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Greenfield’s
Neuropathology
Neuropathology
Volume 1
Edited by
Seth Love MBBCh PhD FRCP FRCPath
Professor of Neuropathology
Institute of Clinical Neurosciences
School of Clinical Sciences
University of Bristol
Southmead Hospital
Bristol, UK
Herbert Budka MD
Professor of Neuropathology
Consultant, Institute of Neuropathology
University Hospital Zurich
Zurich, Switzerland
Arie Perry MD
Professor of Pathology and Neurological Surgery
Director of Neuropathology
Director of Neuropathology Fellowship Training Program
University of California, San Francisco
San Francisco, CA, USA
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. While all reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable
data and information, neither the author[s] nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility or liability for any errors or omissions that may be made.
The publishers wish to make clear that any views or opinions expressed in this book by individual editors, authors or contributors are personal to them
and do not necessarily reflect the views/opinions of the publishers. The information or guidance contained in this book is intended for use by medical,
scientific or health-care professionals and is provided strictly as a supplement to the medical or other professional’s own judgement, their knowledge of
the patient’s medical history, relevant manufacturer’s instructions and the appropriate best practice guidelines. Because of the rapid advances in medi-
cal science, any information or advice on dosages, procedures or diagnoses should be independently verified. The reader is strongly urged to consult
the relevant national drug formulary and the drug companies’ and device or material manufacturers’ printed instructions, and their websites, before
administering or utilizing any of the drugs, devices or materials mentioned in this book. This book does not indicate whether a particular treatment is
appropriate or suitable for a particular individual. Ultimately it is the sole responsibility of the medical professional to make his or her own professional
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Contents
Preface................................................................................vii Chapter 15: Ageing of the brain........................................ 849
Contributors........................................................................ ix James Lowe
Abbreviations......................................................................xiv
Chapter 16: Dementia....................................................... 858
James Lowe and Raj Kalaria
Volume 1
Chapter 1: General pathology of the central nervous Volume 2
system..................................................................................1
Chapter 17: Psychiatric diseases..................................... 975
Harry V Vinters and BK Kleinschmidt-DeMasters
Margaret M Esiri, Steven A Chance, Jean
Debarros and Tim J Crow
Chapter 2: Vascular disease, hypoxia and related
conditions........................................................................... 59
Chapter 18: Prion diseases............................................. 1016
Raj Kalaria, Isidro Ferrer and Seth Love
Mark W Head, James W Ironside, Bernardino Ghetti,
Martin Jeffrey, Pedro Piccardo and Robert G Will
Chapter 3: Disorders of the perinatal period.................... 210
Rebecca D Folkerth and Marc R Del Bigio
Chapter 19: Viral infections............................................. 1087
Seth Love, Clayton A Wiley and Sebastian Lucas
Chapter 4: Malformations................................................. 270
Brian N Harding and Jeffrey A Golden
Chapter 20: Bacterial infections..................................... 1192
Martina Deckert
Chapter 5: Metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases
of childhood..................................................................... 399
Chapter 21: Parasitic infections...................................... 1230
Thomas S Jacques and Brian N Harding
Sebastian Lucas
Chapter 6: Lysosomal diseases....................................... 439
Chapter 22: Fungal infections......................................... 1281
Steven U Walkley, Kinuko Suzuki and Kunihiko Suzuki
Sebastian Lucas
Chapter 7: Mitochondrial disorders.................................. 523
Chapter 23: Demyelinating diseases.............................. 1297
Patrick F Chinnery, Nichola Z Lax, Evelyn Jaros, Robert W
G R Wayne Moore and Christine Stadelmann-Nessler
Taylor, Douglas M Turnbull and Salvatore DiMauro
Chapter 8: Peroxisomal disorders.................................... 562 Chapter 24: Diseases of peripheral nerves..................... 1413
Phyllis L Faust and James M Powers Robert E Schmidt and Juan M Bilbao
Chapter 13: Degenerative ataxic disorders...................... 799 Chapter 30: Choroid plexus tumours............................. 1709
H Brent Clark Hope T Richard, Jason F Harrison and Christine E Fuller
Chapter 14: Motor neuron disorders................................ 817 Chapter 31: Other glial neoplasms................................. 1717
Paul G Ince, J Robin Highley and Stephen B Wharton Daniel J Brat
Chapter 32: Neuronal and mixed neuronal-glial Chapter 40: Lymphomas and haemopoietic
tumours.......................................................................... 1726 neoplasms...................................................................... 1850
Daniel J Brat Martina Deckert
Chapter 33: Neuroepithelial tumours of the Chapter 41: Pituitary and suprasellar
pineal region..................................................................... 1756 tumours.......................................................................... 1870
Alexandre Vasiljevic, Anne Jouvet and Sylvia L Asa
Michelle Fevre Montange
Chapter 42: Cysts and tumour-like
Chapter 34: Embryonal tumours..................................... 1765 conditions....................................................................... 1908
Charles Eberhart Arie Perry
Chapter 35: Tumours of the peripheral nerves............... 1788 Chapter 43: Metastatic disease...................................... 1919
Arie Perry and Robin Reid Matthew D Cykowski and Gregory N Fuller
Chapter 36: Tumours of the meninges........................... 1803 Chapter 44: Hereditary tumour
Arie Perry syndromes...................................................................... 1926
Arie Perry
Chapter 37: Mesenchymal non-meningothelial
tumours............................................................................ 1828 Chapter 45: Paraneoplastic syndromes......................... 1945
Christine E Fuller and Knarik Arkun Marc K Rosenblum
Chapter 38: Germ cell tumours...................................... 1834 Chapter 46: CNS reactions to anti-neoplastic
Marc K Rosenblum therapies......................................................................... 1954
Arie Perry
Chapter 39: Melanocytic tumours and
haemangioblastoma....................................................... 1844 Index...................................................................................I-1
Arie Perry
VII
Makepeace, Head of Postgraduate and Professional We are pleased to present the ninth edition of Greenfield’s
Publishing; Mischa Barrett, Project Editor; and Miriam Neuropathology. We hope you obtain as much satisfaction
Trent, Editorial Assistant, were closely involved in the from reading this book as we have from editing it.
