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Cellular and Molecular Biology of Filamentous Fungi 1st
Edition Katherine Borkovich Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Katherine Borkovich, Daniel J. Ebbole
ISBN(s): 9781555814731, 1555814735
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 20.78 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
Cellular and
Molecular Biology of

Filamentous
Fungi
This page intentionally left blank
Cellular and
Molecular Biology of

Filamentous
Fungi
Edited by

KATHERINE A. BORKOVICH
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,
University of California, Riverside, CA 92521

DANIEL J. EBBOLE
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,
Program for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi,
Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2132

Washington, DC
Cover image: Neurospora crassa on Vogel’s minimal medium plate at 30°C. Photo by F. Douglas Ivey.

Copyright © 2010 ASM Press

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20036-2904

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Cellular and molecular biology of filamentous fungi / edited by Katherine A. Borkovich, Daniel J. Ebbole.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-55581-473-1
1. Filamentous fungi. 2. Fungal molecular biology. I. Borkovich, Katherine A. II. Ebbole, Daniel J.
[DNLM: 1. Fungi—metabolism. 2. Fungi—genetics. 3. Microbiological Phenomena. QW 180 C393 2010]
QK604.2.M64C45 2010
579.5—dc22
2009036958

All Rights Reserved

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Address editorial correspondence to: ASM Press, 1752 N St., N.W.,

Washington, DC 20036-2904, U.S.A.

Send orders to: ASM Press, P.O. Box 605, Herndon, VA 20172, U.S.A.
Phone: 800-546-2416; 703-661-1593
Fax: 703-661-1501
Email: [email protected]
Online: estore.asm.org
 Contents

Contributors / ix SECTION II
Preface / xiii REPLICATION AND EXPRESSION OF THE
GENETIC CODE / 61
SECTION I
6 Mitotic Cell Cycle Control / 63
INTRODUCTION TO THE FILAMENTOUS COLIN P. C. DE SOUZA AND STEPHEN A. OSMANI
FUNGI / 1
7 Meiosis / 81
1 History and Importance to Human CLAIRE BURNS, PATRICIA J. PUKKILA, AND
Affairs / 3 MIRIAM E. ZOLAN
JOAN W. BENNETT, ROWLAND DAVIS, AND
CARLENE RAPER
8 DNA Repair and Recombination / 96
2 Hyphal Structure / 8 P. JANE YEADON, HIROKAZU INOUE,
ROBERT W. ROBERSON, MARITZA ABRIL, FREDERICK J. BOWRING, KEIICHIRO SUZUKI, AND
MEREDITH BLACKWELL, PETER LETCHER, DAVID E. A. CATCHESIDE
DAVID J. MCLAUGHLIN, ROSA R. MOURIÑO-PÉREZ,
MERITXELL RIQUELME, AND MAHO UCHIDA 9 Chromatin Structure and
Modification / 113
3 A Top-Down Systems Biology Approach for ZACHARY A. LEWIS AND ERIC U. SELKER
the Identification of Targets for Fungal Strain
and Process Development / 25 10 Transposable Elements and Repeat-
MACHTELT BRAAKSMA, ROBERT A. VAN DEN BERG,
Induced Point Mutation / 124
MARIËT J. VAN DER WERF, AND PETER J. PUNT
A. JOHN CLUTTERBUCK AND ERIC U. SELKER

4 Phylogenetics and Phylogenomics of the

Fungal Tree of Life / 36 11 Meiotic trans-Sensing and Silencing in
JOSEPH W. SPATAFORA AND BARBARA ROBBERTSE Neurospora / 132
RODOLFO ARAMAYO AND ROBERT J. PRATT
5 Signal Transduction Pathways / 50
GYUNGSOON PARK, CAROL A. JONES, AND 12 Mycoviruses / 145
KATHERINE A. BORKOVICH DONALD L. NUSS

v
vi ■ CONTENTS

SECTION III 25 Sulfur, Phosphorus, and Iron

ORGANELLES / 153 Metabolism / 359
JOHN V. PAIETTA
13 Mitochondria and Respiration / 155
FRANK E. NARGANG AND JOHN C. KENNELL 26 Secondary Metabolism / 376
B. GILLIAN TURGEON AND KATHRYN E. BUSHLEY
14 Vacuoles in Filamentous Fungi / 179
EMMA JEAN BOWMAN AND BARRY J. BOWMAN 27 Plant Cell Wall and Chitin
Degradation / 396
15 Peroxisomes in Filamentous Fungi / 191 CHRISTIAN P. KUBICEK, VERENA SEIDL, AND
LEONARDO PERAZA-REYES, ERIC ESPAGNE, SYLVIE BERNHARD SEIBOTH
ARNAISE, AND VÉRONIQUE BERTEAUX-LECELLIER

