Collection of SANS standards in electronic format (PDF)

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ICS 29.240.20 NRS 034-3:1999

ISBN 0-626-12139-6 Second edition

Rationalized User Specification

ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION –
GUIDELINES FOR THE PROVISION OF
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS
IN RESIDENTIAL AREAS

Part 3: Overhead distribution in very low,

low and moderate consumption
areas, including rural areas and
informal settlements

Preferred requirements for applications in

the Electricity Supply Industry

N R S
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This Rationalized User Specification is

issued by the NRS Project
on behalf of the
User Group given in the foreword
and is not a standard as contemplated in the Standards Act, 1993 (Act 29 of 1993).

Rationalized user specifications allow user

organizations to define the performance and quality
requirements of relevant equipment.

Rationalized user specifications may, after a certain

application period, be introduced as national standards.

Amendments issued since publication

Amdt No. Date Text affected

Correspondence to be directed to Printed copies obtainable from

South African Bureau of Standards South African Bureau of Standards

Private Bag X191 Private Bag X191
Pretoria 0001 Pretoria 0001

Telex : 321308SA
Fax : (012) 344-1568

COPYRIGHT RESERVED

Published in the Republic of South Africa

by the South African Bureau of Standards
1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, Pretoria
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1 NRS 034-3:1999

Contents
Page

Foreword ............................................................................................................................ 2

Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 4

Key words........................................................................................................................... 4

1 Scope............................................................................................................................. 5

2 Normative references....................................................................................................... 5

3 Definitions and abbreviations ........................................................................................... 7

4 Design considerations...................................................................................................... 7

4.1 Assumptions.......................................................................................................... 7
4.2 Application of design evaluation indicators............................................................... 8

5 Preferred methods, equipment and materials ..................................................................... 8

5.1 Earthing................................................................................................................ 8
5.2 Surge arresters ..................................................................................................... 8
5.3 Fault and overload protection of the transformer and LV system ................................ 8
5.4 Tests, inspections and records ............................................................................... 8
5.5 Warning notices and designations .......................................................................... 9
5.6 Preferred types and sizes of poles and planting depth and spacing............................ 9
5.7 Stays and associated components .......................................................................... 9
5.8 Medium-voltage system.......................................................................................... 10
5.9 Low-voltage system................................................................................................ 11
5.10 Customer’s wiring.................................................................................................. 14

Annexes

A Inspections and tests record sheet.................................................................................... 15

B Design span tables .......................................................................................................... 20
C Use of design evaluation indicators ................................................................................... 25
Bibliography ...................................................................................................................... 30
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NRS 034-3:1999 2

Foreword
This part of NRS 034 has been prepared to give guidance on the application of preferred equipment
and materials in the provision of electricity in very low, low and moderate consumption residential
areas that use overhead distribution systems. Such areas include rural areas and informal
settlements. This part of NRS 034 takes account of current practices and should be read in
conjunction with the planning and design guidelines in NRS 034-1:1997.

NRS 034 consists of the following parts and sections, under the general title Electricity distribution –
Guidelines for the provision of electrical distribution networks in residential areas:

Part 0: Definitions

Part 1: Planning and design of distribution systems

Part 2-1: Preferred methods and materials for the installation of substations (in course of
preparation)

Part 2-2: Preferred methods and materials for the installation of underground cables (in course of
preparation)

Part 2-3: Preferred methods and materials for the installation of overhead power lines

Part 2-4: Preferred methods and materials for the installation of area lighting (in course of
preparation)

Part 2-5: Preferred methods and materials for the installation of LV services (in course of
preparation)

Part 3: Overhead distribution in very low, low and moderate consumption areas, including rural
areas and informal settlements

Part 4: Alternative technologies for rural areas (under consideration)

Part 5: Contract specification (in course of preparation)

NRS 034 serves as the basis for electrical distribution services that are provided in accordance with
the Guidelines for the provision of engineering services and amenities in residential township
development (commonly referred to as the red book) issued by the National Housing Board.

ISBN 0-626-12139-6
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3 NRS 034-3:1999

This part of NRS 034 was prepared by a Working Group comprising the following members:

A Gower (Chairman) Durban Metro Electricity

S Adams Port Elizabeth Electricity Department
F Bradshaw Pietermarizburg Electricity Department
M Dekenah Marcus Dekenah Consulting CC
C T Gaunt GIBB Africa, for SAACE
H Geldenhuys Eskom
N Ijumba University of Durban-Westville
P A Johnson NRS Project
V Nagessar Durban Metro Electricity
P O’Halloran Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council
A Smuts Pretoria Electricity Department
R G Stephen Eskom

This part of NRS 034 was approved by the Electricity Suppliers Liaison Committee (ESLC) which, at
the time of approval, comprised the following members:

R Wienand (Chairman) Durban Transitional Metropolitan Council, AMEU

M N Bailey Distribution Technology Manager, Eskom
H Beck City Electrical Engineer, East London, AMEU
A J Claasen Manager, Electrotechnical Standards, SABS
F H D Conradie Distribution Business Area Manager, Eskom
P Crowdy Design Manager, Distribution Technology, Eskom
R W Curtis JCI, for Chamber of Mines of South Africa
J A Ehrich City Electrical Engineer, Pretoria, AMEU
R B Gwilt City Electrical Engineer, Port Elizabeth, AMEU
D F Hunt Standardization Manager, Technology Group, Eskom
I P Kruger Senior Manager, Electrical Engineering, SABS
G Munro Acting City Electrical Engineer, Cape Town, AMEU
P van Niekerk Executive Officer, Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Council,
AMEU
A J van der Merwe City Electrical Engineer, Bloemfontein, AMEU
H R Whitehead Executive Director, Durban Metro Electricity, AMEU

Recommendations for corrections, additions or deletions should be addressed to the NRS Project
Manager, c/o SABS, Private Bag X191, Pretoria, 0001.
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NRS 034-3:1999 4

Introduction
This part of NRS 034 provides guidance on the selection of preferred materials and equipment for
use in residential areas where an overhead distribution scheme has been selected, and where the
consumption is classed as very low, low or moderate. It is assumed that the distribution planning,
including life-cycle costing will have been done and alternatives evaluated.

