INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 9, ISSUE 01, JANUARY 2020 ISSN 2277-8616

Design And Development Of Hybrid Two-Wheeler

Kamatchi Kannan V, Ponmurugan P and Chitra K
Abstract: Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) is an advanced vehicle having a feature that operates on battery and inbuilt ignition motor. This motor helps to
drive the wheel forward and it also charges the battery system when it is operated as generator. In recent years, the hybrid electric two wheelers have
targeted the market due to less CO2 emission by the hybrid vehicles. The aim is to reduce the cost and complexity which is involved in the existing
hybrid vehicle. This hybrid electric vehicle includes conventional, hybrid, plug-in hybrid and electric variants. The main aim of this paper is to structure
and manufacture a hybrid two wheelers such as scooty which can be operated by means of fuel and battery. The integration of both the battery and the
fuel makes the vehicle dynamic. In HEV, the battery alone can be used at low-speed driving conditions where as the interior fuel based motors are least
productive. In case of quickening, long runs or slope climbing, the Internal Combustion (IC) engine gives extra force to drive the motor.

Index Terms: Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Internal Combustion Engine, Grounded Low Voltage System, Tractive System, Brushless DC motor, Pulse Width
Modulation
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1 INTRODUCTION Nevertheless, high starting costs, short driving distance, long

An enormous number of the present autos keep running on oil charging (refueling) time and reduced traveler and load space
based items, and oil generation is always diminishing and is have shown that battery-controlled EVs are impeded. A half
evaluated to be exhausted in not so distant future. For more and half vehicle deals with these issues by consolidating the
than 100 years, vehicles equipped with normal inward burning upsides of both frameworks and using both power sources
engines (ICE) have been present. In recent days, the interest under their effective conditions [2].
in two-wheels for individual transportation has increased
considerably in the past decade with the growth of the total 2 PROPOSED HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE
population. This pattern of increase will only escalate as The figure 1 shows the complete layout of the proposed
countries, such as China, India, and Mexico, get up to pace. electric hybrid vehicle.
Besides, current vehicles use just 25% of the vitality
discharged from oil and rest is squandered into the climate,
making the vehicle wasteful just as making a dangerous
situation [1]. Regardless of ongoing endeavours to improve
eco-friendliness and decrease poisonous outflows in vehicles,
discharges have kept on expanding exponentially in the last
two decades. In-order to reduce the usage of oil and
expanding the effectiveness of two wheeler, an idea of electric
vehicle has been developed by researchers. The electric
vehicle is uncontaminated and productive under low-speed
conditions predominating in gridlocked areas of heavy rush
hour. In any case, battery charging is tedious. Oil motor shows
its efficiency in high ways at higher speeds and squanders
much vitality in urban regions. Another problem linked to the
steadily increasing use of individual vehicle is emanation. The
impact on the nursery, otherwise referred to as an Earth-wide
temperature boost, is a difficult issue that needs to be Fig. 1. Layout of the Hybrid Vehicle
addressed. Due to the vitality emergency, there has been
extended pressure in some parts of the globe. Government
offices and organizations have gradually developed strict The components involved in hybrid vehicle are shown below:
guidelines for the use and outflows of petrol In any case, the  Grounded Low Voltage System (GLVS) Battery
ICE innovation has been developed over the last few years,  Tractive System (TS) accumulator
despite the fact that it will continue to improve with the two /  Convertor
four wheel electronic innovation, it will mainly rely on elective
 IC engine
progress to effectively enhance the mileage and reduce
 CVT transmission
outflows. One of the arrangements proposed to handle the
 Master controller
emergency of vitality and a dangerous atmospheric devotion
was battery-controlled electric vehicles.  Switch
 Motor control unit
_____________________________________  Self-motor
 Ignition control
• Kamatchi Kannan V is working as Associate Professor / EEE in
Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Sathyamangalam, E-mail: 2.1 GLVS Battery and TS accumulator
kannan.ped2gmail.com The vehicle's TS are defined as any part that is connected to
• Ponmurugan P is working as Associate Professor / EEE in Sri Krishna the engine and TS accumulators electrically. The vehicle's
College of Technology, Coimbatore. E-mail: GLVS is defined as any electrical part that does not belong to
[email protected]
• Chitra K, is working as Professor / EEE in CMR Institute of the TS.
Technology, Bangalore, E-mail: [email protected]
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2.2 IC Engine traditional dc motor with commutators. Controlling brushless

An Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is a warmth engine DC motors is usually carried out by deploying a three-phase
where a fuel ignition occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in an inverter that necessitates rotor position sensor in order to start;
ignition chamber which is a essential part of the operating additionally to facilitate inverter control through a proper
liquid stream circuit. The development of high-temperature and commutation sequence. The respective position sensors may
high-weight gasses delivered by burning in an internal ignition be an absolute position or Hall sensors as well as resolvers.
engine applies direct power to some part of the engine. The Sensors usually result in raising motor cost and its size too
power is usually connected to cylinders, sharp edges of and also one wherein special mechanical arrangements are
turbines, rotors or spouts. This power moves the part over a required in order to facilitate the mounting of sensors. The
separation, changing concoction vitality into valuable particular sensors as mentioned earlier specifically Hall
mechanical vitality. sensors are characterized as highly sensitive to temperature
and it limits motor operation to about . Contrastingly, these
2.3 Working of IC Engine sensors can affect system reliability and lower it in terms of
The principal thing it helps to remember in IC engine is the components and wiring. For certain applications, mounting
petroleum/diesel motor. Petroleum motor is sparkle start motor position sensor may not really be feasible to carry out speed
though diesel motor is packed start engine. These IC engine or position control in the motor. Hence during recent times
are for the most part four stroke motors and subsequently can because of varying magnitude and implementation sensor less
examine about especially four stroke IC engines. The control of BLDC motor has gained attention from many
petroleum engine works in the rule of OTTO cycle. It is a four researchers and experts. [4].
stroke cycle and it is a blend of gas and air. It is packed in the
burning chamber to a predetermined weight proportion. At 3.1 Working of Brushless DC Motor
explicit weight a sparkle is created by methods for flash A brushed DC engine has lasting magnets outwardly of its
attachment and the ignition is delivered. This is called control structure, with a turning armature within. The changeless
stroke as in this stroke control is made [3]. The steps for the magnets are known as the stator, which are stationary
working of oil motor are below: outwardly. The armature is known as the rotor, which pivots
and includes an electromagnet. The rotor turns 180-degrees
Procedure 1: Suction of air and fuel blend when an electrical flow is raced to the armature in a brushed
Procedure 2: Compressing the blend to foreordained weight DC engine. To go further, the position of the electromagnet
proportion must flip. The brushes, as the rotor turns, reach the stator,
Procedure 3: Power stroke (sparkle lights the fire) flipping the attractive field and allowing a 360-degree turn of
Procedure 4: Expansion stroke/exhaust the rotor. Basically, a brushless DC engine is turned back to
the front, removing the brushes requirement for flipping the
The flash fitting is utilized to create a sparkle that is sufficiently electromagnetic field. The permanent magnets are on the rotor
varied for the fuel blend to get scorched. Other most famous in brushless DC motors and the electromagnets are on the
IC motor is diesel motor. Diesel motor operates based on the stator. At that point, a controller charges the stator
diesel cycle guidelines. The primary contrast between the Otto electromagnet to turn the rotor a full 360-degree. Brushes less
cycle and the diesel cycle is that heat is included in the Otto DC motor are a type of permanent magnet synchronous
cycle in a steady volume process while heat expansion occurs machines that possess a rotor position feedback. Controlling
in a consistent pressure process in the diesel cycle. Other brushless motor is carried out by employing the three phase
than that the vital distinction between these two is that the power semiconductor bridge. These motors need rotor position
diesel motor doesn't have a carburetor and furthermore a flash sensors for two main purposes first for initial start-up and then
attachment. Rather they have a fuel injector framework where for generating an appropriate commutation sequence that will
it infuses diesel straight forwardly into the ignition chamber. help power devices in the inverter bridge to get switched ON.
Consequently, these two motors vary by their wellspring of On the basis of the rotor position, power device commutation
admission. In any case, as a rule these two motors have sequence takes places at every 60 degrees. Instead of
constructional distinction. commutating the armature current using brushes, electronic
commutation is utilized. Thus eliminates the issues concerning
3 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR AND ITS CONTROL with the brushes and commutator arrangement, for example,
UNIT sparking and wearing out of the commutator-brush
Brushless DC motor is a type of permanent magnet arrangement, thereby, making a BLDC motor more rugged as
synchronous motor, wherein its rotors have permanent compared to a DC motor [5].
magnets as well as the trapezoidal shape back EMF. The
BLDC motor deploys a DC power supply that is switched on to
the motor’s stator phase windings using various power
devices, wherein the switching sequence is ascertained by
virtue of the rotor position. BLDC motor phase current
synchronized with back EMF is generally rectangular so that at
a constant speed it generates constant torque. Electronic
switches replace the brushed DC motor’s mechanical
commutator, supplying current to the motor windings basically
the rotor position is as operative function. This particular type
of AC motor is referred to as the brushless DC motor, as in
terms of functionalities and performance it resembles the Fig. 2. Controller circuit for Brushless DC Motor
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with an electric vehicle's battery and electric motor, resulting in