SECTION VI
SECTION IV
PHOTOBIOLOGY AND CIRCADIAN
HYPHAL GROWTH / 207 RHYTHMS / 415
16 The Cytoskeleton in Filamentous 28 Light Sensing / 417
Fungi / 209 LUIS M. CORROCHANO AND JAVIER AVALOS
XIN XIANG AND BERL OAKLEY
29 Circadian Rhythms / 442
17 The Cell Wall of Filamentous MICHAEL W. VITALINI, JAY C. DUNLAP, CHRISTIAN
Fungi / 224 HEINTZEN, YI LIU, JENNIFER LOROS, AND DEBORAH
NIR OSHEROV AND ODED YARDEN BELL-PEDERSEN

18 Hyphal Growth and Polarity / 238

STEVEN D. HARRIS SECTION VII
NUTRIENT, pH, AND STRESS SENSING / 467
19 Hyphal Fusion / 260
NICK D. READ, ANDRÉ FLEIßNER, M. GABRIELA 30 How Fungi Sense Sugars, Alcohols, and
ROCA, AND N. LOUISE GLASS
Amino Acids / 469
CHAOYANG XUE, DANIEL J. EBBOLE, AND
20 Biology and Genetics of Vegetative JOSEPH HEITMAN
Incompatibility in Fungi / 274
DUUR K. AANEN, ALFONS J. M. DEBETS, N. LOUISE 31 Regulation of Gene Expression by
GLASS, AND SVEN J. SAUPE
Ambient pH / 480
JOAN TILBURN, HERBERT N. ARST, JR., AND
SECTION V MIGUEL A. PEÑALVA
METABOLISM / 289
32 Heat Shock Response / 488
NORA PLESOFSKY
21 Glucose / 291
MARGARET E. KATZ AND JOAN M. KELLY
SECTION VIII
22 Gluconeogenesis / 312
MICHAEL J. HYNES SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT / 499

23 Nitrogen Metabolism in Filamentous 33 Mating Systems and Sexual

Fungi / 325 Morphogenesis in Ascomycetes / 501
MERYL A. DAVIS AND KOON HO WONG ROBERT DEBUCHY, VÉRONIQUE BERTEAUX-
LECELLIER, AND PHILIPPE SILAR
24 Amino Acids and Polyamines: Polyfunc-
tional Proteins, Metabolic Cycles, and 34 Mating and Sexual Morphogenesis in
Compartmentation / 339 Basidiomycete Fungi / 536
ROWLAND H. DAVIS LORNA CASSELTON AND MICHAEL FELDBRÜGGE
 CONTENTS ■ vii

SECTION IX 40 Necrotrophic Fungi: Live and

ASEXUAL SPORULATION / 557 Let Die / 645
MARTY DICKMAN, JAN VAN KAN, AND
CHRISTOPHER LAWRENCE
35 Regulation of Aspergillus
Conidiation / 559 41 Epichloë Endophytes: Models of an
MIN NI, NA GAO, NAK-JUNG KWON, KWANG-SOO Ecological Strategy / 660
SHIN, AND JAE-HYUK YU CAROLYN YOUNG AND HEATHER H. WILKINSON

36 The Conidium / 577 42 Mycoparasitism / 676

DANIEL J. EBBOLE ADA VITERBO AND BENJAMIN A. HORWITZ

SECTION XI
SECTION X ANIMAL PATHOGENS / 695
INTERACTIONS OF FUNGI WITH PLANTS
OR OTHER FUNGI / 591 43 Aspergillus fumigatus / 697
JUDITH C. RHODES AND DAVID S. ASKEW
37 Magnaporthe oryzae and Rice Blast
44 Cryptococcus neoformans: Budding Yeast
Disease / 593
CHANG HYUN KHANG AND
and Dimorphic Filamentous Fungus / 717
JAMES W. KRONSTAD, JENNIFER K. LODGE, AND
BARBARA VALENT
JOSEPH HEITMAN