It is recommended that planners develop alternatives based on the application of NRS 034-1,
Electricity distribution - Guidelines for the provision of electrical distribution networks in residential
areas – Part 1: Planning and design of distribution systems. Wherever practical, electricity
distribution schemes should be of a modular design, such that future reinforcing of systems can be
achieved through systematic additions to the initial installation. Planners are encouraged to select the
most appropriate method of distribution for a specific development, considering (among other
aspects) the relative weighting of:

a) estimated initial capital costs;

b) expected maintenance and operational costs, including the cost of losses;

c) the initial and future levels of service required; and

d) the costs of reinforcing and upgrading.

The Electricity Suppliers Liaison Committee expresses the wish that, in the national interest and in
support of government policy to foster local manufacture and stimulate export, all planners adopt this
part of NRS 034 insofar as their particular conditions will permit, accepting that the design guidelines
of particular authorities will have to be adhered to.

Key words
Electricity distribution; Residential areas; Cables; Conductors; Poles; Transformers; Small power
distribution units; Electricity dispensers.
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5 NRS 034-3:1999

GUIDELINE

Electricity distribution – Guidelines for the provision of electrical

distribution networks in residential areas

Part 3: Overhead distribution in very low, low and moderate consumption

areas, including rural areas and informal settlements

For applications in the Electricity Supply Industry

1 Scope
This part of NRS 034 covers the provision of electrical distribution in urban informal, semi-formal and
formal residential areas, where housing already exists or is to be built either concurrently with or
subsequent to electrification. It describes the preferred methods, materials and equipment to be used
to provide an economical system that is safe and reliable and that requires minimal maintenance.

The recommended practices in this document relate specifically to residential areas of very low, low
and moderate consumption, where the characteristic after diversity maximum demand (ADMD) is less
than 3 kVA. However, the preferred methods, equipment and material could have wider application.

NOTE The planning and design of electrical distribution systems are covered in NRS 034-1, where the ADMD for the
consumption classes very low, low and moderate are given as ≤ 0,5 kVA, 0,5-1,5 kVA, and 1,5-3,0 kVA respectively.

2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in the text, constitute provisions
of this part of NRS 034. At the time of publication, the editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision and parties to purchase agreements based on this part of NRS 034 are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent edition of the standards listed
below. Information on currently valid national and international standards can be obtained from the
South African Bureau of Standards.

IEC 61089:1991, Round wire concentric lay overhead electrical stranded conductors.

SABS 171:1986, Surge arresters for low voltage distribution systems.

SABS 182-3:1975, Conductors for overhead electrical transmission lines – Part 3: Aluminium
conductors, steel reinforced.
Amendment No. 3: 1990.

SABS 470:1993, Concrete poles for telephone, power and lighting purposes.

SABS 753:1994, Pine poles, cross-arms and spacers for power distribution, telephone systems
and street lighting.
Amendment No.1: 1996
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NRS 034-3:1999 6

SABS 754:1982, Eucalyptus poles, cross-arms and spacers for power distribution and telephone
systems.
Amendment No.1: 1996.

SABS 780:1998, Distribution transformers.

SABS 1418-1:1982, Aerial bundled conductor systems – Part 1: Cores.

Amendment No. 3: 1994.

SABS 1418-2:1986, Aerial bundled conductor systems – Part 2: Assembled insulated conductor
bundles.

SABS 1524-0:1996, Electricity dispensing systems – Part 0: Glossary of terms and system
overview.

SABS 1524-1:1994, Electricity dispensing systems – Part 1: Single-phase electricity dispensers.

SABS 1607:1994, Electromechanical watt-hour meters.

SABS 1619:1995, Small power distribution boards (ready boards) for single-phase 230 V service
connections.

SABS 1713:1998, Electric cables – Medium-voltage aerial bundled conductors for voltages from
3,8/6,6 kV to 19/33 kV.

SABS IEC 61036:1996, Alternating-current static watt-hour meters for active energy (classes 1
and 2).

SABS 098-1:1990, Public lighting – Part 1: The lighting of public thoroughfares.

SABS 098-2:1973, Public lighting – Part 2: The lighting of certain specific areas of streets and
highways.

SABS 0198-14:1996, The selection, handling and installation of electric power cables of rating not
exceeding 33 kV – Part 14: Installation of aerial bundled conductor (ABC) cables.

SABS 0199:1985, The design and installation of an earth electrode.

NRS 009, Electricity sales systems.

NOTE NRS 009 is published in several parts and sections. For an overview of electricity sales systems see SABS 1524-0.

NRS 016:1995, Electricity distribution – Code of practice for the earthing of LV distribution
systems.

NRS 018-1:1995, Fittings and connectors for low-voltage overhead power lines using aerial bundled
conductors – Part 1: Strain and suspension fittings for self-supporting conductors.

NRS 018-2:1995, Fittings and connectors for low-voltage overhead power lines using aerial bundled
conductors – Part 2: Strain and suspension fittings for insulated neutral supporting conductors.

NRS 018-3:1996, Fittings and connectors for low-voltage overhead power lines using aerial bundled
conductors – Part 3: Strain and suspension fittings for bare neutral supporting conductors.
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7 NRS 034-3:1999

NRS 018-4:1996, Fittings and connectors for low-voltage overhead power lines using aerial bundled
conductors – Part 4: Strain and suspension fittings for aerial service cables.

NRS 018-5:1995, Fittings and connectors for low-voltage overhead power lines using aerial bundled
conductors – Part 5: Current-carrying connectors and joints.

NRS 020:1991, Electricity distribution - Cable ties for use with aerial bundled conductors.

NRS 022:1996, Electricity distribution - Stays and associated components.

NRS 032:1993, Electricity distribution – Service distribution boxes: Pole-mounted types for
overhead single-phase a.c. service connections at 230 V.

NRS 033:1996, Electricity distribution - Guidelines for the application design, planning and
construction of medium voltage overhead power lines up to and including 22 kV, using wooden pole
structures and bare conductors.

NRS 034-0:1998, Electricity distribution – Guidelines for the provision of electrical distribution
networks in residential areas – Part 0: Definitions.

NRS 034-1:1997, Electricity distribution – Guidelines for the provision of electrical distribution
networks in residential areas – Part 1: Planning and design of distribution systems.

NRS 034-2-3:1997, Electricity distribution – Guidelines for the provision of electrical distribution
networks in residential areas – Part 2: Preferred methods and materials – Section 3: Overhead
lines.

