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m c gill-queen’s studies in the history of religion

Volumes in this series have been supported by the Jackman Foundation
of Toronto.
series two In memory of George Rawlyk
Donald Harman Akenson, Editor

Marguerite Bourgeoys and Gentle Eminence

Montreal, 1640–1665 A Life of George Bernard Cardinal
Patricia Simpson Flahiff
P. Wallace Platt
Aspects of the Canadian Evangelical
Experience Culture, Religion, and Demographic
Edited by G.A. Rawlyk Behaviour
Catholics and Lutherans in Alsace,
Infinity, Faith, and Time
1750–1870
Christian Humanism and
Kevin McQuillan
Renaissance Literature
John Spencer Hill Between Damnation and Starvation
Priests and Merchants in
The Contribution of Presbyterianism
Newfoundland Politics, 1745–1855
to the Maritime Provinces of Canada
John P. Greene
Charles H.H. Scobie and
G.A. Rawlyk, editors Martin Luther, German Saviour
German Evangelical Theological
Labour, Love, and Prayer
Factions and the Interpretation of
Female Piety in Ulster Religious
Luther, 1917–1933
Literature, 1850–1914
James M. Stayer
Andrea Ebel Brozyna
Modernity and the Dilemma of
Religion and Nationality in Western
North American Anglican
Ukraine
Identities, 1880–1950
The Greek Catholic Church and the
William Katerberg
Ruthenian National Movement in
Galicia, 1867–1900 The Methodist Church on the
John-Paul Himka Prairies, 1896–1914
George Emery
The Waning of the Green
Catholics, the Irish, and Identity in Christian Attitudes Towards the
Toronto, 1887–1922 State of Israel, 1948–2000
Mark G. McGowan Paul Charles Merkley
Good Citizens A Social History of the Cloister
British Missionaries and Imperial Daily Life in the Teaching
States, 1870–1918 Monasteries of the Old Regime
James G. Greenlee and Elizabeth Rapley
Charles M. Johnston, editors
Households of Faith
The Theology of the Oral Torah Family, Gender, and Community
Revealing the Justice of God in Canada, 1760–1969
Jacob Neusner Nancy Christie, editor
debut.fm Page iii Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:08 PM

series one
G.A. Rawlyk, Editor
1 Small Differences 10 God’s Peoples
Irish Catholics and Irish Protestants, Covenant and Land in South Africa,
1815–1922 Israel, and Ulster
An International Perspective Donald Harman Akenson
Donald Harman Akenson 11 Creed and Culture
2 Two Worlds The Place of English-Speaking
The Protestant Culture of Catholics in Canadian Society,
Nineteenth-Century Ontario 1750–1930
William Westfall Terrence Murphy and Gerald Stortz,
editors
3 An Evangelical Mind
Nathanael Burwash and the 12 Piety and Nationalism
Methodist Tradition in Canada, Lay Voluntary Associations and the
1839–1918 Creation of an Irish-Catholic
Marguerite Van Die Community in Toronto, 1850–1895
Brian P. Clarke
4 The Dévotes
Women and Church in 13 Amazing Grace
Seventeenth-Century France Studies in Evangelicalism in
Elizabeth Rapley Australia, Britain, Canada, and the
United States
5 The Evangelical Century George Rawlyk and Mark A. Noll,
College and Creed in English editors
Canada from the Great Revival to
the Great Depression 14 Children of Peace
Michael Gauvreau W. John McIntyre

6 The German Peasants’ War and 15 A Solitary Pillar

Anabaptist Community of Goods Monreal’s Anglican Church and
James M. Stayer the Quiet Revolution
John Marshall
7 A World Mission
Canadian Protestantism and the 16 Padres in No Man’s Land
Quest for an New International Canadian Chaplains and
Order, 1918–1939 the Great War
Robert Wright Duff Crerar

8 Serving the Present Age 17 Christian Ethics and Political

Revivalism, Progressivism, and the Economy in North America
Methodist Tradition in Canada A Critical Analysis of U.S. and
Phyllis D. Airhart Canadian Approaches
P. Travis Kroeker
9 A Sensitive Independence
Canadian Methodist Women 18 Pilgrims in Lotus Land
Missionaries in Canada and Conservative Protestantism in
the Orient, 1881–1925 British Columbia, 1917–1981
Rosemary R. Gagan Robert K. Burkinshaw
debut.fm Page iv Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:08 PM

19 Through Sunshine and Shadow 23 Evangelism and Apostasy

The Woman’s Christian Temperance The Evolution and Impact of
Union, Evangelicalism, and Reform Evangelicals in Modern Mexico
in Ontario, 1874–1930 Kurt Bowen
Sharon Cook
24 The Chignecto Covenanters
20 Church, College, and Clergy A Regional History of Reformed
A History of Theological Education Presbyterianism in New Brunswick
at Knox College, Toronto, 1844–1994 and Nova Scotia, 1827 to 1905
Brian J. Fraser Eldon Hay
21 The Lord’s Dominion 25 Methodists and Women’s Education
The History of Canadian Methodism in Ontario, 1836–1925
Neil Semple Johanna M. Selles
22 A Full-Orbed Christianity 26 Puritanism and Historical
The Protestant Churches and Social Controversy
Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 William Lamont
Nancy Christie and
Michael Gauvreau
debut.fm Page v Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:08 PM