38 Fusarium Genetics and 45 Histoplasma capsulatum / 736

Pathogenicity / 607 CHAD A. RAPPLEYE
JOHN F. LESLIE AND JIN-RONG XU
46 The Fungal Pathogen Candida
39 Ustilago maydis and Maize: a Delightful albicans / 751
SARANNA FANNING AND AARON P. MITCHELL
Interaction / 622
FLORA BANUETT Index / 769

vii
This page intentionally left blank
 Contributors

DUUR K. AANEN VÉRONIQUE BERTEAUX-LECELLIER

Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands l’Environnement, USR CNRS-EPHE BP 1013, 98729
Papetoai Moorea, Polynésie Française
MARITZA ABRIL
Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State MEREDITH BLACKWELL
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803 Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803
RODOLFO ARAMAYO
Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, KATHERINE A. BORKOVICH
College Station, TX 77843 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University
of California, 1415 Boyce Hall, 900 University Ave.,
SYLVIE ARNAISE Riverside, CA 92521
Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie,
UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, and CNRS, Institut de Génétique BARRY J. BOWMAN
et Microbiologie, UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, France Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology,
University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064
HERBERT N. ARST, JR.
Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, EMMA JEAN BOWMAN
Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology,
United Kingdom University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064

DAVID S. ASKEW FREDERICK J. BOWRING

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University,
College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, PO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia
Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529
MACHTELT BRAAKSMA
JAVIER AVALOS Microbial Production Processes, TNO Quality of Life,
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
CLAIRE BURNS
FLORA BANUETT Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington,
IN 47405
Department of Biological Sciences, California State University,
1250 Bellflower Boulevard, Long Beach, CA 90840
KATHRYN E. BUSHLEY
Department of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology,
DEBORAH BELL-PEDERSEN Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
Center for Biological Clocks Research and Program for the
Biology of Filamentous Fungi, 3258 TAMU Department of LORNA CASSELTON
Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843 Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford,
OX1 3RB, United Kingdom
JOAN W. BENNETT
Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, School of DAVID E. A. CATCHESIDE
Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University,
New Brunswick, NJ 08901 PO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia

ix
x ■ CONTRIBUTORS

A. JOHN CLUTTERBUCK STEVEN D. HARRIS

Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Department of Plant Pathology and Center for Plant Science
Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland Innovation, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660
LUIS M. CORROCHANO CHRISTIAN HEINTZEN
Departamento de Genética, Facultad de Biología, Universidad Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester,
de Sevilla, Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
MERYL A. DAVIS JOSEPH HEITMAN
Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke
Grattan Street, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia University Medical Center, CARL Building, Research Drive,
ROWLAND H. DAVIS Box 3546, Durham, NC 27710
Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University
of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697-3900; 3158 Bern Dr., BENJAMIN A. HORWITZ
Laguna Beach, CA 92651 Department of Biology, Technion – Israel Institute of
Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
COLIN P. C. DE SOUZA
Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, MICHAEL J. HYNES
805 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, OH 43210 Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, Parkville,
Victoria 3010, Australia
ALFONS J. M. DEBETS
Laboratory of Genetics, Plant Sciences, Wageningen HIROKAZU INOUE
University, Wageningen, The Netherlands Laboratory of Genetics, Dept. of Regulation Biology, Saitama
University, Shimo-ookubo 255, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan
ROBERT DEBUCHY
Univ Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, CAROL A. JONES
UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, and CNRS, Institut de Génétique Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University
et Microbiologie, UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, France of California, 1415 Boyce Hall, 900 University Ave.,
Riverside, CA 92521
MARTY DICKMAN
Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Department MARGARET E. KATZ
of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Science and
University, College Station, TX 77843 Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW
2351, Australia
JAY C. DUNLAP
Department of Genetics, Dartmouth Medical School, JOAN M. KELLY
Hanover, NH 03755 School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, The University
of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
DANIEL J. EBBOLE
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Program JOHN C. KENNELL
for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi, Texas A&M Department of Biology, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis,
University, 120 Peterson Building, 2132 TAMU, College MO 63103-2010
Station, TX 77843-2132
CHANG HYUN KHANG
ERIC ESPAGNE Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University,
Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, Manhattan, KS 66506-5502
UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, and CNRS, Institut de Génétique
et Microbiologie, UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, France JAMES W. KRONSTAD
The Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British
SARANNA FANNING Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
Department of Microbiology, University College Cork,
Cork, Ireland CHRISTIAN P. KUBICEK
Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry,
MICHAEL FELDBRÜGGE Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of
Department for Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166-5, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Karl-von-Frisch-Straße,
35043 Marburg, Germany NAK-JUNG KWON
Departments of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of
ANDRÉ FLEIßNER Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig,
Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany CHRISTOPHER LAWRENCE
Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Department of Biological
NA GAO Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institutute and State
Departments of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of University, Blacksburg, VA 24061
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
JOHN F. LESLIE
N. LOUISE GLASS Department of Plant Pathology, Throckmorton Plant
Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Sciences Center, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
California, Berkeley, CA 94729-3102 66506-5502
 CONTRIBUTORS ■ xi