NRS 038-1:1997, Electricity distribution - Concrete poles – Part 1: Concrete poles for LV and MV
overhead distribution systems.

NRS 039:1995, Guide for the application of gapless metal-oxide surge arresters in distribution
systems.

NRS 043:1997, Code of practice for the joint use of structures for power and telecommunication
lines.

NRS 062:1998, Concentric single-phase aerial service cable – For domestic service connections
with a combined neutral-earth conductor.

NRS 063:1998, Split-concentric single-phase aerial service cable – For domestic service
connections with separate neutral and earth conductors.

3 Definitions and abbreviations

For the purposes of this part of NRS 034, the definitions in NRS 034-0 apply.
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NRS 034:1999 8
4 Design considerations

4.1 Assumptions

It is assumed that distribution systems based on this part of NRS 034 will use the following preferred
materials and equipment (this does not preclude the use of other materials, such as conventional
distribution transformers and metering, and bare LV conductors):

a) bare MV conductors or MV aerial bundled conductors (ABC) (see 5.8.2 and 5.8.3).

b) LV aerial bundled conductors (see 5.9.1);

c) either concrete or wooden poles (see 5.6);

d) pole-mounted transformers with overload capacity (see 5.8.5);

e) concentric or split-concentric copper service cables (see 5.9.3); and

f) electricity sales systems that use electricity dispensers for customer metering (see 5.9.4).

Allowances for area lighting should be made in accordance with the type of lighting required.

4.2 Application of design evaluation indicators

With large numbers of concurrent electrification projects, it is often impossible to check the designs
in detail. The checking of the design detail is often very time consuming and in certain cases
checking can take as long as did doing the design from scratch.

Indicators are therefore used for a quick evaluation of the design from a technical point of view. It
might be possible to have an acceptable design that should have resulted in a lower cost per
connection. Likewise, if the cost per connection is excessive, it might be due not to the design but to
the layout, terrain or technology used.

A suggested methodology for applying design evaluation indicators is given in annex C.

5 Preferred methods, equipment and materials

5.1 Earthing

Tests for the earth resistance should be carried out in accordance with the method described in
SABS 0199.

Earthing of the system should be carried out in accordance with NRS 016.

Further references that cover aspects of earthing are given in 4.8 of NRS 034-1.

5.2 Surge arresters

A guide on the application of MV surge arresters is given in NRS 039.

Where LV surge arresters are considered justified, they should comply with the requirements of
SABS 171.
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9 NRS 034-3:1999

5.3 Fault and overload protection of the transformer and LV system

Guidelines for the protection of a distribution system are given in NRS 034-1.

5.4 Tests, inspections and records

The system has to be inspected for compliance with the requirements of the Occupational Health and
Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993), and its Regulations.

CAUTION To ensure the safe and reliable operation of an electrical distribution network, the visual
inspections and the electrical tests have to be done before and after energizing. Results have to be
recorded on appropriate record sheets (see annex A).

5.5 Warning notices and designations

For ease of operation and for safety, all transformer and switching installations should be designated
by a method that uniquely identifies each location, for example, by using warning notices.

Each individual pole should be uniquely identified.

All labels should be permanent and indelible, and of a size that can be read from ground level. For
example, the lettering on a label for equipment mounted at 9 m should be of height at least 40 mm.

5.6 Preferred types and sizes of poles, and planting depth and spacing

5.6.1 Reinforced concrete poles should comply with NRS 038-1, which is based on SABS 470. The
preferred pole lengths are 4 m, 7 m, 9 m, 10 m and 11 m. The use of pre-stressed, self-supporting
poles is recommended, wherever practicable, to obviate the use of stays or struts.

5.6.2 Wooden poles should comply with SABS 753 or SABS 754, as applicable. The preferred pole
lengths are 4,5 m, 7 m, 9 m, 10 m, and 11 m.

5.6.3 The pole planting depth should be at least 600 mm plus 10 % of the pole length, or as
calculated by the design engineer.

5.6.4 The joint use of poles for power and telecommunication lines can often lead to cost savings,
and should be considered. NRS 043 covers the joint use of structures for power and
telecommunication lines.

5.6.5 Pole spacing depends on factors such as plot sizes, wind loading, sag, requirements for street
lighting and Telkom’s requirements where poles are shared. In selecting the spacing, the designer
has to take the applicable factors into account. These factors could result in deviations from the
spacing recommended for street lighting in SABS 098-1 and SABS 098-2, which should also be used
for guidance, where applicable.

5.6.6 Poles should be installed in accordance with the guidelines in NRS 034-2-3.
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NRS 034:1999 10
5.7 Stays and associated components

Stays and associated components should comply with NRS 022, and should be installed in
accordance with the guidelines in NRS 034-2-3.

Stay insulators should be used in all cases where there is any possibility that the stay could be
connected to a phase conductor (for example owing to incorrect installation practice).

Where LV ABC with a bare neutral is used, it is acceptable for stay insulators not to be installed, as
the possibility of incorrect connection of the stay to a phase connection is unlikely.

5.8 Medium-voltage system

5.8.1 General

Guidelines for the application, design, planning and construction of MV overhead lines are given in
NRS 033.

NOTE In general, it is anticipated that NRS 033 will provide adequate guidance for the construction of MV distribution systems
within the scope of this part of NRS 034. For more comprehensive information, see SABS 0280.

5.8.2 Bare MV conductors

The advantages of a bare conductor system are a low initial cost and ease of installation. The
disadvantages are its exposure to vandalism, and to faults caused by trees, birds and windblown
objects.

Bare conductors should comply with SABS 182-3. The preferred conductor sizes are Fox
(ACSR 6/1/2,79), Mink (ACSR 6/1/3,66) and Hare (ACSR 6/1/4,72). Where necessary, in order to
avoid corrosion, aluminium alloy conductors that comply with the applicable requirements of
IEC 61089 should be used. The preferred sizes are Fir (AAAC 7/2,95), Pine (AAAC 7/3,61) and Oak
(AAAC 7/4,65).

5.8.3 MV aerial bundled conductor (ABC)

MV ABC should comply with SABS 1713. It can be used on particular sections of an MV overhead
system if it is estimated that the additional capital cost, as compared to that of bare conductor, is
offset by lower operational and maintenance costs. For example, this could be the case where
clearances to buildings, structures and trees are very limited.

