Nehemiah Grew and England s Economic Development The

Means of the Most Ample Increase of the Wealth and

Strength of England 1706 7 Records of Social and
Economic History 1st Edition Julian Hoppit 2025
download now

Sold on ebookfinal.com
https://ebookfinal.com/download/nehemiah-grew-and-england-s-
economic-development-the-means-of-the-most-ample-increase-of-the-
wealth-and-strength-of-england-1706-7-records-of-social-and-
economic-history-1st-edition-julian-hoppit/

★★★★★
4.6 out of 5.0 (92 reviews )

Instant PDF Access

Nehemiah Grew and England s Economic Development The Means
of the Most Ample Increase of the Wealth and Strength of
England 1706 7 Records of Social and Economic History 1st
Edition Julian Hoppit Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

 We believe these products will be a great fit for you. Click
the link to download now, or visit ebookfinal
to discover even more!

England s Pride The Story of the Gordon Relief Expedition

Symons Julian

https://ebookfinal.com/download/england-s-pride-the-story-of-the-
gordon-relief-expedition-symons-julian/

The Wealth of Anglo Saxon England 1st Edition Peter Sawyer

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-wealth-of-anglo-saxon-england-1st-
edition-peter-sawyer/

The Strange Survival of Liberal England Political Leaders

Moral Values and the Reception of Economic Debate 1st
Edition E. H. H. Green
https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-strange-survival-of-liberal-
england-political-leaders-moral-values-and-the-reception-of-economic-
debate-1st-edition-e-h-h-green/

Economic Development and the Division of Labor 1st Edition

Xiaokai Yang

https://ebookfinal.com/download/economic-development-and-the-division-
of-labor-1st-edition-xiaokai-yang/
The Arc of Japan s Economic Development 1st Edition Arthur
Alexander

https://ebookfinal.com/download/the-arc-of-japan-s-economic-
development-1st-edition-arthur-alexander/

Finance Capital A Study of the latest phase of capitalist

development Economic History Rudolf Hilferding

https://ebookfinal.com/download/finance-capital-a-study-of-the-latest-
phase-of-capitalist-development-economic-history-rudolf-hilferding/

Addressing the Economics of Waste Organisation For

Economic Co-Operation And Development

https://ebookfinal.com/download/addressing-the-economics-of-waste-
organisation-for-economic-co-operation-and-development/

Legacy The Acclaimed Novel of Elizabeth England s Most

Passionate Queen and the Three Men Who Loved Her 1st
Edition Susan Kay
https://ebookfinal.com/download/legacy-the-acclaimed-novel-of-
elizabeth-england-s-most-passionate-queen-and-the-three-men-who-loved-
her-1st-edition-susan-kay/

China s Geography Globalization and the Dynamics of

Political Economic and Social Change 2nd Edition Gregory
Veeck
https://ebookfinal.com/download/china-s-geography-globalization-and-
the-dynamics-of-political-economic-and-social-change-2nd-edition-
gregory-veeck/
Nehemiah Grew and England s Economic Development
The Means of the Most Ample Increase of the Wealth and
Strength of England 1706 7 Records of Social and
Economic History 1st Edition Julian Hoppit Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Julian Hoppit
ISBN(s): 9780197264959, 0197264956
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 4.71 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
RECORDS OF 1
■IIMMII
3910053 MIC HISTORY
NEW SERIES 47

NEHEMIAH GREW AND

ENGLAND’S ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
The means of a most ample
increase of the wealth and
strength of England 1706-7

EDITED BY

Julian Hoppit

Published for THE BRITISH ACADEMY

By OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

3010053
 Oxford University Press, Great Clarendon Street, Oxford 0x2 6dp

Oxford New York

Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi

Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi
New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto

With offices in
Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece
Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore
South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam

Published in the United States

By Oxford University Press Inc., New York

© The British Academy 2012

Database right The British Academy (maker)

