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ausmfi,f udkaZmf
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ausmfi,f ausmfi,f
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 qdkwJh t&mawG[m bmrS ta&;rBuD;bl;qdkwm ydkodvm
Overview Effect eJY
Mu&w,f/
uGsefawmfwdkY urÇm
The overview effect qdkwm odrSwf em;vnfrI 'Dtjyma&mif tpufuav;udk b,fvdk nDnDñGwfñGwfeJY
ajymif;vJjcif; jzpfpOf wpfck jzpfw,f/ b,folawG ajymif;vJ umuG,f a&SUqufMur,f/ b,fvdk rysufpD;atmif xdef;odrf;
oGm;wmvJqdkawmh tmumo,mOfrI;awG? pMum0Vm pl;prf; apmifha&SmufMu&r,f qdkwJh udpö[m txufu azmfjycJhwJh
avhvmolawG&JU odrI rSwfrI ajymif;vJoGm;wm/ em;&Sif; atmif t&m awGxuf trsm;BuD; ta&;BuD;w,f qdkwm aocsm
ajym&r,fqdk&if todw&m; &oGm;wmyg/ oabm aygufvm&owJh/

'DvdktjrifrsdK;udk ordkif;wpfavSsmufvHk; tmumoxJ a&muf

zl;wJh vlaygif; 550avmufxJurS urÇmY ywfvrf; tjyifudk
a&mufzl;wJh vltenf;tusOf;uom &&SdcJhzl;ygw,f/

'gayr,fh vlawGeJY wjcm;ouf&SdawG&JUuGmjcm;csufuudk a&SUvl

awG[m olwdkY&JU&SmazGrIawG? tawGUtMuHKawGudk yHkawG?
pmawG ayawGeJY rSwfom;NyD; aemufvlawGtwGuf csefxm;
wwfjcif;yJ/ 'gaMumifhvJ vlawG[m t&m&mudk tpu jyefp
p&mrvdkyJ a&SUodkY wjznf;jznf;ajcqefYEdkifcJhMuw,f/
tmumo,mOfrI;awG[m olwdkY&JUc&D;pOftwGif; tmumoxJ
uae urÇmajrudk yxrqHk; jrifawGU vdkuf&wJhtcg olwdkY
tckvJ vlom;oef;aygif;rsm;pGmxJu vltenf;i,f om &zl;
wawG ½kwfw&uf todw&m; &ukefMuowJh/
wJh tawGUtMuHKudk &,lNyD;a&SUqufEdkifMuygapvdkY arSsmfvifh
vsuf.....
wu,fawmh urÇmqdkwm tvGefao;i,fNyD; puúLxufyg;wJh
aeatmif
avxkqdkwJh tvTmav;eJY tkyfxm;wJh? tvGef ysufpD;zdkY vG,f
ul wJh abmvHk;av;wpfvHk;rSsom jzpfw,fvdkU odvdkuf&wJh
tcdkuf twefYrSm overview effect pwif jzpfvm Mu
w,f vdkY qdkw,f/

'DtcgrSm 'DabmvHk;av;udkyJ pnf;½dk;awGjcm;? Oya'awGjcm;NyD;

olYEdkifiH? udk,fhEdkifiH e,fajrawG ydkif;jcm; owfrSwfw,f/ usL;
ausmf Muw,f/ olYvlrsdK;? ighvlrsdK; aoG;uGJMuw,f/ wdkufcdkuf
Muw,f/ olYbmom? ighbmom uefYowf udk;uG,fMuw,f

pmrsufESm 1
 z&D;0Dvf(vf) qdkwm &Sdovm;
vlom;awG&JU rdrd tvkyfudk rdrd vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,f jcif;
onf Free Will jzpfw,f/ udk,fh tem*wfudk udk,f om
vSsif pdwfBudKuf xkqpfEdkifw,f qdkwJh t,ltq wpfck
jzpfw,f/

a&S;uxJu vlom;awG[m tmPm atmufrSm BuD;jyif;

vmcJh &w,f/ ewfbk&m;awG[m yxrqHk; tmPm jzpfNyD;
aiGaMu;[m 'DuaeYtxd ouf&Sd xif&Sm; wnf&SdaewJh
'k w d , ajrmuf tmPm jzpf y gw,f / ußG e f j yKcH & rI u d k
qefYusifvmMuwJh vlwef; pm;wdkif;[m 'D Free Will
t,ltqaemufudk vdkufcJh Mu olwdkif;om jzpf Mu w,f/
odkYaomf... wu,fa&m vGef ajrmufyg&JUvm;/ vlwdkif; [m
jypfrIwpfckudk usL;vGef &rvm;? rusL;vGef&rvm; aumif; awGuawmh jzpf&yfawGeJY tvm;wlygowJh/ Oyrm vufwH
aumif ; BuD ; a&G ; cs,f c G i f h &S d a eo vm;/ wpf e nf ; ... b,fae&ma&muf&if ig;awG &Sdr,f/ enf;enf; a&SUa&muf&if
vGwfajrmufa&;qdkwm trSefw&m; vm;/ wGm;oGm;awG jzpfvmr,f/