Care needs to be exercised in the installation of MV ABC to avoid damage. Tests to verify the
insulation, the integrity of joints and correct installation of the conductors are recommended as set out
in annex A.

Where applicable, the installation practices for LV ABC cables described in SABS 0198-14 may be
used as guidance in the installation of MV ABC.

NOTE 1 Guidelines for the installation of MV ABC are under consideration.

NOTE 2 A specification for MV cable joints, suitable for MV ABC is in course of preparation (NRS 053).

NOTE 3 A specification for MV ABC fittings is in course of preparation (NRS 051).

NOTE 4 Experience with covered conductor for MV distribution under South African conditions has indicated that covered
conductor systems do not perform well in the applications covered by this part of NRS 034. Burn-down of conductors owing to a
number of phenomena, in both coastal and inland areas, has proved expensive and difficult to avoid.
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11 NRS 034-3:1999

5.8.4 Preferred structures and components using wooden poles

The preferred structures and components for MV lines constructed with wooden poles are set out in
NRS 033.

5.8.5 Transformers

5.8.5.1 CSP type

Three-phase, dual-phase or single-phase transformers that comply with SABS 780, and have the
preferred nominal ratings of 100 kVA and 200 kVA, can be used. Selection is based on stand density
and design loading.

Where smaller CSP transformers are needed, nominal ratings of 25 kVA and 50 kVA are preferred.
The requirements of SABS 780 should be applied as far as practicable, consistent with the design of
transformer windings and overload rating for the smaller sizes.

For long LV lengths intermediate fuses need to be installed.

5.8.5.2 Non-CSP type

Non-CSP transformers should comply with SABS 780. External protection will be required, in
accordance with the guidelines given in NRS 034-1.

5.8.6 Check metering

Metering of the input to a main distribution system or subsystem provides a check on the system
losses and on the energy consumed by the customers. Check metering can be used to compare the
energy supplied with the sales of electricity to the customers on that system.

Check metering, together with load modelling, will also indicate when and where a system requires
upgrading.

5.9 Low-voltage system

5.9.1 Low-voltage aerial bundled conductor (LV ABC)

An LV ABC should comply with SABS 1418-1 and SABS 1418-2. The preferred conductors are
35 mm2 aluminium and 70 mm2 aluminium. If larger conductors are required, the preferred sizes are
50 mm2 aluminium and 95 mm2 aluminium. Generally, no more than two sizes of conductor should be
used.

A catenary neutral type of ABC is preferred. Where supplementary earthing or auxiliary supplies to
streetlights, traffic signals and other outlets are required, an ABC with additional cores should be
provided.

Design span tables for three-phase, two-phase and single-phase LV ABC are given in annex B.

NOTE At the time of compilation of this edition of NRS 034-3, design span tables for the full range of preferred sizes of LV ABC
were not yet available. The tables in annex B might be added to in a future amendment or revision of NRS 034-3.

Cable ties that comply with NRS 020 should be fitted at the end of cables.

The LV ABC fittings and connectors should comply with the part of NRS 018 that is relevant to the
type of ABC used.
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NRS 034:1999 12
The installation of ABC cables is described in SABS 0198-14.

5.9.2 Insulation piercing connectors

Insulation piercing connectors should comply with NRS 018-5.

5.9.3 Service connections

5.9.3.1 Choice of service connection cable type

Depending on the earthing system adopted (see NRS 016), either concentric cable or split-concentric
cable should be used.

Overhead split-concentric copper cable should comply with NRS 063, and concentric cable should
comply with NRS 062. For voltage drop consideration, the consumption classification of the
consumers and the lengths of service connections should be taken into account at the selection of the
size of the service connection cable. Table 1 can be used as a guide.

Table 1 – Guide for the selection of service connection cable size

1 2
Consumption class Service connection cable size
mm2
Very low (≤ 0,5 kVA ADMD) 4
Low (0,5 kVA > ADMD ≤ 1,5 kVA) 4, 6 or 10 (note 1)
Moderate (1,5 kVA > ADMD ≤ 3,0 kVA) 10 (note 2)
NOTE 1 In general, a mix of sizes will be required. Good practice would be to rationalize within a
2
geographic area or supply authority on not more than two sizes of service cable, either 4 mm and
2 2 2
10 mm , or 6 mm and 10 mm . This is with a view to maximizing the cost benefit of
rationalization.
NOTE 2 Exceptionally, to prevent excessive voltage drop on long service connections, 16 mm2
should be used.

5.9.3.2 Connection of service cables

All overhead service connections have to comply with the requirements of the Occupational Health
and Safety Act, 1993 (Act 85 of 1993), and shall only be connected to the mains at a pole by means
of insulated cable. The use of concentric cable is recommended.

NOTE If mid-span connections to an ABC system are intended, the Chief Inspector, Occupational Health and Safety, could
relax this regulation.

Where multiple service connections are made on a pole, the preferred method is to use pole-mounted
service distribution boxes that comply with NRS 032. Alternatively, multitap connectors should be
specified.

Where split-concentric cable is not terminated in a service distribution box, it is necessary to provide
another suitable method for preventing water ingress to the cable. A suitable method for terminating
concentric and split-concentric cable is shown in figure 1.

To reduce the risk of unauthorized bypassing, the service connection cable should be continued into
the meter or electricity dispenser direct.
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13 NRS 034-3:1999

1 Strip outer sheath to give long

tails

Tail
2 Bind each group of outer s
concentric strands with PVC
tape at crutch

25 mm
3 Build up diameter over outer
sheath with tape to fit collar
(25 mm diameter)

4 Fit cable into collar and tighten

clamp

Concentric or split-
concentric cable

View with cover cut away to

show completed termination

1 Bend completed tails and

press each single core
conductor into retaining slot

2 Press on cover over

completed termination
termination

Single core
Cable to consumer’s meter conductors to
overhead line

Figure 1 − A suitable method for terminating concentric and split-concentric cables to prevent
water ingress
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NRS 034-3:1999 14

Depending on the operational and maintenance requirements, circuit-breakers, fuses or isolators

should be provided at the pole top. Using such devices for the connection of individual service
connections provides greater flexibility during operation and maintenance, although groups of up to
four service connections may be connected through one device (suitably rated) to reduce the capital
cost.