PETER LETCHER MIGUEL A. PEÑALVA

Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Centro de
Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, 9,
Madrid, 28040, Spain
ZACHARY A. LEWIS
Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, LEONARDO PERAZA-REYES
OR 97403-1229 Université Paris-Sud, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie,
UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, and CNRS, Institut de Génétique
YI LIU et Microbiologie, UMR8621, F-91405 Orsay, France
Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern
Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, NORA PLESOFSKY
TX 75390-9040 Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, St.
Paul, MN 55108
JENNIFER K. LODGE
Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington
University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110 ROBERT J. PRATT
Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College
JENNIFER LOROS Station, TX 77843
Department of Genetics and Department of Biochemistry,
Dartmouth Medical School, Hanover, NH 03755 PATRICIA J. PUKKILA
Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel
DAVID J. MCLAUGHLIN Hill, NC 27599
Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota,
St. Paul, MN 55108 PETER J. PUNT
Microbial Production Processes, TNO Quality of Life, P.O.
AARON P. MITCHELL Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 CARLENE RAPER
Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics,
ROSA R. MOURIÑO-PÉREZ University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación
Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, CHAD A. RAPPLEYE
22860 B. C. Mexico The Center for Microbial Interface Biology, Departments of
Microbiology and Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious
FRANK E. NARGANG Diseases, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta,
Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada NICK D. READ
Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology,
MIN NI University of Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh
Departments of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of EH9 3JH, United Kingdom
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
JUDITH C. RHODES
DONALD L. NUSS Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, College
Center for Biosystems Research, University of Maryland of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
Biotechnology Institute, Rockville, MD 20850 45267-0529

BERL OAKLEY MERITXELL RIQUELME

Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Departamento de Microbiología, Centro de Investigación
1200 Sunnyside Ave., Lawrence, KS 66045 Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada,
22860 B. C. Mexico
NIR OSHEROV
Department of Human Microbiology, Sackler School of BARBARA ROBBERTSE
Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat-Aviv 69978, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley
Tel-Aviv, Israel Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330

STEPHEN A. OSMANI ROBERT W. ROBERSON

Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe,
University, 805 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, AZ 85287
OH 43210
M. GABRIELA ROCA
JOHN V. PAIETTA Fungal Cell Biology Group, Institute of Cell Biology,
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wright University of Edinburgh, Rutherford Building, Edinburgh
State University, Dayton, OH 45435 EH9 3JH, United Kingdom

GYUNGSOON PARK SVEN J. SAUPE

Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire des Champignons,
of California, 1415 Boyce Hall, 900 University Ave., IBGC UMR CNRS 5095 - Université de Bordeaux 2, 33077
Riverside, CA 92521 Bordeaux, France
xii ■ CONTRIBUTORS

BERNHARD SEIBOTH JAN VAN KAN

Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Wageningen University,
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Wageningen, The Netherlands
Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166-5, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
MICHAEL W. VITALINI
VERENA SEIDL Department of Biochemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City,
Research Area Gene Technology and Applied Biochemistry, IA 52241
Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of
Technology, Getreidemarkt 9/166-5, A-1060 Vienna, Austria ADA VITERBO
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Smith
ERIC U. SELKER Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew
Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
OR 97403-1229
HEATHER H. WILKINSON
KWANG-SOO SHIN Program for the Biology of Filamentous Fungi, Department of
Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Daejeon Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University,
University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea 300-716 College Station, TX 77845-2132
PHILIPPE SILAR KOON HO WONG
UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Université de Paris 7 - Denis Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne,
Diderot, F-75013 Paris; Univ Paris-Sud 11, Institut de Grattan Street, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR8621, F-9140 Orsay; and
CNRS, Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie, UMR8621, F- XIN XIANG
91405 Orsay, France Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,
JOSEPH W. SPATAFORA Bethesda, MD 20814
Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, 2082 Cordley
Hall, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97330
JIN-RONG XU
KEIICHIRO SUZUKI Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue
Laboratory of Genetics, Dept. of Regulation Biology, Saitama University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2054
University, Shimo-ookubo 255, Saitama City 338-8570, Japan
CHAOYANG XUE
JOAN TILBURN Public Health Research Institute, University of Medicine and
Department of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Dentistry of New Jersey, 225 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07103
Building, Armstrong Road, London SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom ODED YARDEN
Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology,
B. GILLIAN TURGEON The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and
Department of Plant Pathology & Plant-Microbe Biology, Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,
Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 Rehovot 76100, Israel

MAHO UCHIDA P. JANE YEADON

Department of Anatomy, University of California, San School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University,
Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143 PO Box 2100, Adelaide SA 5001, Australia