Determinism udk avhvmjcif; 'Duae vl awG jzpfvmr,f/ bk&m;awG udk;uG,fMur,f/

awmf vSef a&;awG jzpfr,f/ pojzifh tem*wf ordkif;0ifr,fh
Determinism onf bmvJ qdkawmh tajctae awG
udpö wdkif;[m em&D'dkifcGufay:rSm a&;jcpfNyD;om; qdkwJh yHkpH
[m olYrwdkifrDu BudKjzpfESifhaeNyD;orSs tjcm;aom tajc
jzpfygw,f/
tae awG aMumifhom ajymif;vm&onf vdkY t"dyÜm,f &yg
w,f/ ½dk;½dk;av;zGifhvdkY&r,fht"dyÜm,fonf t aMumif; aMumifh
acwfay: Determinism &Iaxmifhrsm;
tusdK; jzpfvm&jcif;? rlv [m a&GUvsm;rI tay:udk tjynfht0
oufa&mufaejcif; jzpfw,f/ jyXmef;cH0g'vdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'DuaeY acwfudk a&mufvmwJhtcg Determinism
orm; awG tjrifu tJhonf xuf ydkwdk;wuf us,fjyefY
Determinism jyXmef;cH0g'[m ,aeYacwf odyÜHqdkif&m vmcJhNyD jzpfygw,f/ tenf;tusOf; azmfjy&&ifawmh

tMum; tjrifwdkY&JU tkwfjrpfvnf; jzpfw,f/ acwfa[mif; Environmental Determinism qdkwm &SdvmNyD/

½lyaA' Determinism orm;awG[m pMum 0Vm BuD;udk

em&D tBuD;BuD; wpfckvdk wifpm;cJhMuw,f/ em&D rSm 'D t,ltqt& pdwfokawoD a'gufwm tJvfbwf

vufwHawG[m ypöKyÜef jzpfNyD; em&Day:u trSwf tom; bef'l;&m; u ]Murf;wrf;wJh uav;oli,f awG[m rdrd

pmrsufESm 2
ywf0ef; usif rSm jzpfaeus Murf;wrf;rIawGudk twkcdk; avhvm
vkyfudkif cJh&muae olwdkYudk,fwdkif Murf;wrf;wJh uav; udk,fwdkif tm;xkwfrI qdkwm yHkjyifawG
oli,f awG jzpfvm&w,f} vdkY 1960 0ef;usifu tqdkjyKcJh zl; Determinism tvdkt& b,favmufxd wmoGm;ovJ
yg w,f/ 'gonf jyifyu vTrf;rdk;wJh Determinism &I qdk&if vuf0J tjrif vuf,m tjrif tm;vHk;udk ½dkufcsdK; oGm;
axmifh jzpfw,f/ aemufwpfcg Genetic Determin- wm jrifEdkifygvdrfhr,f/ 'Dtvdkt& udk,fhudk,fudk owfaowJh
ism qdkwmawG/ vTrf; rdk; rIonf ADZ vufqifh urf; vmrI vlawGrSm a&G;p&m vrf;r&Sd/

tjzpf twGif;uae vmw,fvdkY olwdkYuawmh qdk yg w,f/ rk'def;rI? oufi,frk'def;rI? vlowfrI tp&Sd &SdorSs jypfrIawG