Services should be so connected that the loads are, as far as is practicable, balanced across phases
at all points along the line.

5.9.3.3 Span lengths for service connections

Concentric and split-concentric cables are considered to be fully insulated cables and consequently
the minimum clearances required are to prevent physical damage to the cable. These minimum
clearances are given in table 2.

Table 2 – Minimum ground clearance for service connections

1 2
Classification of area to be crossed Minimum clearance
m
Main roads 5,1
Across roads in townships 4,7
Along other roads 3,0
Over private property 2,5

5.9.4 Customer metering

A preferred method of metering is the use of electricity dispensers (EDs) that comply with
SABS 1524-1. Electricity dispensing systems to support the use of EDs should comply with the
applicable parts and sections of NRS 009, as described in SABS 1524-0. An alternative method is to
use "conventional" credit meters that comply with SABS 1607 (electromechanical type) or with
SABS IEC 61036 (electronic type).

Other methods that may be considered for application in very low and low consumption areas are:

a) the use of electricity control units (ECUs), that combine the functions of a prepayment meter and
a ready board into one, which may be current limited at different levels; or

b) current-limited circuit breakers associated with a tariff that is dependent on the rating of the
circuit-breaker.

Protection of the service connection should be provided in accordance with the guidelines given in
NRS 034-1.

5.10 Customer’s wiring

Where a customer's dwelling does not have fixed wiring, a small power distribution unit that complies
with SABS 1619 should be installed.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

15 NRS 034-3:1999

Annex A
(informative)

Inspections and tests record sheet

A record sheet for each installation should be prepared as set out in the model record sheet below,
where the results of inspections and tests can be recorded. Where a supply authority does not have
its own record sheet, the model record sheet in this annex may be used. For an installation to pass
inspection, the answer to each applicable question on the record sheet must be "Yes".

Model inspections and tests record sheet

PROJECT NAME : ________________________ DISTRICT : ____________________________

PROJECT DESCRIPTION : _____________________________________________________

CONTRACTOR : ____________________ REPRESENTATIVE : _________________________

Company Name Name (print)

CONSULTANT : ____________________ REPRESENTATIVE : _________________________

Company Name Name (print)

Item Inspection or test description Yes No Not

no. applica-
ble
1 Visual inspection
1.1 Do the installation and the layout drawing correspond with each
other?
1.2 In the case of MV ABC, is the radius of curvature of the aerial
bundled ABC not less than specified by the manufacturer?
2 Transformers
2.1 Is each transformer installation labelled in accordance with 5.5?
2.2 Are MV surge arresters fitted to all transformers? (see 5.2)
2.3 Are LV surge arresters fitted? (see 5.2)
2.4 Are the MV and LV surge arresters earthed?
2.5 Is each transformer tank earthed?
3 LV feeders
3.1 Are stays insulated as necessary? (see 5.7)
3.2 Is there bonding on all conductive poles in accordance with the
earthing system adopted? (see NRS 016)
3.3 Are the services balanced across phases as indicated on the
layout drawing?
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NRS 034-3:1999 16

Annex A
(continued)

Item Inspection or test description Yes No Not

no. applica-
ble
3.4 Are the clearances to ground and to shared services in
accordance with the Electrical Machinery Regulations of the OHS
Act, 1993?
3.5 Have the shear heads of all insulation piercing connectors been
removed?
3.6 Are end caps fitted on ABC phase cores at termination points?
3.7 Are bundles strapped with cable ties at attachment points, to avoid
unravelling of the bundle?
3.8 Is the neutral earthed in accordance with the LV earthing practice
adopted? (see NRS 016)
4 Service connections
4.1 Do the service cables continue into the back of the electricity
dispensers?
4.2 Do all customers have an SABS-approved small distribution board,
or else a certificate of compliance for their installation in
accordance with SABS 0142, as required by the Electrical
Installation Regulations of the OHS Act, 1993?
4.3 Are the customers satisfied with the positioning of the ready
boards?
4.4 Is the installation in the customer’s dwelling neat and tidy?
5 Electrical tests
5.1 Insulation resistance tests
5.1.1 Disconnect the LV feeders at the transformer. With all pole-top box
circuit-breakers switched off or fuses removed, use a 1 kV
insulation tester to test between each phase and earth and also
between phases. Take care to discharge the ABC before
disconnection of megger leads. Record the readings on the record
sheet. Are the results at least 1 MΩ between phases and at least
1 MΩ between phases and neutral?
5.1.2 Where applicable, have insulation tests been performed on each
MV ABC feeder and the insulation resistance of each feeder
recorded?
5.2 Earth resistance tests
5.2.1 Have the tests in accordance with NRS 016 been carried out and
the results recorded on the record sheet?
5.2.2 Has the physical and electrical integrity of each earthing joint and
weld been verified?
5.3 Voltage and polarity tests
5.3.1 Have the phase-to-phase and phase-to-neutral voltages at the
terminal poles been measured and recorded? (NB With feeder
energized and pole-top circuit-breakers switched off or fuses
removed.)
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17 NRS 034-3:1999

Annex A
(continued)

Item Inspection or test description Yes No Not

no. applica-
ble
5.3.2 Check the polarity at the pole-top boxes by measuring the voltage:
a) are voltages between phase bar(s) and earth bar approximately
230 V, not 400 V?
b) are voltages between phase bar(s) and neutral bar
approximately 230 V, not 400 V?
c) is the voltage between neutral bar and earth bar at, or about,
zero?
d) is the voltage between earth bar and pole earth at, or about,
zero?
NOTE After the tests, the individual pole-top box circuit-breakers can be switched on or fuses replaced and the polarity of all
the installations supplied from each pole tested. The voltage level in each dwelling can also be determined. On the electrical
test record sheet, confirm whether the voltage in each dwelling is within statutory limits.

INSPECTION DONE BY: __________________________ ________________________

Name (print)

__________________________ ________________________
Signature Date

CONTRACTOR: __________________________ ________________________

Name (print)

__________________________ ________________________
Signature Date

CONSULTANT: __________________________ ________________________

Name (print)

__________________________ ________________________
Signature Date
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

NRS 034-3:1999 18

Annex A
(continued)

Model electrical test record sheet

Township reticulation scheme: ______________________________________________________

Transformer No.: ______________________ MV voltage ______________________ kV

Tester’s name: ______________________ Tel. No.: __________

Address: _____________________________________________

Date: ______________________

LV ABC insulation resistance

R-W _________ MΩ at 1 kV
W-B _________ MΩ at 1 kV
B-R _________ MΩ at 1 kV
R-N _________ MΩ at 1 kV
W-N _________ MΩ at 1 kV
B-N _________ MΩ at 1 kV

Instrument used ______________________ Instrument No. _____________________

Earth resistance tests

Test earth resistance in accordance with the test method described in SABS 0199. Attach test results.