First published 2012

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without the prior permission in writing of the British Academy,
or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate
reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction
outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Publications Department,
The British Academy, 10-11 Carlton House Terrace, London SW1Y 5AH

You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover
and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Data available

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Data available

Typeset by
4word Ltd, Bristol

Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by

CPI Group (UK) Ltd. Croydon, CRO 4YY

ISBN 978-0-19-726495-9
 Foreword

Nehemiah Grew is perhaps best known to historians of science and medicine

for his place in the history of botany and his work as a physician, but his writ­
ing as a contribution to ‘political economy’ has received scant attention from
historians of economic thought. Two manuscripts of The meanes of a most
ample encrease of the wealth and strength of England survive and Professor
Julian Hoppit bases this edition on the copy in the Huntington Library, noting
variations in the wording with the copy in the British Library. Professor Hoppit
provides a deeply considered editorial introduction to this highly distinctive
work which Grew, who was a Fellow of the Royal Society, wrote late in his
life apparently for circulation in manuscript form only, notwithstanding the
fact it was dedicated to Queen Anne who in 1706, the year of its completion,
was in the fifth year of her reign. It is suggested that the work was in part a
patriotic act to show how England’s resources that Grew supposed had been
depleted by extensive periods of warfare since 1689 might be more effec­
tively exploited. Above all it shows Grew to be a strong proponent of state
action in improving the nation’s economic performance. The recurrent theme
of improvement in the work is shown to derive from a body of thought that
emerged within the Hartlib circle of the 1640s. In being directed towards the
monarch it also reflects a degree of frustration on Grew’s part with parliamen­
tary government and its stuttering pace in securing legislative change of the
kind he thought economically beneficial. From a methodological perspective
Grew engaged only in a limited fashion with the quantification exemplified in
their writings by contemporaries such as Petty, Davenant and King, but in its
championing of improvement The meanes reflects ambitions similar to those
that Petty had promoted somewhat earlier for Ireland.
Julian Hoppit considers in depth the four parts of the manuscript which
Grew devoted in turn to the land, manufactures, the sea and the people.
Grew’s computations of the land area and population were notably opti­
mistic and hence his estimates of the growth potential of the economy were
markedly exaggerated. Nonetheless The meanes provides valuable insights
into Grew’s views of how the state could inventory resources more effec­
tively and, particularly at a local level, promote better agricultural practices,
facilitate enclosure, improve road and especially river communications,
develop manufacturing skills, create trade surpluses and foster an expanded
vi Foreword

labour force directed far more to productive rather than distributive activi­
ties. Interesting interventions are identified on how Grew supposed that
by promoting marriage and improvements to health care fertility could be
increased and mortality decreased against a demographic background that we
now know to have been lacking dynamism. Above all. Professor Hoppit has
brought to light an intriguing text that may now be better understood as a
result of his attempts to situate Grew’s views within the ideas emerging earlier
in the seventeenth century of the Hartlib circle, the schemes for improvement
subsequently advocated by the Royal Society and the aspirations of William
Petty, a figure whom Grew described as 'my late Honoured Friend’.
We are grateful to Professor Hoppit for the care with which he has shown
in preparing this edition and in particular acknowledge the great expertise
that he brings to setting The Meanes within the economic ideas prevalent
in the period. Thanks should also go to Professor Steve Hindle who when a
member of the Records of Social and Economic History Committee acted as
its link with Professor Hoppit. We are also grateful to Dr Adam Fox, now a
member of that committee, for reading and commenting on the introduction

February 2012 R.M. Smith

Chairman
Records of Social and Economic History Committee
 Contents

Preface ix
Acknowledgements ix
The text and its history x
Editorial method xiv
Abbreviations xiv
Introduction xv

The meanes of a most ample encrease of the wealth and

strength of England i

Index 109
 Preface

This edition makes available for the first time in print Nehemiah Grew’s early
eighteenth-century diagnosis of England’s economic potential, and his reme­
dies for ensuring the full realization of that potential. As such, it is a work of
‘political economy’, though Grew’s expertise lay in botany and medicine.
Indeed, part of the work’s value lies precisely in the fact that Grew was an
intelligent ‘outsider’ in this vibrant area of intellectual enquiry, bringing to it
some of the ideals of Bacon, Hartlib, and the early Royal Society. His distrust
of people’s natural tendencies and belief in the considerable complexities of
economic life led him to propose a high level of state activity, both to provide
information as well as to regulate.

