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The Kiss of Death Contagion Contamination and Folklore
1st Edition Andrea Kitta Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Andrea Kitta
ISBN(s): 9781607329275, 1607329271
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 1.36 MB
Year: 2019
Language: english
The Kiss of Death
The Kiss of Death
Contagion, Contamination, and Folklore
Andrea Kitta
Utah State University Press
Logan
© 2019 by University Press of Colorado
Published by Utah State University Press
An imprint of University Press of Colorado
245 Century Circle, Suite 202
Louisville, Colorado 80027
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
The University Press of Colorado is a proud member of
the Association of University Presses.
The University Press of Colorado is a cooperative publishing enterprise supported, in part, by
Adams State University, Colorado State University, Fort Lewis College, Metropolitan State Uni-
versity of Denver, Regis University, University of Colorado, University of Northern Colorado,
University of Wyoming, Utah State University, and Western Colorado University.
∞ This paper meets the requirements of the ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper)
ISBN: 978-1-60732-926-8 (paperback)
ISBN: 978-1-60732-927-5 (ebook)
https://doi.org/10.7330/9781607329275
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kitta, Andrea, 1977– author.
Title: The kiss of death : contagion, contamination, and folklore / Andrea Kitta.
Description: Logan : Utah State University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references
and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019020022 | ISBN 9781607329268 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781607329275 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Communicable diseases—Folklore. | Communicable diseases—Transmission.
| Communicable diseases—Psychological aspects. | Epidemics—Social aspects. | Fear of
contamination—Folklore. | Folklore—Psychological aspects. | Health attitudes.
Classification: LCC RA649 .K58 2018 | DDC 616.9—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019020022
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgments xi
1 Introduction 3
2 The Disease Is Coming from Inside the House! Contagious Disease,
Immigration, and Patient Zero 26
3 Supernatural Contagion: Slender Man, Suicide, Violence, and
Slender Sickness 46
4 Ostensio Mori: When We Pretend That We’re Dead 69
5 “Why Buy the Cow When the Milk Has HPV?” The HPV Vaccine,
Promiscuity, and Sexual Orientation 94
6 The Kiss of Death 110
7 Conclusion 129
Appendix: Reading Guide 139
Notes 145
References 157
Index 183
v
Preface
The words “ contagious ” and “ contaminated ” are frequently used to
describe several thoughts and fears about society and culture, and we attach
them to more than just diseases. For example, emotions are contagious;
people try to avoid others with bad attitudes, thinking that others’ world-
views can contaminate their own (see Hatfield, Cacioppo, and Rapson 1994;
Doherty et al. 1995; Totterdell et al. 1998; Totterdale 2000; Barsade 2002;
Totterdale and Holman 2003; Christakis and Fowler 2009). We also attach
them to noncommunicable diseases such as obesity for the sole reason that
we perceive them to be contagious (Christakis and Fowler 2007; Cohen-
Cole and Fletcher 2008; Smith and Christakis 2008). Moreover, we avoid
those who we perceive have infectious diseases, recoiling from passersby
or those in our company every time we hear a cough or a sneeze. At times,
the words “contagious” and “contaminated” are even used interchange-
ably, indicating that those with contagious illnesses are somehow contami-
nated by their illnesses—or that those with noncontagious diseases, such
as mental illness, are somehow both unclean and infectious. But what do
the words “contagious” and “contaminated” actually mean to people living
in the United States and Canada? How do we understand contagion and
contamination outside of the biological sciences? Who is at risk, and who
is to blame?
The Kiss of Death: Contagion, Contamination, and Folklore explores vernacular
beliefs and practices that permeate notions of contagion and contamina-
tion, with the primary aim of understanding lay beliefs and legends about
contamination and contagion. An understanding of health is ideally com-
munity based, addresses local anxieties, and involves joint partnerships
between populations, investigators, and service providers (Goldstein 2004;
Kitta 2012), or what are often referred to as social determinants of health.
To come to an understanding of health and health choices, we must explore
the diversity of cultural matters and influences that establish risk for the
groups and individuals in question. Risk classifications and risk perception
are multidimensional and linked to culture; they are intimate and politi-
cal (Goldstein 2004; Kitta 2012). Using ethnographic, media, and narra-
tive analysis, this book explores the vernacular explanatory models used in
DOI: 10.7330/9781607329275.c000 vii
viii Preface
decision-making while attempting to understand contagion and contamina-
tion. My research is targeted at understanding the real fears, real understand-
ings of risk, real concerns, and real doubts of the lay public. Exploring the
nature of contagion and contamination, I isolate areas that require better
communication and greater cultural sensitivity in the handling of infectious
disease, public health, and other health-related disciplines and industries.
Simply put, we cannot have conversations about health and risk without
considering positionality and intersectionality.
