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Britain and the Greek
Economic Crisis
1944–1947:
From Liberation to the
Truman Doctrine

Athanasios Lykogiannis

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI PRESS

 Britain and the
Greek Economic Crisis
1944–1947
"To view the complete page image, please refer to the printed version of this
work"
 Britain and the
Greek Economic Crisis
1944–1947
F R O M L I B E R AT I O N T O T H E
TRUMAN DOCTRINE

Athanasios Lykogiannis

UNIVERSITY OF MISSOURI PRESS

COLUMBIA AND LONDON
Copyright © 2002 by
The Curators of the University of Missouri
University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65201
Printed and bound in the United States of America
All rights reserved
5 4 3 2 1 06 05 04 03 02

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Lykogiannis, Athanasios.
Britain and the Greek economic crisis, 1944–1947 : from liberation to the Truman
Doctrine / Athanasios Lykogiannis.
p. cm.
Originally presented as the author’s thesis (doctoral)—London School of Economics,
1999.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8262-1422-3
1. Greece—Economic conditions—1918–1974. 2. Greece—Economic policy—1918–
1974. 3. Greece—Politics and government—1935–1967. 4. Greece—Foreign economic
relations—Great Britain. 5. Great Britain—Foreign economic relations—Greece.
I. Title.
HC295 .L95 2002
330.9495'074—dc21
2002028796

䡬
⬁ ™ This paper meets the requirements of the
American National Standard for Permanence of Paper
for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984.

DESIGNER: KRISTIE LEE

T Y P E S E T T E R : B O O KC O M P, I N C .

PRINTER AND BINDER: THOMSON-SHORE, INC.

TYPEFACE: MINION
 For my parents
AND

for Robert Boyce and Simon Niziol,

who furnished immense help
This page intentionally left blank
 CONTENTS

Acknowledgments ix

Abbreviations xi

List of Tables xiii

List of Illustrations xv

Introduction 1

1. Hyperinflation and Stabilization 5

2. Political and Economic Background 16

3. Stabilization Policy Choices in Post-Liberation Greece 80

4. The “Varvaressos Experiment” 112

5. The London Agreement of January 1946 140

6. The American Aftermath 205

Conclusions 251

Principal Characters 257

Bibliography 263

Index 275
This page intentionally left blank
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I n preparing this book, originally a doctoral dissertation defended at the London

School of Economics (LSE) on July 12, 1999, I received support from a num-
ber of individuals and institutions. Financial assistance came from several sources.
These included the Scholarships Office of the LSE, the Royal Historical Society, the
Hellenic Foundation, and Crafoordska Stiftelsen. I would also like to acknowledge
the assistance of the staffs of the National Archives and Records Administration in
Washington, D.C., the Bank of England Archive, the Public Record Office at Kew,
the British Library of Political and Economic Science, the Imperial War Museum
in London, the National Museum of Labour History in Manchester, the Library
of the Bank of Greece, the Photographic Archive of the Benaki Museum, the Hel-
lenic Literary and Historical Archive, the Historical Archive of the National Bank
of Greece, and the British Embassy in Athens. They made available to me a mass
of unpublished documents and published materials, and their helpfulness made
working with them a pleasure.
Parts of this work have appeared elsewhere in different forms. A segment was
read before an international conference at King’s College London (KCL) that fo-
cused on “Domestic and International Aspects of the Greek Civil War,” to be pub-
lished in a volume edited by the organizers, Dr. Philip Carabott of KCL and Dr.
Thanasis Sfikas of the University of Central Lancashire. To both I express my grat-
itude. Another part was presented at the MGSA (Modern Greek Studies Associa-
tion) 30th Anniversary Symposium at Princeton University. Finally, I am grateful
to Professor Susan Buck Sutton and the Johns Hopkins University Press for per-
mission to reprint here my article published previously in the Journal of Modern
Greek Studies.
A special word of thanks is due to Professor Alan Milward of the European Uni-
versity Institute, without whose initial encouragement and critical insight during
my first year of study at the LSE this work would never have been conceived. Oth-
ers who read all or parts of the manuscript and made countless helpful suggestions
include Professor Richard Clogg of Oxford University, Professor John O. Iatrides of
Southern Connecticut State University, Professor Forrest Capie of City University,
Dr. George Petrochilos of Coventry University, and Professor Nicos Mouzelis, Dr.
Max-Stephan Schulze, and Dr. Spyros Economides of the LSE. I also wish to thank
Dr. Rena Zafiriou for hours of stimulating discussion and helpful suggestions, and

ix
x Acknowledgments

whose generosity made possible part of my stay in Washington, D.C. I am grateful

to her, as I am to Mr. Kostas Papachrysanthou, Mr. David Kessler, and Mr. James C.
Warren, Jr.
Above all, I am deeply indebted to Dr. Robert Boyce of the LSE, who graciously
read the manuscript several times and furnished the close and critical reading that
can come only from a perceptive supervisor. I would also like to express my deep
gratitude to a former colleague from the LSE, Dr. Simon Niziol, for furnishing su-
perb editorial guidance and answering numerous inquiries by phone, by mail, and
by personal conversations. Last but not least I must thank my parents, without
whose encouragement, understanding, patience, and financial support this work
would never have seen the light of day. I alone, of course, am responsible for any
shortcomings or errors in the text.
 A B B R E V I AT I O N S