Acknowledgements

I thank the Huntington Library for permission to base this edition on its copy of
Grew’s work, and for help from Mary Robertson, Chief Curator of Manuscripts
there. Arnold Hunt at the British Library and Linda Seckelson at the Metropolitan
Museum of Art have also provided help with trying to track down the ownership
of Grew’s work. Initial work on the manuscript was only possible because of a
generous British Academy/Huntington Library individual research visit award,
while the subsequent award of a small grant by the British Academy paid for the
manuscript to be transcribed with great accuracy by Matthew Symonds.
At an early stage, Michael Hunter shared his deep knowledge of Grew
and the Royal Society with me and generously showed me the typescript
of his book about editorial practices.1 I am also very indebted to Adam Fox
for his comments on the introduction. Participants of a workshop at Oxford,
where some early thoughts about ‘The meanes’ were offered, raised many
issues in the most positive of ways. I thank Perry Gauci for organizing those
workshops. For help with specific points I am very grateful to David Bell,
Christopher Brooks, Simon Corcoran, Xabier Lamikiz, Ted McCormick,
Renaud Morieux, Mark Knights, Wilfrid Prest, and Benet Salway.

1 Editing early modern texts: an introduction to principles and practice (Houndmills, Basingstoke,
2007).
 The text and its history

Two copies of Grew’s manuscript are known to exist, one at the Huntington
Library, San Marino, California (HM1264), the other at the British Library
in London (Lansdowne 691) —hereafter HM and Lansd. for short. No other
copy has been found, including at the Royal Society. Though the two copies
are very similar and appear to date from the early eighteenth century, neither
appear to be in Grew’s hand, nor are they in the same hand. Both are fair
copies, with too few slips of the pen or corrections to have been working
copies. But it is impossible to say whether one was copied from the other,
or both separately from Grew’s original or another lost copy. There is no
evidence of who the copyists were, or who employed them.
The copies differ in size slightly, HM being 111 folios of 11.1 ems wide
by 17.7 ems tall, while Lansd. is 116 folios of 14.5 ems by 17.5 cms. In both
the text is continuous, on both recto and verso. For HM, the main text, but not
the prelims, was paginated by the original copyist, recto and verso, from 1 to
207, and followed by thirty-seven blank folios. Lansd. has several different
paginations, and is bound with another work, ‘A scheme for raising the sum
of fifteen thousand pounds by divers sorts of annuities. Consisting of two
parts.’ This is unsigned, but dated 12 September 1704. HM is in a beautiful
and costly binding from the early eighteenth century, but Lansd. was bound in
a plain and inexpensive style for the earl of Shelburne in the late eighteenth
century.
The texts of the two copies are very similar, but not identical. There are
many differences in spelling, punctuation, abbreviations, and capitalization,
with HM more modem in these regards. For these reasons, it provides the
text below. There are also many very small differences of the choice of words
between the two copies, though these never alter the meaning.1 These differ­
ences, but not those of spelling, punctuation, and grammar, are noted in the
footnotes of this edition.
Henry E. Huntington acquired HM in 1919 from the auction of the collec­
tion of the late Samuel P. Avery of New York. How Avery came to own it is
not certainly known. He frequently travelled to Europe from 1867, purchasing
art, prints, and finely bound books, but his diaries do not provide sufficient