Voltage level tests

No load voltage levels at terminal points on

Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Feeder 3

R-N ____ V R-W ____ V R-N ____ V R-W ____ V R-N ____ V R-W ____ V

W-N ____ V W-B ____ V W-N ____ V W-B ____ V W-N ____ V W-B ____ V

B-N ____ V B-R ____ V B-N ____ V B-R ____ V B-N ____ V B-R ____ V

Annex A
(concluded)
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19 NRS 034-3:1999

Voltage tests at houses

Are voltages within statutory limits? Yes _______ No ________

Full load voltage levels at terminal points on:

Feeder 1 Feeder 2 Feeder 3

R-N ____ V R-W ____ V R-N ____ V R-W ____ V R-N ____ V R-W ____ V

W-N ____ V W-B ____ V W-N ____ V W-B ____ V W-N ____ V W-B ____ V

B-N ____ V B-R ____ V B-N ____ V B-R ____ V B-N ____ V B-R ____ V
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

NRS 034-3:1999 20

Annex B
(informative)

Design span tables

A selection of design span tables are given to assist with the design of LV feeders using one, two and
three phase LV ABC.

Table B.1 gives the design spans for LV ABC with three 70 mm2 phase conductor cores.

Table B.2 gives the design spans for LV ABC with three 35 mm2 phase conductor cores.

Table B.3 gives the design spans for LV ABC with two 35 mm2 phase conductor cores.

Table B.4 gives the design spans for LV ABC with one 35 mm2 phase conductor core.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

21 NRS 034-3:1999

Table B.1 – Design spans for LV ABC with three 70 mm2 phase conductor cores

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wood pole suspension structures Wood pole strain structures
Maximum span Maximum span Maximum span length Maximum span length
Pole Pole top Nominal Weight length length one × three-phase two × three-phase
length diameter span span m m
One × three- Two × three- Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation
mm m m phase phase 30º 60º 90º 30º 60º 90º
m m m
7 0,12 85 120 63 32 120 120 120 120 115 45
7 0,14 85 120 95 48 120 120 120 120 120 120
7 0,16 85 120 136 68 120 120 120 120 120 120
7 0,18 85 120 187 94 120 120 120 120 120 120
9 0,12 100 120 58 29 120 120 120 150 60 N/A
9 0,14 100 120 87 44 120 120 120 120 120 120
9 0,16 100 120 124 62 120 120 120 120 120 120
9 0,18 100 120 171 85 120 120 120 120 120 120
10 0,12 110 120 54 27 120 120 120 115 25 N/A
10 0,14 110 120 81 41 120 120 120 120 120 105
10 0,16 110 120 116 58 120 120 120 120 120 120
10 0,18 110 120 159 79 120 120 120 120 120 120
10 0,20 110 120 211 105 120 120 120 120 120 120
11 0,12 120 120 50 25 120 120 120 85 N/A N/A
11 0,14 120 120 76 38 120 120 120 120 120 50
11 0,16 120 120 108 54 120 120 120 120 120 120
11 0,18 120 120 148 74 120 120 120 120 120 120
11 0,20 120 120 196 98 120 120 120 120 120 120
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NRS 034-3:1999 22

Table B.2 – Design spans for LV ABC with three 35 mm2 phase conductor cores

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wood pole suspension structures Wood pole strain structures
Maximum span Maximum span Maximum span length Maximum span length
Pole Pole top Nominal Weight length length one × three-phase two × three-phase
length diameter span span m m
One × three- Two × three- Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation
mm m m phase phase 30º 60º 90º 30º 60º 90º
m m m
7 0,12 90 210 78 39 210 210 210 210 140 55
7 0,14 90 210 118 59 210 210 210 210 210 210
7 0,16 90 210 168 84 210 210 210 210 210 210
7 0,18 90 210 231 116 210 210 210 210 210 210
9 0,12 100 210 71 36 210 210 210 185 75 N/A
9 0,14 100 210 108 54 210 210 210 210 210 205
9 0,16 100 210 154 77 210 210 210 210 210 210
9 0,18 100 210 211 105 210 210 210 210 210 210
10 0,12 110 210 67 33 210 210 200 140 35 N/A
10 0,14 110 210 100 50 210 210 210 210 210 130
10 0,16 110 210 143 72 210 210 210 210 210 210
10 0,18 110 210 196 98 210 210 210 210 210 210
10 0,20 110 210 261 130 210 210 210 210 210 210
11 0,12 120 210 62 31 210 215 125 105 N/A N/A
11 0,14 120 210 94 47 210 210 210 210 155 65
11 0,16 120 210 134 67 210 210 210 210 210 210
11 0,18 120 210 183 92 210 210 210 210 210 210
11 0,20 120 210 242 121 210 210 210 210 210 210
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23 NRS 034-3:1999

Table B.3 – Design spans for LV ABC with two 35 mm2 phase conductor cores
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wood pole suspension structures Wood pole strain structures
Maximum span Maximum span Maximum span length Maximum span length
Pole Pole top Nominal Weight length length one × dual-phase two × dual-phase
length diameter span span m m
One × dual-phase Two × dual-phase Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation
mm m m m m 30º 60º 90º 30º 60º 90º
m
7 0,12 110 280 103 51 280 280 280 280 190 70
7 0,14 110 280 155 78 280 280 280 280 280 280
7 0,16 110 280 222 111 280 280 280 280 280 280
7 0,18 110 280 305 153 280 280 280 280 280 280
9 0,12 125 280 94 47 280 280 280 240 100 N/A
9 0,14 125 280 142 71 280 280 280 280 280 270
9 0,16 125 280 203 102 280 280 280 280 280 280
9 0,18 125 280 279 139 280 280 280 280 280 280
10 0,12 140 280 88 44 280 280 260 185 45 N/A
10 0,14 140 280 133 66 280 280 280 280 280 170
10 0,16 140 280 189 95 280 280 280 280 280 280
10 0,18 140 280 259 130 280 280 280 280 280 280
10 0,20 140 280 344 172 280 280 280 280 280 280
11 0,12 150 280 82 41 280 280 165 135 N/A N/A
11 0,14 150 280 124 62 280 280 280 280 205 85
11 0,16 150 280 177 88 280 280 280 280 280 280
11 0,18 150 280 242 121 280 280 280 280 280 280
11 0,20 150 280 320 160 280 280 280 280 280 280
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