early stages. At Taylor and Francis, Barbara Norwitz,
Executive Editor; Amy Blalock, Supervisor, Editorial
Project Development; Rachael Russell, Senior Editorial
Assistant; and Linda Van Pelt, Senior Project Manager, S Love
Medical, all worked on different stages of the title, and H Budka
one person who merits special thanks is Sue Hodgson for J W Ironside
her invaluable help as Executive Editor. Glenys Norquay A Perry
provided freelance support and Jayne Jones designed the
cover and interior pages. November 2014
Abbreviations
AA anaplastic astrocytoma AMSAN acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy
AACD age-associated cognitive decline ANA antinuclear antibody
AAMI age-associated memory impairment ANCA antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody
ABC ATP-binding cassette ANCL adult neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis
ABCA1 ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 Ang-1 angiopoietin-1
ABRA Aβ-related angiitis Ang-2 angiopoietin-2
ACA anterior cerebral artery ANI asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment
ACC adrenocortical carcinoma AOA1 early-onset ataxia with oculomotor
ACCIS Automated Childhood Cancer apraxia, type 1
Information System APGBD adult polyglucosan body disease
ACh acetylcholine APLA antiphospholipid antibody
AChR acetylcholine receptor ApoE apolipoprotein E
ACTH adrenocorticotropin APP amyloid precursor protein
AD Alzheimer disease APrP amyloid prion protein
ADAMTS13 a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with a APUD amine precursor uptake and
thrombospondin type 1 motif, member 13 decarboxylation
ADC apparent diffusion coefficient AQP4 aquaporin-4
ADCA autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia AR androgen receptor
ADEM acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ARBD alcohol-related brain damage
ADK adenosine kinase ARFGEF2 adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-
ADNFLE autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal ribosylation factor guanine exchange
lobe epilepsy factor 2
ADP adenosine diphosphate ASA arylsulfatase A
AFP alpha-fetoprotein ASDH acute subdural haematoma
AGA aspartylglucosaminidase ASE acute schistosomal encephalopathy
AGE advanced glycosylation end product ASL arterial spin labelling
AGPS alkylglycerone phosphate synthase AT ataxia telangiectasia
AGS Aicardi-Goutières syndrome ATP adenosine triphosphate
AGU aspartylglucosaminuria ATRT atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumour
AHLE acute haemorrhagic leukoencephalitis ATTR amyloid transthyretin
AHT abusive head trauma AVM arteriovenous malformation
AIDP acute inflammatory demyelinating BA Brodmann area
polyneuropathy BACE β-site APP-cleaving enzyme
AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome BAC bacterial artificial chromosome
AIP aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting BAV Banna virus
protein BBB blood-brain barrier
AIS axon initial segment BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
AISS axonal index sector score BDV Borna disease virus
AL amyloidosis BEAN brain expressed protein associated with
ALCL anaplastic large cell lymphoma NEDD4
ALD adrenoleukodystrophy bFGF basic fibroblast growth factor
ALK anaplastic lymphoma kinase BGC basal ganglia calcification
ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia BHC benign hereditary chorea
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis BMAA β-N-methylamino-l-alanine
ALT alternative lengthening of telomeres BMD Becker muscular dystrophy
AMAN acute motor axonal neuropathy BMP bone morphogenetic protein
AMN adrenomyeloneuropathy BOLD blood oxygenation dependent
AMPA α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4- bp base pair
isoxazolepropionic acid BPAU bromophenylacetylurea
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