ACO Autonomous Currant Organization

AFHQ Allied Forces Headquarters
AGIS Anglo-Greek Information Service
AMAG American Mission for Aid to Greece
BE Bank of England
BEM British Economic Mission
BMA British Military Authority
CAB Cabinet
DRF Drachma Reconstruction Fund
DSR Department of State Records
EAC Economic Advisory Committee
EAM National Liberation Front
EDES National Democratic Hellenic League
ELAS National People’s Liberation Army
EKKA National and Social Liberation
ERP European Recovery Program
ESC Economic and Supply Committee
Ex-Im Bank Export-Import Bank
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FEA Foreign Economic Administration
FO Foreign Office
FRBNY Federal Reserve Bank of New York
FRUS Foreign Relations of the United States

xi
xii Abbreviations

FTA Foreign Trade Administration

GCC Greek Commercial Cooperation
GRCC Greek Reconstruction Claims Committee
HANBG Historical Archive of the National Bank of Greece
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IFC International Financial Commission
IMF International Monetary Fund
JCC Joint Coordinating Committee
JPC Joint Policy Committee
KEPES Central Committee for the Protection of Domestic
Wheat Production
KKE Communist Party of Greece
KVA Kyriakos Varvaressos Archive
LBG Library of the Bank of Greece
MESC Middle East Supply Center
ML Military Liaison
MLHQ Military Liaison Headquarters
NARA National Archives and Records Administration
NBG National Bank of Greece
PEEA Political Committee of National Liberation
PRO Public Record Office
SACMED Supreme Allied Command in the Mediterranean
T Treasury
UNRRA United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration
WO War Office
 TA B L E S

1.1 Summary of Stabilization Measures

1.2 Wholesale Prices and Money Supply in the Middle East, 1941–1944
2.1 Value of Exports as Percentage of Imports
2.2 Government Expenditure as Percentage of Total Tax Revenues
2.3 Direct Tax as Percentage of Total Tax Revenues
2.4 Note Circulation and Sovereign Rate, 1939–1944
2.5 Major Recipients of UNRRA Aid
2.6 Major Components of UNRRA Aid to Greece
5.1 The Drachma Note Issue
5.2 Note Circulation and Sovereign Rate, 1946–1947
6.1 Comparative Economic Indicators, 1947–1948
Conclusions Stabilization Measures Enacted in Greece 1944–1947

xiii
This page intentionally left blank
 I L LU S T R AT I O N S

Frontispiece: Crowds assembled to hear the prime minister’s first major speech
after liberation in Syntagma Square, Athens, October 18, 1944 (Photograph courtesy
of the Imperial War Museum, London).

P. 5. Galloping inflation. Five hundred million drachmae for an egg, November 9,

1944 (Photograph courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, London).

P. 49. Prime Minister Papandreou and the EAM ministers of his National Unity
Government, September 2, 1944. From left: Elias Tsirimokos, minister of national
economy; Angelos Angelopoulos, deputy minister of finance; Papandreou; Mil-
tiadis Porfyrogenis, minister of labor; Ioannis Zevgos, minister of agriculture;
Nikolaos Askoutsis, minister of communications (Photograph courtesy of the Hel-
lenic Literary and Historical Archive, Athens).

P. 50. A British sniper fires on ELAS positions from the Acropolis, December 10,
1944 (Photograph courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, London).

P. 52. George II, King of the Hellenes, September 1946 (Photographic Archive of
the Benaki Museum, Athens. Photo: Dimitrios Charisiadis).

P. 55. Three Red Cross ships bringing aid to Greece, November 2, 1944 (Photograph
courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, London).

P. 56. Signing the UNRRA Agreement. After the ceremony, on the steps of the
Palace, March 1, 1945. From left to right: R. G. A. Jackson, Lincoln MacVeagh,
Ioannis Sophianopoulos, General Plastiras, R. F. Hendrickson, Reginald Leeper,
M. Bellen (Photograph courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, London).

P. 63. Prime Minister Papandreou helps to load the first sack of flour into a truck
brought in by ML, while Lieutenant General Scobie looks on, October 21, 1944
(Photograph courtesy of the Imperial War Museum, London).

P. 66. Sir Reginald Leeper, British ambassador to Greece, 1943–1946 (Photograph

courtesy of the British Embassy, Athens).

P. 67. Sir Clifford Norton, British ambassador to Greece, 1946–1951 (Photograph

courtesy of the British Embassy, Athens).

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