3.2 Controlling a BLDC Motor a conventional vehicle's fuel economy twice. The flowchart for
The Figure 2 is the control unit is implemented by smart controller is shown in Figure 3. Usually, hybrids are very
microelectronic systems. This may be implemented using a fuel effective, some of them receiving as much as 100 km / l.
microcontroller or advanced controller, a PLC or similar other Higher gas mileage also means fewer trips to the gas pump,
unit. Analog controller is still in use, but feedback signals which is great for your wallet. Hybrid bikes are designed to
cannot be processed and controlled appropriately. With this thrive on city streets. In reality, the majority of people in the
form of control circuits, high-performance control algorithms town get better gas mileage than the freeway. Depending on
can be implemented [6]. The outer control loop is also the region, when it is time to renew your vehicle registration,
conveniently applied for multiple dynamic demands. To they may not be needed to have an emission test. Vehicles
simplify the development of both the control and the power may be eligible for tax breaks or loans depending on the
electronic unit, high-performance power integrated circuit, region [10], [11].
application specific integrated circuits etc. can be utilized. The
single integrated circuit can act as a complete pulse width
modulation controller. Further, the driver IC can be used for
generating the PWM pulses for all the six power switches
which is used in a three-phase converter operated as an
inverter. There are many similar integrated circuits that are
increasingly adding day by day. The speed of the motor can be
controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique. The
input current flowing through the motor can be varied by
means of ON and OFF time of the PWM pulses which in turn,
controls the speed of the motor. The desired speed can be
attained by a suitable BLDC motor controller. By regulating the
dc input voltage, it is possible to control the speed of a
brushless dc motor. The change in input voltage proportionally
changes the speed. The speed control methods can be open
loop or closed loop and the controller with motor is shown in
Figure 2. Brushless DC motor systems combine compact yet
powerful brushless DC motors with high-performance drivers
to deliver excellent energy savings, speed stability, and a wide
range of speed controls. With brushless DC motors, it is
possible to downsize your application as the motors have slim
bodies and provide high power due to permanent magnets Fig. 3. Flowchart for smart controller
being used in the rotor [7], [8], [9]. Among the two speed
control methods, the closed loop speed control method is well
suited for hybrid vehicles. 4.1 Vehicle needs to modify
Two propulsions are employed in this system, namely BLDC
4 DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID motor which is mounted on the front wheel that works on HUB
motor mechanism and the other is IC engine. The proposed
SCOOTER hybrid scooty is shown in Fig. 4 – Fig. 9.
HEV are the vehicles with in excess of two vitality sources are
available. The real difficulties for HEV configuration are
dealing with different vitality source, exceedingly subject to
driving cycles, battery measuring and battery on the board.
HEVs take the upsides of electric drive to remunerate the
inborn shortcoming of ICE, to be specific staying away from
the lingering for expanding the eco-friendliness and decrease
emanation amid beginning and speeding tasks. Then to utilize
regenerative braking rather than mechanical braking amid
deceleration and down incline driving. HEV can address
clients issue and has included esteem yet cost is the serious
issue. These vehicles are of mind-boggling expense and
certain program ought to be upheld by the particular
government for promoting HEVs. The HEVs are grouped into
two fundamental sorts arrangement and parallel. As of late
Fig. 4. HUB motor propulsion mounting for front wheel
with presentation of some HEVs offering the highlights of both
arrangement and parallel crossovers, the order has been
reached out to three sorts arrangement, parallel and
arrangement parallel. It is intriguing to take note of that some
recently brought HEVs can't be characterized into these three
sorts. The aim of this article is to introduce the most effective
and less polluting vehicle. The hybrid electric vehicle model
combines a conventional vehicle's internal combustion engine
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Fig. 5. IC Engine propulsion mounting for rear wheel

Fig. 9. Implementation of the Hybrid Vehicle

5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

HEV is a vehicle that utilizes two sources of power one is
petrol and the other is battery. The battery drive is used for
low-power applications whereas the high-power application
requires a very high gasoline engine. At high speed drive,
gasoline drive is most efficient. When hybrid vehicles are
operated in these two modes, the efficiency obtained is
maximum. But operation in low-speed gasoline engine is not
Fig. 6. Tractive Accumulator Mounting at Scooty effective. Therefore, the HEV provides twice the mileage of a
Front Foot place normal vehicle as shown in Table 1. This hybrid vehicle emits
50% less emissions than normal vehicles; it plays an important
role in reducing pollution to some extent without compromising
efficiency. It is therefore most efficient in urban areas, mainly
in high traffic, where gasoline-line engines are less efficient as
gasoline energy is wasted away and pollution is created.

Table 1. Performance of IC engine and Motor

Mode of Range in
Description
Propulsion KM
For a single charge, it can run for
Motor Only 75
around 75km range
IC engine only 50 50km per litre will be achieved
During Combinational mode of
Combinational
operation, that a vehicle can run
(motor and IC 150
around 150km with high fuel
engine)
economy.
Fig. 7. Single Throttle Assembly for Engine and Motor
Speed Control
6 CONCLUSION
HEV is a vehicle that utilizes two-wheeler which operates on
petrol and battery. For low power application battery drive is
utilized and for high power application in which control
prerequisite is high, hence the gasoline engine has to be utilized.
It is observed that, the internal combustion engine is utilized for
obtaining the propulsion of the vehicle. Once the desired speed is
attained, the BLDC motor is combined with the ICE propulsion for
total movement of the vehicle. The total torque achieved by both
ICE and electric motors is synchronized for the respective road
gradient by varying the controller. By proper distribution of the
torque, the battery life per total charge can also be increased by
driving the electric motor to minimize the fuel required for ICE
Fig. 8. Vehicle Reversing option Mounting propulsion. The throttle involved in driving the electric motor was
mutually involved in driving the ICE throttle. Both motor torque
and ICE torque were responsible in propelling the vehicle during
running condition. Hence, the short battery life issue related to
present electric bikes can be solved implementing this
technology.
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