This book is divided into seven chapters; each one examines a dif-
ferent topic and how the notions of contagion and contamination affect
health and legend. The intent of this book is to inform those studying
folklore, especially in graduate programs, of the breadth and depth of the
discipline, demonstrating both traditional modes and topics of legend
scholarship as well as media, Internet, and popular culture analysis. My
hope is to demonstrate the innumerable ways one can study folklore and
the many applications of the discipline. Chapter 1, “Introduction,” serves
as a primer to the topic, considering past research from folklore and other
related disciplines on the topic of contagion and contamination. In it I
offer definitions of contagion and contamination along with a discussion
of why this topic is important and what other research and fields have
contributed to the subject.
Chapter 2, “The Disease Is Coming from Inside the House! Contagious
Disease, Immigration, and Patient Zero,” looks at narratives of immigration
and contagious disease, especially the well-established notion that these nar-
ratives reinforce the self and Other. I consider contagious disease narratives,
or outbreak narratives, using the concept of “patient zero” and “super-
spreader” as a way of contextualizing disease and controlling the outbreak.
For example, the Disneyland measles outbreak, in the context of patient
zero, demonstrates that in recent years the fear is not only of foreigners but
also of those who are already inside the United States.
Slender Man, the “first Internet ghost story,” or, more specifically, the
illness known as “Slender Sickness,” is the topic of chapter 3, “Supernatural
Contagion: Slender Man, Suicide, Violence, and Slender Sickness.” Slender
Sickness and bullying share many common symptoms, indicating that
Slender Sickness may be a vernacular illness and a way for teens and pre-
teens to discuss the topic of bullying. Fan fiction about Slender Man may
be an outlet for rage and frustration and an alternative to other forms of
violence, which is considered to be contagious by some scholars. Bullying
can and does result in more extreme forms of violence, such as suicide, as
is demonstrated by incidents on the Pine Ridge Reservation, where several
Preface ix
suicides have been linked to Slender Man and a traditional Oglala Lakota
character known as Tall Man by the media.
Viral zombies and vampires make up the content of chapter 4,
“Ostensio Mori: When We Pretend That We’re Dead.” Vampires and zom-
bies in popular culture and legend have becoming increasingly common, in
particular the viral supernatural creature. However, these creatures are not
only physically viral but also morally contaminated. In more recent years,
thanks primarily to the paranormal romance genre of literature and later
film and television, we see a different approach to the moral contamination
of the viral vampire. Instead of depravity, the vampire now spreads toler-
ance and acceptance.
HPV legends and spread are discussed in chapter 5, “‘Why Buy the
Cow When the Milk Has HPV?’ The HPV Vaccine, Promiscuity, and Sexual
Orientation.” In it I consider two primary legends: that the HPV vaccine
causes promiscuity in women and that the HPV vaccine is offered only to
male children who are perceived to be homosexual. Vaccination has become
a political issue as well as a personal medical decision and a choice made
for the greater good. The intersection between public and private belief and
medical decision-making is explored in this chapter, as are ongoing beliefs
about purity, hypersexuality, and vulnerability.
Kisses that kill, organized by intention and relationship, are the sub-
ject of chapter 6, “The Kiss of Death.” The legend of “The Peanut Butter
Kiss,” which mirrors the real death of Christine Desforges, is also exam-
ined, along with the role of gender and comfort in contamination and con-
tagion narratives. Chapter 7, “Conclusion,” surveys the roles of systemic
racism, homophobia, and misogyny in North American culture in an effort
to understand why these particular contagion and contamination narratives
have become increasingly important in this particular moment. I suggest
areas for future research and an ongoing call for advocacy. Legends are often
used as a means of social control, so they must be carefully deconstructed
to understand both surface meanings and those more deeply embedded. It
is my hope that this book contributes to that discussion.
Acknowledgments
I a m d e e p ly i n d e b t e d t o t h e i n f l u e n c e a n d wo r k of many
scholars—too many to count, in truth, but I feel the need to try. I apologize
to anyone forgotten in this list. It is inevitable that I will forget someone,
as I did in Diagnosing Folklore with Daniel Goldberg, who was kind enough
to not care but who, nonetheless, deserves my deepest thanks. I would also
like to thank all of those who have contributed to this work in a multitude
of ways. Those who attend the International Society for Contemporary
Legend Research’s annual meetings have heard me drone on for years now
about vaccines, contagion, and contamination, and I am grateful for their
feedback and continued support. The same can be said of the American
Folklore Society, which has created a welcome environment for me in a vari-
ety of ways throughout my career, but most notably in its annual meetings.
I could not ask for a better professional experience than these meetings.
I shall now (albeit nervously) start mentioning the names of those who
deserve my thanks: Gail de Vos, who always sends me information on vac-
cines and makes me laugh; Libby Tucker and Yvonne Milspaw, who remain
inspirational as scholars and kind people; Erika Brady and Diane Goldstein,
who trained and mentored me and remain crucial to my development as a
scholar; Leonard Primiano, who shows me through example how to be a
mentor; Trevor J. Blank, who read an early version of this work and kept
me sane during many days while working on this and other scholarship; Ian
Brodie, who came up with the name for chapter 4 and helps me keep my
sense of humor, no matter what; Jodi McDavid, who always has great ideas;
and Lynne McNeill, who helps me remain one of folklore’s cheerleaders.