1 Though Lansd. contains a significant arithmetical error which HM docs not, sec below, p. 93.
 The text and its history xi

details to identify when, from whom, and for how much he purchased ‘The
meanes’.2 In 1903, a year before he died, some of his collection of fine bind­
ings was exhibited at Columbia University, including ‘The meanes’. The
catalogue entry largely detailed the nature of the elaborate binding? This
entry was the origin of the auction catalogue statement that the work was:
An unpublished autograph manuscript, probably presented to Queen Anne, and
given by her to Abigail Masham. A beautiful example of English inlaid binding
of the eighteenth century in Elliott and Chapman’s finest style. With bookplate by
Richard Palmer.4

Neither catalogue provides evidence to support the statement that the volume
was gifted to Masham, nor that the binding was by Elliott and Chapman.
The key to establishing this provenance is Palmer’s bookplate, which
appears to date from the early nineteenth century. This is almost certainly
that of Richard Palmer (1765-1806) .His father, Robert (1713-87), had pros­
pered as a lawyer, not least working for the duke of Bedford, turning his
riches into land, including acquiring the mortgage of Lord Masham’s estate
in Essex. Abigail Hill, a relation of both the duchess of Marlborough and
Robert Harley, was Queen Anne's favourite servant by 1705, sufficiently that
the queen attended her marriage in about June 1707 to Samuel Masham. A
successful courtier, Masham was raised to the peerage in 1712, and lived
until 1758 (Abigail died in 1734) when he was succeeded by his son, also
Samuel. But the second baron Masham was the last, for he died without heirs
in 1776. It was probably about then that Robert Palmer gained an interest
in the Masham estate. Certainly, various Masham papers are in those of the
Palmers in the Ewen manuscripts in Berkshire Record Office?
It is likely that Robert Palmer acquired works from the Masham library,
including Grew’s work, on the death of the second baron. Certainly there is
evidence of other works following a similar path. Lord Amherst of Hackney,
like Avery a noted collector of the late nineteenth century, owned two early
eighteenth-century works said to be from the Masham library, one of which

2 The accounts in the full diaries were kindly examined for me at the Metropolitan Museum of Art,
New York (201.9 Av3) by Ted McCormick. An edition of the diaries has been printed: The diaries,
1871-1882. of Samuel P. Avery, art dealer, cd. M. F. Beaufort. H. L. Klcinfield. and J. K. Welcher
(New York, 1979).
3 Catalogue raisonne'e: works on bookbinding practical and historical. Examples of bookbindings of
the XVIth to XIXth centuries from the collections of Samuel Putnam Avery (New York, 1903), p. 66.
4 Rare and valuable books and bindings collected by the late Samuel P. Avery ofNew York. To be sold
by order of his executor Samuel P. Avery, Jr. The Anderson galleries. Park Avenue and Fifty-Ninth
Street, New York (1919). p. 69, lot 407.
5 I am very grateful for the help of Ellie Thome, archivist at the Berkshire Record Office.
xii The text and its history

also had Richard Palmer’s bookplate, and both said to be bound by Elliott
and Chapman.6 Palmer had a large family, but the direct male line ended with
the death of his son Richard in 1874. It was probably then that works from
Richard Palmer’s library were sold, including Grew to Avery.
The statements that HM (and other works from the Masham library) was
finely bound by Elliott and Chapman is misleading because they were two
firms not one.7 Elliott’s bills have survived, though not Chapman’s. Grew’s
work is not clearly among them, though there was a charge of 5 shillings to
bind a work on the ‘Decay of trade & Remedies’. This may be Grew’s work,
but given that he spent little space on ‘decay’ and was concerned with more
than just ‘trade’ it might equally well not be.8
The provenance of Lansd., which was part of the large collection of
manuscripts owned by William Petty, second earl of Shelburne (1737-1805),
bought by the British Museum in 1807, is rather less clear than HM. The
1819 catalogue of the Lansdowne collection provides no further information
on how Shelburne came to own this copy of ‘The meanes’.’ As an active poli­
tician, Shelburne had an interest in social and economic matters.10 Moreover,
not only was he a significant collector in his own right, but on family grounds
he may have been prompted to buy the work because Grew was clearly much
influenced by Sir William Petty. The binding of this copy of ‘The meanes’
bears Shelburne’s coat of arms. Dr Arnold Hunt of the British Library has
suggested that a few notes at the start of the manuscript may be in the hand
of James West (1703-72), an active antiquarian and collector who became a
Fellow of the Royal Society aged just 23 and its President in 1768." If this
suggestion is correct, and it may not be, it is unclear how West acquired this
copy. Two possibilities are worth speculating upon briefly. First, he may have
obtained it from official papers during his time as secretary to the chancellor
of the exchequer and secretary to the Treasury through much of the period
between 1743 and 1762. Second, he may have acquired it from the second
earl of Oxford: Oxford gave West some books, they went out collecting
manuscripts together, and West, as a trustee of Lady Oxford, was involved

