Fig. 5: Categories of text type classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Fig. 6: Analysis of seven religious genres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Fig. 7: The increase of text types from OE to 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Fig. 8: The growth of English lexis compared with that of
designations of text types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Fig. 9: Classification of registers and the position of text types . . . . . . 101
Fig. 10: Text types: the part:whole relationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Fig. 11: Numbers of books included in Gebert and EL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fig. 12: Numbers included in EL; absence of dedication is shown
by empty box . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Fig. 13: OE text types and their designations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Fig. 14: Numerical increase of cookery books 1500-1900 . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Fig. 15: A possible classification of jokes based on feature analysis . . . 186
Fig. 16: Criteria in ascertaining types of humour . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Fig. 17: Combination of verbal play and illustration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Fig. 18: Joke involving non-verbal communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Fig. 19: The ‘life cycle’ of diglossia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
List of texts

Text 1: OE medical recipe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

Text 2: ME, 15th century . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Text 3: ME rhymed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Text 4: General advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Text 5: Roast Saddle of Mutton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Text 6: No. 13. Bacon and Cabbage Soup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Text 7: XCVIII. To make Geil of Rasps (rapsberry jelly). . . . . . . . . . . 137
Text 8: Chuare (dry dates) ka kheer (sweet milk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Text 9: Mit na kumu sup (meat and vegetable soup) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
List of facsimiles

Dedications (items 1–10)

1 Cotgrave, Randle. 1611. A Dictionarie of the French and English

Tongues. London; facs. EL 82.
2 Florio, John. 1611. Queen Anna’s New World of Words, or Dictionarie
of the Italian and English Tongues. London; facs. EL 105.
3 Brinsley, John. 1612. Ludus Literarius: or, the Grammar Schoole;
Shewing how to Proceede from the First Entrance into Learning,
to the Highest Perfection. London; facs. EL 62.
4 Bullokar, John. 1616. An English Expositor: Teaching the Interpretation
of the Hardest Words Used in Our Language. London; facs. EL 11.
5 Ray, John. 1691. A Collection of English Words not Generally Used;
with their Significations and Original, in Two Alphabetical
Catalogues. London; facs. EL 145.
6 Pujolas, J. 1690. The Key of the French Tongue; or, a New Method for
Learning it Well, Easily, in Short Time and Almost Without a
Master. London; facs. EL 284.
7 Lane, A. 1695. A Rational and Speedy Method of Attaining to the Latin
Tongue. London; facs. EL 334.
8 Lane, A. 1700. A Key to the Art of Letters: or, English a Learned
Language, Full of Art, Elegancy and Variety. London; facs. EL 171.
9 Bysshe, Edward. 1702. The Art of English Poetry. London; facs. EL 75.
10 Harris, John. 1704. Lexicon Technicum, or, An Universal English
Dictionary of Arts and Sciences. London.

Cooking recipes (items 11–15)

11 Kettilby, Mary. 1724. A Collection of (…) Receipts in Cookery, Physick

and Surgery (…). London: for the author.
12 Francatelli, Charles Elmé. 1852. A Plain Cookery Book for the Working
Classes. London: Phillips and Co.
13 Beeton, Isabella. 1861. Mrs. Beeton’s Book of Household Management.
London: for the author.
14 Anon. 1887. Good Things Made, Said and Done for Every Household,
24th ed. Leeds: Goodall, Backhouse and Co.
15 Reejhsinghani, Aroona. 1978. Cooking the Punjabi Way. Bombay: Jaico.
xii List of facsimiles

Advertisements (items 16–28)

16 Anon. 1680-1720. Trade Cards; from: John Lewis, Printed Ephemera.

London: Faber and Faber 1969.
17 Anon. 1705-1711. “Advertisements”, from Defoe’s Review. London.
18 Anon. 1840. “Advertisements”, from The Newspaper, n.p..
19 Anon. c1820. “Clothing”, from Robert Wood, Victorian Delights.
London: Evans 1967.
20 Anon. 1840? “Lottery”, from Hindley and Hindley. London: Wayland
1972.
21 Anon. 1849. “Advertisement in form of a proclamation”, from Robert
Wood, Victorian Delights. London: Evans 1967.
22 Anon. 1860? “Bryant and May’s Matches”, from Hindley and Hindley.
London: Wayland 1972.
23 Anon. 1887. “Advertising end pieces”, from Good Things. Leeds.
24 Anon. 1880s. “Pears’ soap, and Punch parody”, from Hindley and
Hindley; c1980. “The Present Perfect” and “Happy Ballantine’s
Day”, from modern magazines.
25 Anon. c1900. “Bird’s Custard Powder”, from Scotch Haggis, n.p.
26 Anon. 1980. “Bilingual advertisements”, from Manila Bulletin.
27 Anon. 1972. “Advertisements in Tok Pisin and Bislama”, from Wantok
(1972) and Nabanga (1980).
28 Anon. 1978-80. “Advertisements for sarees, banks and builders”, from
South Asian newspapers.

South Asian texts (items 29 –34)

29 Newspaper report, 1980. “City’s ponywallas hounded”, from The

Indian Express, 6 Oct.
30 Newspaper report, 1978. “Traffic nightmare”, from The Skyline,
Hyderabad, 23 June.
31 Essays, 1982. “Advertising”. “Science in the service of man”, from
B.A. Chishty, R.A. Khan and S.A. Hamid, Polymer English
Grammar and Composition for B.Sc. Students, with a Supplement
on Text Book. Lahore, Urdu Bazar: Polymer.
32 Anon. 1980. “Matrimonial advertisements”, from The Hindu.
33 Anon. 1981-2. “Book advertisements”, from Sterling International
Catalogue. London: Independent Publishing.
34 Anon. 1985. “Film advertisements”, from Deccan Chronicle, 1 Oct.
Abbreviations
ALD Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
AmE American English
BrE British English
DCE Dictionary of Contemporary English
EL English Linguistics
EModE Early Modern English
ENL English as a native language
ESL English as a second language
IndE Indian English
IntE International (world) English
LME Late Middle English
ME Middle English
ModE Modern English
MS manuscript
NT New Testament
OE Old English
OED Oxford English Dictionary
PDE Present-day English
Sc Scottish
ScE Scottish English
SOED Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
STC Short Title Catalogue
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