NRS 034-3:1999 24

Table B.4 – Design spans for LV ABC with one 35 mm2 phase conductor core

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Wood pole suspension structures Wood pole strain structures
Maximum span Maximum span Maximum span length Maximum span length
length length one × single-phase two × single-phase
Pole Pole top Nominal Weight m m
length diameter span span
One × single- Two × single- Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation Deviation
phase phase 30º 60º 90º 30º 60º 90º
mm m m m m
m
7 0,12 125 440 123 62 440 440 440 395 230 85
7 0,14 125 440 186 93 440 440 440 440 440 440
7 0,16 125 440 266 133 440 440 440 440 440 440
7 0,18 125 440 366 183 440 440 440 440 440 440
9 0,12 140 440 113 57 440 440 440 290 125 N/A
9 0,14 140 440 170 85 440 440 440 440 440 325
9 0,16 140 440 243 122 440 440 440 440 440 440
9 0,18 140 440 334 167 440 440 440 440 440 440
10 0,12 150 440 105 53 440 440 315 220 55 N/A
10 0,14 150 440 159 79 440 440 440 440 345 205
10 0,16 150 440 227 113 440 440 440 440 440 440
10 0,18 150 440 311 155 440 440 440 440 440 440
10 0,20 150 440 412 206 440 440 440 440 440 440
11 0,12 160 440 98 49 440 340 200 165 N/A N/A
11 0,14 160 440 148 74 440 440 440 410 245 100
11 0,16 160 440 212 106 440 440 440 440 440 440
11 0,18 160 440 289 145 440 440 440 440 440 440
11 0,20 160 440 384 192 440 440 440 440 440 440
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

25 NRS 034-3:1999

Annex C
(informative)

Use of design evaluation indicators

C.1 Introduction

With large numbers of concurrent electrification projects, it is often impossible to check the designs
in detail. The checking of the design detail is often very time consuming and in certain cases
checking can take as long as did doing the design from scratch.

Indicators are therefore used for a quick evaluation of the design from a technical point of view. It
might be possible to have an acceptable design that should have resulted in a lower cost per
connection. Likewise, if the cost per connection is excessive, it might be due not to the design but to
the layout, terrain or technology used.

C.2 Types of indicators

Indicators can be divided into two broad categories, namely financial and technical. Financial
indicators include the cost per connection and cost of materials. Technical indicators generally detail
the utilization of material. This annex deals with technical indicators.

C.3 Nature of LV designs in rural areas

Designs in rural areas generally use overhead MV and LV lines. These are therefore power lines and
the line design methodology can be applied. The layout and density of the area to be supplied will
also play a part in the value of the indicators. This means that indicators should be used in
conjunction with one another rather than in isolation.

It is important to note that indicators such as design indicators can never be rigidly applied and target
values assigned to indicators can only serve as guidance. Each design project is unique and as
such the optimum value of the indicator will be unique. The targets set are thus levels for which, if
they are not reached, an explanation should be given to the person reviewing the design.

C.4 Indicators to use

Many indicators can be used. They are generally broken down into the different sections described
in C.7.

C.5 Description of project

The project description will include the terrain, location, and type of dwelling to be connected as well
as the material used in construction of the dwellings, for example, mud, corrugated iron or wood.

The density can be measured in terms of connections per kilometre of MV and LV line used in the
design, or the number of connections per square kilometre.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

NRS 034-3:1999 26

Annex C
(continued)

C.6 Use of material

The indicators for material show how efficiently the material has been used. They include indicators
such as span length, conductor type, length of service connection per stand, number of poles used
next to the dwelling to support the service cable, number of poles of 11 m, 9 m, 7 m or 4,5 m used as
well as the number of transformers and the size of transformers.

The transformer rating and number of connections can give an idea of the ADMD used in the design
of the area to be supplied. The utilization of the transformers can also be determined, by considering
the number of connections supplied from each transformer.

C.7 Analysis of indicators

Knowledge of design of the area to be supplied as well as knowledge of lines are required for the
effective analysis of indicators. An example for the values and targets for indicators applicable to a
particular project follows:

Indicator Value Targets

Type of dwelling Brick and mud –
Density 250 stands per square kilometre –
Total number of stands 1 000 –
Average span length MV 60 m 100
Average span LV 40 m 60
Number of poles/km on MV 22 11
Transformer rating 100 kVA –
Number of transformers 12 –
Number of 4,5 m poles per connection 1,3 0,3

Explanations will be expected for the span lengths, the number of poles per kilometre and the number
of 4,5 m poles per connection since the values exceed the targets.

In these cases, the person reviewing the design prior to approval should ask for information on the
design. The number of 4,5 m poles per connection for the type of dwelling appears high. The span
length for the density appears low for the MV. The transformer numbers appear high, which could
explain the number of poles per kilometre being high since other structures could be in use in the
lines.

The person reviewing the design could scan the indicator and highlight this design as one that needs
further investigation. If the reasons for the targets being exceeded are valid, the design can be
approved without modification.

C.8 Design evaluation and explanation of indicators

C.8.1 Design evaluation using indicators

It is intended that a design evaluator should check and approve the indicators prior to project approval
and that, irrespective of the cost per connection, the project should only be approved if satisfactory
answers are given to each non-compliance or deviation from the norm.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

27 NRS 034-3:1999

Annex C
(continued)

C.8.2 Explanation of indicators

C.8.2.1 Average span length

Calculated by the total length of MV divided by the number of spans. This includes MV in the
township. Should the length be less as a result of using the MV and LV on the same pole, checks
should be made as to whether the intermediate LV structure under the MV was used. In rough terrain
it should be possible to hop from peak to peak, especially in MV feeder lines. The span length target
is therefore longer.