6 S. de Ricci (ed.), A hand-list of a collection of books and manuscripts belonging to the right hon.
Lord Amherst of Hackney, at Didlington Hall, Norfolk (Cambridge, 1906), pp. 201,203. A work on
p. 273 was said to be from the libraries of Richard and Robert Palmer.
7 E. Howe, A list of London Bookbinders 1648-1815 (1950), pp. 20-1,33-4.
8 British Library, Add. MS 70404, f. 4, recto.
9 A catalogue of the Lansdowne manuscripts in the British Museum. With indexes ofpersons, places,
and matters (1819), p. 160.
10 J. M. Norris, Shelburne and reform (1963).
” Private communication.
 The text and its history xiii

in the sale of the Harleian collection to the British Museum. This raises the
possibility that at one stage Robert Harley or his son may have owned both
copies of ‘The meanes’. West could, of course, also have acquired it by gift
or purchase elsewhere. What is clear is that Shelburne bought West’s entire
collection of manuscripts.12

12 W. P. Courtney, ‘West, James (1703-1772)’, rev. Patrick Woodland, Oxford Dictionary of

National Biography (Oxford, 2004) <http://0-www.oxforddnb.com.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/view/
articlc/29085>, [accessed 6 Oct. 2009]. R. Charles Lucas, ‘Book collecting in the eighteenth century:
the library of James West’, The Library, 5: 3 (1949), 265-78.
 Editorial method

The text follows the copy of ‘The meanes’ in the Huntington Library. It
attempts to reproduce that text faithfully, including spelling, capitalization
and punctuation, but abbreviations such as ‘wch’ and ‘ye’ have been silently
expanded. Folio numbers are not recorded. Variations of wording with the
copy in British Library are identified in the footnotes. In the footnotes, place
of publication is London unless stated otherwise. Definitions of unusual
words are provided in footnotes, usually taken from the online edition of the
Oxford English Dictionary.

Abbreviations

HM Huntington Library, HM1264

Lansd. British Library, Landsdowne MS, 691
OED Oxford English Dictionary—online edition

i
 Introduction

Nehemiah Grew wrote ‘The meanes’ in 1706-7. It has never previously been
published. In part it described current economic arrangements, but only as
a means to consider ways in which output might be increased to sustain a
larger population at significantly higher levels of productivity. The political
desirability of this objective was a commonplace at the time. Samuel Fortrey,
whose work Grew shows signs of having read, stated in 1663 that ‘The great­
est thing . . . that any Prince can aim at, is to make his dominions rich and
populous.’1 Little known though it is, Grew’s work falls squarely if distinc­
tively within this literature of recommendations for economic improvement.
Grew’s work was ‘represented’ in manuscript to his prince. Queen Anne, in
the fifth year of her reign, that is the year from March 1706. In the dedication,
Grew referred to the queen’s speech at the opening of parliament in December
1706, and expressed the hope that the Union of England and Scotland would
proceed, the treaty for which was agreed in July 1706, before confirmation
by acts passed at Edinburgh and Westminster in January and February 1707
respectively, the Union coming into force on 1 May 1707.2 As will be clear
from the references in the text, Grew’s manuscript was the product of a good
deal of earlier preparation. In the main text, few of those references are to
events after 1702 and the latest are two from 1705, suggesting that his research
was concluded then. Taken as a whole, it is likely that the bulk of the work was
composed in 1706 and completed in December 1706 or January 1707.
Though many of his earlier works had been published, Grew consciously
decided that this one should remain in manuscript, with the queen to decide
who should see it, though fifteen paragraphs on calculating England’s physi­
cal size did appear in 1711.3 Manuscript circulation was not uncommon at