BARBARA VALENT CAROLYN YOUNG

Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Forage Improvement Division, The Samuel Roberts Noble
Manhattan, KS 66506-5502 Foundation, Ardmore, OK 73401

ROBERT A. VAN DEN BERG JAE-HYUK YU

Microbial Production Processes, TNO Quality of Life, P.O. Departments of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of
Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706

MARIËT J. VAN DER WERF MIRIAM E. ZOLAN

Microbial Production Processes, TNO Quality of Life, P.O. Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington,
Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, The Netherlands IN 47405
 Preface

Fungal cellular and molecular biology has entered an un- severe stroke, yet emerged from a coma and extended time
precedented phase of rapid growth and change. The avail- on a ventilator (during which time he could not speak) to
ability of complete genome sequences, coupled with the ask about his reference list and permission to republish
advent of new genetic and molecular tools, has made possi- forms for figures! Rowland, you are an inspiration to the
ble analyses that were deemed unthinkable just a few years rest of us.
ago. In the current environment, it is advantageous to have We recognize Dr. Michelle Momany for her efforts dur-
access to books that synthesize and rationalize the new ing the early stages of organizing the book. She was instru-
information gleaned from genomics with the accumulated mental in developing the original outline and contacting
literature from years of research in the field. prospective authors. New administrative duties as depart-
Our goal was to organize a book that will be a major ment head prohibited her from continuing with the project.
work on the filamentous fungi, serving as the first point of We thank ASM Press for having the foresight to solicit
reference for this important group of organisms. We envi- a book on filamentous fungi. We are indebted to Senior Ed-
sioned producing a handbook for professional researchers itor Gregory Payne for first discussing the idea for this book
and graduate students in the field, as well as a textbook for with one of us (Borkovich) and then for his patience and
graduate and undergraduate courses. Although model or- advice as we solicited and read chapters and worked with
ganisms are covered in detail, we strove to represent the di- the authors to create the best possible book. We thank Se-
versity of the fungal kingdom. The chapters in this book nior Production Editor Ellie Tupper, whose attention to de-
cover a variety of dimorphic and “obligate” filamentous fun- tail and editorial standards are unsurpassed and are reflected
gal species, illustrating lifestyles adapted to diverse ecologi- in the final product.
cal niches. Chapters also provide comparisons to work with Lastly, we would like to acknowledge those scientists
the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces (and mentors) who have passed away in the last few years
pombe, as appropriate. Every effort has been made to incor- and whose work laid the foundation for the information de-
porate new data from genomics-based approaches and to scribed in many of the chapters of this book. Among these
provide well-grounded evaluation of the literature. are John Fincham, Norman Giles, Edward Garber, David
We are indebted to the many authors who made this Perkins, Dorothy Newmeyer, David Stadler, and Robert
book possible. All took time out from already overex- Metzenberg. Their enthusiasm for science and the study of
tended schedules to write chapters that are comprehensive filamentous fungi lives on in their scientific “descendants.”
and capture the essence of their field. In particular, we
would like to acknowledge the efforts of Dr. Rowland KATHERINE A. BORKOVICH AND
Davis, Professor Emeritus at UC Irvine. Rowland suffered a DANIEL J. EBBOLE, EDITORS

xiii
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INTRODUCTION TO THE
FILAMENTOUS FUNGI

1
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Dentistry - Concept Map
Summer 2021 - Center

Prepared by: Professor Smith

Date: August 12, 2025

Conclusion 1: Critical analysis and evaluation

Learning Objective 1: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 5: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 6: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 2: Literature review and discussion
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Unit 3: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 22: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 22: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 25: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 27: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 29: Experimental procedures and results
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 4: Statistical analysis and interpretation
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 31: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 36: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Research findings and conclusions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 39: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 5: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 42: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 43: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 48: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Discussion 6: Research findings and conclusions
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 54: Research findings and conclusions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 58: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 59: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 59: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 7: Case studies and real-world applications
Practice Problem 60: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 67: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Conclusion 8: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Example 70: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 73: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 74: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 76: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 77: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Part 9: Fundamental concepts and principles
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Ethical considerations and implications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 82: Key terms and definitions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 83: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 83: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 84: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 85: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 86: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Summary 10: Study tips and learning strategies
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 92: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 96: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 97: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 99: Historical development and evolution
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 11: Critical analysis and evaluation
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 102: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 104: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 106: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 106: Case studies and real-world applications
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 108: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 109: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Results 12: Key terms and definitions
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 112: Practical applications and examples
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 116: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 117: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Introduction 13: Comparative analysis and synthesis
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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