My department and university also inspire me through their hard work
and dedication. They may not always completely understand what I’m
doing, but they support me nonetheless. I am indebted to Jim Kirkland,
who does understand what I’m doing; the Femidemics, who read early
drafts of these chapters; members of the Gold Writing Group, who tolerate
me talking too much and my obsession with stickers; and many individuals
xi
xii Acknowledgments
who have supported me and listened to me for years, including—but not
limited to—Lisa, Olga, Teal, and too many others to list. I am grateful for
the mentoring and support I’ve received from Rick Taylor and indebted to
my assistant, Tim Putnam, who made my job easier once I became Director
of Graduate Studies during this process. I am also thankful for my students,
who consistently say brilliant things and inspire me to learn more every day.
I would like to thank Michael Spooner, my former editor, who always has a
kind word and a helpful suggestion, and Rachael Levay, my current editor,
who assured me that I was on the right track. I would also like to thank the
fan fiction writers I quoted here; I made every effort to trace and contact
them, but, alas, they did not respond.
I am lucky to have a supportive family, including my mother, grand-
mother, and uncle, who don’t always know exactly what I’m up to (mostly
because I forget to tell them) but who know I will be there when I can.
My husband, Craig Brown, supports me unfailingly—even when my chores
become his burden, I bring too many cats home, and I forget important
information and need to be told something multiple times. I am lucky to
have someone who loves the things about me that others might only tolerate.
The Kiss of Death
1
Introduction
To date , the study of contagion and contamination has been the
domain of health professionals, public health professionals, and epidemi-
ologists, but there are gaps in their work. For example, while historical texts
have been published on contagious disease, they do not always offer sug-
gestions on how to address the complex issues surrounding lay perceptions
of contagion and contamination. Frequently, medical articles only state that
more research or education is needed. In light of this, it can be difficult to
consider the cultural or social implications of not understanding contagion
and contamination narratives. As anthropologist Emily Martin (1993, 67)
notes, “The practices and concepts that pertain to the human body often
provide singularly telling clues about the nature of power in different his-
torical and cultural contexts.”
Some studies from the humanities and social sciences exist that
approach the topic of contagion and contamination from a different angle.
As examples, researchers have published on thought contagion, nonin-
fectious disease as contagious, contagion and finance, collective behavior
and contagion, contagion and commerce, and sacred contagion. Concepts
from other works, such as James George Frazer’s notions of sympathetic
and contagious magic (1935), Emily Martin’s Flexible Bodies (1994), Mary
Douglas’s Purity and Danger (2003),1 Priscilla Wald’s Contagious (2008), and
Gillian Bennett’s Bodies (2009) are utilized here, as these are the most rel-
evant contemporary works that directly address the concepts of contagion
and contamination in the United States and Canada.2
Since the early 2000s, there has been a steady stream of popular cul-
ture and academic texts concerning contagion and contamination (Lavin
and Russill 2010, 66). This indicates and reflects a growing concern about
the topic. Priscilla Wald refers to these stories as “outbreak narratives” and
states that the outbreak narrative “follows a formulaic plot that begins with
the identification of an emerging infection, includes discussion of the global
DOI: 10.7330/9781607329275.c001 3
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Oceanography - Study Plan
Winter 2025 - Laboratory
Prepared by: Teaching Assistant Williams
Date: August 12, 2025
Methodology 1: Case studies and real-world applications
Learning Objective 1: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 1: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Learning Objective 2: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Learning Objective 3: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 4: Experimental procedures and results
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 5: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Historical development and evolution
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Note: Study tips and learning strategies
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Background 2: Literature review and discussion
Note: Case studies and real-world applications
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 12: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 14: Best practices and recommendations
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 17: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 3: Key terms and definitions
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 23: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 28: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Key terms and definitions
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Exercise 4: Best practices and recommendations
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 33: Best practices and recommendations
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 37: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 38: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Summary 5: Experimental procedures and results
Note: Best practices and recommendations
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 41: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 41: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 42: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 45: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 45: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 46: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 47: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 48: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Quiz 6: Ethical considerations and implications
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Current trends and future directions
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 55: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 56: Best practices and recommendations
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 57: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 58: Research findings and conclusions
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 59: Best practices and recommendations
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 7: Key terms and definitions
Note: Experimental procedures and results
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 62: Case studies and real-world applications
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 63: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 64: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 65: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 66: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 69: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 8: Theoretical framework and methodology
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 75: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Current trends and future directions
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 77: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 77: Study tips and learning strategies
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 79: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 80: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Unit 9: Literature review and discussion
Definition: Best practices and recommendations
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 81: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
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