Households of Faith
Family, Gender, and Community
in Canada, 1760–1969

Edited by
na n c y c h r i s t i e

McGill-Queen’s University Press

Montreal & Kingston • London • Ithaca
debut.fm Page vi Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:08 PM

© McGill-Queen’s University Press 2002

isbn 0-7735-2271-9 (cloth)
isbn 0-7735-2330-8 (paper)

Legal deposit quarter 2002

Bibliothèque nationale du Québec

Printed in Canada on acid-free paper

This book has been published with the help of a

grant from the Humanities and Social Sciences
Federation of Canada, using funds provided by the
Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
of Canada.

McGill-Queen’s University Press acknowledges the

financial support of the Government of Canada
through the Book Publishing Industry Development
Program (bpidp) for its activities. It also
acknowledges the support of the Canada Council for
the Arts for its publishing program.

National Library of Canada Cataloguing

in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Households of faith: family, gender, and community
in Canada, 1760–1969
(McGill-Queen’s studies in the history of religion)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 0-7735-2271-9 (bound)
– isbn 0-7735-2330-8 (pbk.)
1. Family – Canada – Religious aspects –
Christianity. 2. Sex role – Canada – Religious aspects
– Christianity. 3. Gender identity – Canada.
I. Christie, Nancy, 1958– II. Series.
hn39.c2h68 2001 261.8′3585′0971 c2001-900990-9

This book was typeset by Dynagram Inc. in 10/12 Palatino.

contents.fm Page vii Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:08 PM

Contents

Acknowledgments ix
Contributors xi
Introduction: Family, Community, and the Rise of Liberal
Society 3

t h e a g e o f pa t r i a r c h y
Ritual Performance and Parish Sociability:
French-Canadian Catholic Families at Mass from the
Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century 37
ollivier hubert
The Fireside Kingdom: A Mid-Nineteenth-Century
Anglican Perspective on Marriage and Parenthood 77
j. i . l i t t l e

p o p u l a r r e l i g i o n a n d f a m i ly s t r a t e g i e s
Tribalism, Proselytism, and Pluralism: Protestants, Family,
and Denominational Identity in Mid-Nineteenth-Century
St Stephen, New Brunswick 103
h a n na h m . l a n e
Family Fortunes and Religious Identity: The French-
Canadian Protestants of South Ely, Quebec, 1850–1901 138
christine hudon
contents.fm Page viii Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:08 PM

viii Contents

Contested Family: Navigating Kin and Culture in

Protestant Missions to the Tsimshian, 1857–1896 167
susan neylan

gender, social change, and

t h e l a n g ua g e o f d o m e s t i c i t y
Salvation in Indifference: Gendered Expressions of
Italian-Canadian Immigrant Catholicity, 1900–1940 205
enrico carlson cumbo
Revisiting “Separate Spheres”: Women, Religion, and the
Family in Mid-Victorian Brantford, Ontario 234
m a r g u e r i t e va n d i e
Redemptive Homes – Redeeming Choices: Saving the
Social in Late-Victorian London, Ontario 264
kenneth l. draper
Reinventing Christian Masculinity and Fatherhood:
The Canadian Protestant Experience, 1900–1920 290
pa t r i c i a d i r k s

m o d e r n i t y, s e x ua l i t y, a n d
t h e i n d i v i d ua l i s t t e m p e r
The Emergence of Personalist Feminism: Catholicism
and the Marriage-Preparation Movement in Quebec,
1940–1966 319
m i c h a e l g au v r e au
Sacred Sex: The United Church and the Privatization of
the Family in Post-War Canada 348
na n cy c h r is t i e
Conclusion: “Patriarchal Piety” and Canada’s Liberal
Tradition 377
acknow.fm Page ix Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM

Acknowledgments

The conceptualization and development of any collaborative work of

this type naturally involves the incurring of many debts. My principal
debt is to Donna Andrew, who not only provided encouragement and
sensible advice regarding the “long eighteenth century” but, most im-
portantly, was crucial in helping me to clarify my ideas on the interre-
lationship of gender and family. Natalie Davis assisted in the early
stages of this project; Carl Berger, Mark Noll, and Arthur Silver gener-
ously offered detailed historiographical suggestions. More particu-
larly, I would like to thank not only the anonymous readers but also
Ollivier Hubert and Arthur Silver for taking the time to read and com-
ment upon the introduction to the volume. At the Aid to Scholarly
Publications Programme both Louise Robert, the executive director,
and Simon Lapointe, the grants officer, were extremely helpful at a
critical stage of the assessment process. For the intellectual evolution
of this volume, I owe a tremendous debt to Michael Gauvreau for
cheerfully undertaking the onerous task of translation, which has con-
tributed in no small way to bringing the new Quebec historiography
of religion to an anglophone audience.
No acknowledgments would be complete without my expressing
my deep appreciation to the staff of McGill-Queen’s University Press.
Most importantly, I thank Don Akenson and Roger Martin for taking a
great leap of faith in enthusiastically supporting the publication of this
volume. Professor Akenson’s personal commitment to religious his-
tory and his intellectual acumen greatly improved the overall shape of
the manuscript. In particular, I wish to thank him for enabling me to
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acknow.fm Page x Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM

x Acknowledgments

streamline the introduction thematically. At the copy-editing stage,

the work of Elizabeth Hulse markedly improved the manuscript. As
always, Joan McGilvray is a treasure and makes the final production
of the book an actual joy.
Lastly, I would like to thank the contributors to this volume, for
without their excellent scholarship and continued enthusiasm for ex-
panding the scope of religious history in Canada, it would not have
reached fruition. Not only did all the contributors participate in two
intensive workshops, but they patiently endured a lengthy assess-
ment process. For their constant support I thank them.
contri.fm Page xi Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM

Contributors

nancy christie is a former Webster Fellow in the Humanities at

Queen’s University and has taught at the University of Manitoba and
the University of Winnipeg. She is co-author of A Full-Orbed Christianity:
The Protestant Churches and Social Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 (1996),
which won the Harold Adams Innis Prize, and the author of Engender-
ing the State: Family, Work, and Welfare in Canada (2000), which was
awarded the Sir John A. Macdonald Prize by the Canadian Historical
Association in 2001. She is currently completing a manuscript on the so-
cial history of the family.

enrico carlson cumbo obtained his PhD in history and ethnic

studies from the University of Toronto in 1996. He has lectured and
written on various aspects of Canadian immigration history and eth-
nicity and on the Italian immigrant experience in particular. Current
and forthcoming publications include studies of Italian Catholic pop-
ular piety, the Sicilian immigrant conception of fate, the origins and di-
versity of Italian-Canadian Protestantism, Italian religious foodways,
and the construction of ethnic identity in boxing.

patricia dirks is associate professor of history at Brock University.

Her research focuses on religiously based voluntary organizations
and programming for late-nineteenth and early twentieth-century
English-Canadian Protestant youth. She is currently completing a
manuscript that analyzes developments in Protestant religious
education in this period.
contri.fm Page xii Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM

xii Contributors

kenneth l. draper is academic dean at the Canadian Bible College,

Regina, Saskatchewan. He has recently completed a thesis at McMaster
University entitled “Religion Worthy of a Free People: Religious Prac-
tices and Discourses in London, Ontario, 1870–1900.” In concert with
his partner, Carla, he attempts to care for four young children and,
where possible, explores the relationships between religion and liberal
society in the nineteenth century.

michael gauvreau is professor of history at McMaster University.

he is author of The Evangelical Century: College and Creed in English
Canada from the Great Revival to the Great Depression (1991) and co-
author of A Full-Orbed Christianity: The Protestant Churches and Social
Welfare in Canada, 1900–1940 (1996), which won the Harold Adams
Innis Prize. He is currently completing a cultural history that
explores the relationship between Catholicism, modernism, and
Quebec’s Quiet Revolution.

ollivier hubert is assistant professor in the department of history

at the Université de Montréal. His research centres on the concept of
sociability in rural communities in pre-industrial Quebec. He is author
of Sur la terre comme au ciel: La gestion des rites par l’Église catholique du
Québec (fin xvii e – mi-xix e siècle (2000).

christine hudon is professor of history at the Université de

Sherbrooke. She is the author of Prêtres et fidèles dans le diocèse de
Saint-Hyacinthe, 1820–1875 (1996) and has published various articles
on the social history of religion.

hannah m. lane is a PhD candidate and part-time lecturer at the

University of New Brunswick. She has published or presented papers
in church history, women’s history, and business history. Her disser-
tation on “Methodism and Economic Life in Mid-Nineteenth Century
St. Stephen, New Brunswick” is part of a larger project on religion,
gender, and class in nineteenth-century St Stephen, New Brunswick,
and Calais, Maine.

j.i. little teaches history at Simon Fraser University. His most recent
book is Love Strong as Death: Lucy Peel’s Canadian Journal, 1833–1836
(2001), and forthcoming in Labour/Le Travail is another edited collec-
tion, “A Canadian in Lowell: Labour, Manhood, and Independence in
the Early Industrial Era, 1840–1849.”
contri.fm Page xiii Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM

xiii Contributors

susan neylan is assistant professor at Wilfrid Laurier University.

Her book “The Heavens Are Changing”: Nineteenth-Century Protestant
Missions and Tsimshian Christianity is forthcoming from McGill-Queen’s
University Press.

marguerite van die holds a joint appointment in history and the-

ology at Queen’s University. The author of An Evangelical Mind:
Nathanael Burwash and the Methodist Tradition in Canada, 1839–1918,
she continues to research and write on religion and community life in
nineteenth-century Canada.
contri.fm Page xiv Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM
intro.fm Page 1 Thursday, October 25, 2001 1:09 PM

Households of Faith
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