Conventional structures are designed with a factor of safety of 4,5 to cater for 150 m spans, often
with hare conductor. A good example of present usage is on project for Eskom in the Eastern Cape
where average spans are around 125 m. Span lengths on projects elsewhere have been as low as 60
m. These should be rejected.

C.8.2.2 Method to minimize angle structures

Checks should be made as to whether direct routes over plots have been made. This is possible in
unproclaimed townships.

C.8.2.3 Poles per kilometre

This indicator is used to check the use of multipole structures and heavy angle structures and it acts
as a check to the stated span length. The consultants should use the poles as sparingly as possible.
If shorter spans are to be used in poles with smaller diameter, poles should be used to reduce costs.

C.8.2.4 Bare wire LV

If the density is low (less than 250 stands per square kilometre), bare wire LV should normally be
used since the span length can be longer than with ABC. Bare wire LV should at least have been
considered and reasons should be given for not using it.

C.8.2.5 Average span length ABC

The average span length should be at least 60 m. At present it is apparent that certain designs are
done on CAD machines with poles being spaced at stand boundaries. This has resulted in the past in
spans of around 30 m. Mid span tap-offs, with stubby pole supports if necessary, can be used.

C.8.2.6 Average utilization of angle structures

The 150 m span length capability of angle structures is rarely, if ever, utilized. This means that angle
structures, which cost around R4 000 each, are in general, under-utilized. The aim of this indicator
is to ensure the angle structure is selected on the basis of its actual capability rather than the angle of
deviation it can take at 150 m spans. If the angle is 45o and the span lengths on either side are 75 m,
an angle structure capable of around 22,5o at 150 m spans can be used. Obviously the closest
standard angle is to be used. With this approach it is expected that the utilization will increase from
around 20 % or 30 % to around 60 %. All calculations should be submitted on request.

C.8.2.7 Total transformer capacity/number of connections ratio

The total transformer capacity per number of connections ratio is used to check whether the
transformer capacity suits the stated design ADMD. The design ADMD should be around 0,6 kVA for
LV and should not exceed 1 kVA for MV.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

NRS 034-3:1999 28

Annex C
(continued)

C.8.2.8 Material cost as portion of total

The material cost should be around 60 % of the total cost. If this indicator is below this figure the
cost per connection will increase drastically and will not be contained by reduction in material due to
good design and layout methods.

C.8.2.9 Kicker poles (4 m concrete or 4,5 m wood) per stand

The number of “kicker” poles should be low in high-density areas where the houses are generally of
sounder construction than in rural areas. If the length of service connection cable is also small the
need for these poles should reduce. Every pole used represents an increase of R200 per
connection. A ratio of 0,3 kicker poles per stand should not be exceeded.

C.8.2.10 LV poles per stand

This indicator is used to eliminate the positioning of poles at every stand boundary. In very low
density areas it might be possible that the number of LV poles per stand increases to around 0,6.

C.8.2.11 Poles used

The number of poles used is a breakdown to establish the use of intermediate LV poles (7 m or 9 m),
the use of kicker poles (4 m concrete or 4,5 m wood) and the use of large poles for increased span
length (above 9 m). This indicator should be used as an overall check of the preceding indicators.

C.8.2.12 Average length of service connection cable

In high-density areas the average length of service connection cables should be as high as possible
to reduce pole top boxes. In low-density areas longer lengths with few connections per pole top might
be acceptable. This indicator should be read in conjunction with the density and the number of
connections per pole top.

C.8.2.13 Number of connections per pole top

In high-density areas the number of connection per pole top should be around 6 to 8, in lower density
areas a figure of 4 or 2 could be acceptable.

C.8.2.14 Single-phase as a ratio to three-phase

This indicator is more important in the lower density areas. Single-phase should be considered as a
first option and reasons given if it is rejected.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

29 NRS 034-3:1999

Annex C
(concluded)

Model form for design evaluation indicators

Stand size : __________ Connections per square kilometre: __________________

Total number of stands: __________ Type of dwelling: ____________________________

Item Value/ Reasons for non-compliance

method (where applicable)
Attach separate sheet if
necessary
Average MV span length (m) (100 m min, 120 m on rough
terrain)
Methods to minimize angle structures (e.g. use of direct routes)
Poles per km of MV line (max 10)(total MV poles/total km MV
line)
Bare wire LV as percentage of total LV
Average span length ABC (min 60 m)
Average utilization of angle structures (50 % min, average
60 %). This is the ratio of mechanical loading to which the
structure is subjected, to the mechanical capacity of the
structure
Total transformer capacity/number of connections installed
(target 0,6)
ADMD designed for (initial - up to 5 years)
LV - 0,6 kVA #
MV - 1,0 kVA
Material cost as a portion of total (labour, transport, materials,
overhead and interest during construction) cost (min 60 %)
4 m or 4,5 m poles per stand (max 0,2)
LV poles per stand (max 0,33)
Number of 4 m or 4,5 m poles
Number of 7 m poles
Number of poles 9 m and longer
Average length of service connection cable per stand (min 30 m)
Connections per pole (min 6). If not possible owing to remote
areas, provide details in last column
Ratio of single-phase km/three-phase km (min MV 0,5 LV 0,5)
#These indicators are based on experience with newly electrified areas that do not have ready access to running
water and that economically are unable to sustain a higher demand. They therefore fall into the “very low”
consumption category. For further guidance on selection of design ADMD see NRS 034-1.
 This standard may only be used and printed by approved subscription and freemailing clients of the SABS.

NRS 034-3:1999 30

Bibliography

SABS 0142:1995, The wiring of premises.

SABS 0280:1998, Code of practice for overhead power lines for conditions prevailing in South
Africa.

NRS 051-2:1998, Joints, terminations, connectors and fittings for medium-voltage aerial bundled
conductor – Part 2: Terminations, joints and connectors for MV ABC. (In course of preparation)

NRS 053:1998, Medium-voltage accessories for underground cables with rated voltages from 1 kV
to 44 kV (with copper or aluminium conductors and excluding gas pressure and oil filled cables).
(In course of preparation)

SCSASAAM2:1998, Distribution standard – Part 3: Low-voltage reticulation – Section 1: Low-

voltage overhead reticulation. Eskom Distribution Technology. Available from Eskom Technology
Standardization Department, PO Box 1091 Johannesburg 2000.

sabs pta