1 Englands interest and improvement (Cambridge. 1663). p. 4. Grew may well have first encountered
this work when it was republished in 1673. A decade before Grew wrote ‘The meanes’, John Locke’s
‘great art of government’ effectively echoed Fortrey. Many others made the same point in between.
E. Andrew, ‘A note on Locke’s “the great art of government'”. Canadian Journal of Political Science.
42: 2 (2009). 511-19.
2 Sec below, p. 3.
’ ‘A demonstration of the number of acres contained in England, or South-Britain; and the use which
may be made of it’. Philosophical Transactions. 27 (1711). 266-9. The final paragraph of this article
was new, but restated the thrust of ’The meanes'.
xvi Introduction

the time, not least by Sir William Petty, whom Grew had known and admired.
Petty had been a prolific author on economic matters, but published rela­
tively little in his own lifetime, often preferring to direct his manuscripts to
key individuals, including the monarch. In this respect, as well as others,
Grew followed in Petty’s footsteps.4 Grew asserted that leaving his work in
manuscript allowed him to be frank in his advice, while ‘not exposing the
Nakedness of my Native Countrey’, something especially to be avoided in
the midst of a major war.5 It also, of course, meant that his proposals would
avoid public scrutiny, allowing him greater intellectual freedom of move­
ment and reducing the chances of being criticized. In fact, as will be seen, a
number of his key positions were at odds with other ‘authoritative’ positions
at the time.
Grew’s place in the history of botany has been well considered, his work
as a physician by some, but few scholars have dwelt upon ‘The meanes’.
The only sustained consideration was by E. A. J. Johnson in the 1930s, and
he confined himself thoughtfully to describing Grew’s concerns and ideas.6
Several authors have also touched upon it, most tellingly Larry Stewart.7
Understandably, almost all histories of economic thought of the period ignore
it.8 Yet, as this introduction will show, it sheds distinctive light on an impor­
tant phase in ‘political economy’.9
Nehemiah Grew was baptized at Mancetter, in Warwickshire, in 1641,
being raised and educated in Coventry, where in 1644 his dissenting father
had become a vicar. Grew was a student at Pembroke College Cambridge
in 1658, graduating four years later.10 It is unclear what he then did, but in

4 On manuscript dissemination generally see H. Love, Scribal publication in seventeenth-century

England (Oxford, 1993). On Petty see G. L. Keynes, A bibliography of Sir William Petty ... and of
Observations on the bills of mortality by John Graunt (Oxford, 1971). Others submitted manuscript
proposals for economic improvement to ministers and monarchs, such as those by Sir Walter Raleigh
and John Collins. Grew certainly knew of the former in its printed form, perhaps of the latter. See
below, p. 10.
5 See below, p. 4.
6 Predecessors of Adam Smith: the growth of British economic thought (1937), ch. 7, ‘Grew, the
scientist’. This very largely repeated E. A. J. Johnson, ‘Nehemiah Grew: a forgotten mercantilist’,
American Economic Review, 21: 3 (1931), 463-80.
7 The rise of public science: rhetoric, technology, and natural philosophy in Newtonian Britain,
1660-1750 (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 46-52.
* Such as J. O. Appleby, Economic thought and ideology in seventeenth-century England (Princeton,
1978); T. Hutchison, Before Adam Smith: the emergence ofpolitical economy, 1662-1776 (Oxford,
1988).
9 The term ‘political economy’ entered common usage in English only from 1767.
10 Details of Grew here depend upon Michael Hunter’s life in the Oxford Dictionary of National
Biography, online edn, May 2009 <http://0-www.oxforddnb.corn.catalogue.ulrls.lon.ae.uk/view/
article/11521>, [accessed 19 Aug. 2009]. The entry in the original DNB contains useful additional
 Introduction xvii

1670 his botanical investigations came to the attention of Henry Oldenburg,

secretary of the Royal Society. The Society licensed Grew’s The anatomy of
vegetables begun in 1671, shortly before he registered as a doctoral student at
the highly influential University of Leiden, very quickly submitting his disser­
tation. He was thereafter always ‘Dr Grew’. Later that year he was elected to
the fellowship of the Royal Society on the proposal of Robert Hooke.
In 1672 Grew was briefly paid by the Royal Society to undertake research
in London, soon moving permanently to London, though his sources of
income remained a little uncertain. For the next decade he developed his
botany, culminating with the publication in 1682 of his Anatomy of plants.
But additionally in 1677 he became with Hooke joint secretary of the Royal
Society in succession to Oldenburg, and was given the task of producing a
catalogue of the Society’s holdings which was published in 1681. In Hunter’s
words, this catalogue ‘marked the climax of Grew’s active career as a scien­
tist’. His term as secretary of the Royal Society had ended in 1679.
Grew became an honorary fellow of the Royal College of Physicians in ■gj'tA
1680 and much of the rest of his working life was spent infmedical practice^ f '
in London, not least in developing Epsom salts. As a physician he appears to
have been very successful, becoming a man of substance. He invested £1,600
in the land tax loan in 1693 and £5,000 in the 1707 annuity loan, this at a
time when Gregory King put the yearly income of gentlemen at £280 and
of substantial merchants at £400. When his daughter married in 1736 (Grew
died in 1712) she was described as ‘an agreeable young Lady with 1500 I’.11
Such accumulation did not put an end to Grew’s intellectual interests, but
scientific research was no longer the main preoccupation of his life.
In Grew, it was said at his funeral, ‘Two Things were united, which
some think are seldom found together; a diligent Inspection into Nature and
Philosophy, with a great Veneration for God and Religion, and a constant
Study of the Holy Scriptures:'2 In part, Grew’s scriptural studies aimed to
confront the dangerous infection of both ‘Men of Erudition’ and London’s
ruling class by the ideas of Spinoza and others.13 This also took a political hue.

information. Grew’s father, Obadiah, is also in both the Oxford and the original DNB. See also
W. LeFanu, Nehemiah Grew M.D., F.R.S.: a study and bibliography of his writings (Winchester,
1990).
11 P. G. M. Dickson. The financial revolution in England: a study in the development ofpublic credit,
1688-1756 (1967), pp. 267, 426. Grub Street Journal, 16 Sept. 1736. J. Hoppit, /A land of liberty?
England, 1689-1727 (Oxford, 2000), p. 70.
12 J. Shower, Enoch's translation. A funeral sermon upon the sudden death of Dr. Nehemiah Grew,
fellow ofthe College of Physicians. Who died March 25th, 1712. Preach 'd at Old-Jewry (1712), p. 16.
13 N. Grew, Cosmologia sacra: or a discourse of the universe as it is the creature of the kingdom of
god (1701), preface.
Other documents randomly have
different content
 Microbiology - Research Paper
Second 2025 - Center

Prepared by: Dr. Brown

Date: August 12, 2025

Background 1: Learning outcomes and objectives

Learning Objective 1: Study tips and learning strategies
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 2: Ethical considerations and implications
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Key terms and definitions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice 2: Critical analysis and evaluation
Example 10: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 14: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Research findings and conclusions
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 19: Research findings and conclusions
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Abstract 3: Interdisciplinary approaches
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Practical applications and examples
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 25: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 26: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 27: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Results 4: Learning outcomes and objectives
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 35: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 38: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 39: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 40: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Exercise 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 42: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 42: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 43: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 44: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 46: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 47: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 47: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookfinal.com