(Oyrm OmPf aumif; olwdkif; IGF2R ADZ eJY qufEG,f wdkif;... jynfwGif;ppf? jynfyppf? urÇmppf tp&Sd &SdorSs ppfyGJ awG
wdkif;[m wjcm; a&G;p&m bmvrf;rS r&SdvdkY om xay:vm & wJh
aeonf)
tvkyfawG jzpfygw,f/
Determinism [m tJhovdk a&G;p&m r&SdvdkY jzpfvmwJh
tvkyf awGtay:udk oufa&mufaeovdkyJ a&G;p&m vrf;&Sd
aewJh wjcm; tvkyf&SifawG tay:rSmvnf; oufa&muf ae
jyef w,f/
'DrSm y#dyu©awG jzpfvmzdkY 0dkif;axmufyHhvmjyefw,f/ Oya'
awG jyKvkyfzdkY axmufyHhjyefw,f/ trSefeJY trSm;qdkwJh
Mass Shooters awG[m ypfolvm;/ ypfzdkY jzpfvm pdwful; ,Of &IaxmifhawGudkyg azmfaqmifzdkY jzpfvmwJhtcg ydk
olawGvm; odrfarGUwJh pdwful; wnfaqmufrI wpfck jzpfwJh Free Will qdk
tar&duef rSm ausmif;0if;xJ aoewfeJY 0ifypfcJhwJh aoewf wm udkyg pwifzefwD;zdkY jzpfvm&w,f/
ypf orm;awG qdkygpdkY/ olwdkY bmhaMumifh ypf&ovJ/ ar;p&m&Sdvmonfrsm;
avhvmrIawG t& ausmif;0if; aoewfypform; wdkif;rSm zcif ußGefawmfwdkY wu,f a&G;cs,fcGifhawG vGwfajrmufrIawG &Sdyg
rJhwJh rdom;pk ywf0ef;usif &SdaeMuw,f/ tdrfaxmifuGJ rdb &JUvm;/ qdkvdkwmu vlwdkif;vdkvdkyJ ighrSm igudk,fwdkif a&G;cs,f
awG &SdaeMujcif;? 'DxJurS zcif&JU arwåmudk iwfrGwfrdjcif;[m Ed k i f p G r f ; qd k w m &S d w ,f v d k Y wxpf c s ,H k M uol c snf h y J /
rlv taMumif;rsm;pGm xJu wpf&yf taeeJY yg0ifygw,f/ vGwfajrmufjcif;qdkwmudk yHkazmfEdkifw,f/ cHpm;Munfh pdwful;
tar&duef EdkifiH&JU aoewf udkifaqmifcGifh onfvnf; t MunfhEdkifMuw,f/ ußGefawmfwdkY[m udk,fydkifqHk;jzwfEdkifpGrf; &Sd
aMumif; cH ywf0ef;usif tcif;tusif; rsm;pGmxJu wpf&yf jzpf ol awGvdkY udk,fhudk,fudk cHpm;rdw,f/ 'ghaMumifh vJ ,HkMunfrI
jyef w,f/ 'Dvdk taMumif;awG wpfckvnf; r[kwf.. 2 ckvnf; awG... tvkyfawG[m udk,fydkifvdkY xifwwf Muw,f/
r[kwf.. trsm;tjym;u 0dkif;csnfaESmif xm;wJhtcg csnfwdkif 'D½Iaxmifhudk Libertarian Free Will vdkY ac:ygw,f/
ae&m u vl[m jypfrI usL;vGefol jzpfudk jzpfvm &w,f/ qdkawmh vl trsm;pk[m xifMuw,f/ rdrd tawG;eJY tvkyf
'ghaMumifh Determinism t& tvkyfwdkif;[m ½kyfydkif; awG [m vGwfvyf ygw,fvdkY/ aemufwpfcg ußGefawmfwdkY[m
qdkif&m pdwfydkif;qdkif&m ywf0ef;usif tcif;tusif; aMumifhom rvGJ Edkif aom taMumif;eJY tusdK;udk vufcHxm;w,f/ Oyrm
vSsif ay:aygufvm&ygw,f/ arG;uxJu ajcaxmufjzwfvdkuf&wJh vlwpfa,muf taeeJY
pmrsufESm 3
usdef;ao aoGzDae vdrfhr,fh tem*wf tvkyftudkifawG &SdrSef; tokyf pm; vdkY &w,f/ yvmwm pm;vdkY&w,f/ aumfzDeJY rkefY
odMuw,f/ tJh'D tjrifudkawmh Hard Determinism ~uGyf 0g;vJ jzpf w,f/ tJh'gawGxJurS yJjyKwfeJY eHjym;udk pm;jcif;
vdkY ac:yg w,f/ qdkawmh... ,kkwåd&Sd&Sd ajymaMu;qdk&if vl [m pdwful; rd&m tmoDoudk vGwfvyfpGm a&G;cs,fjcif; jzpf
wpfa,muf xJu 'D 2 ckvHk;udk omom,m,meJY 'Hk;'Hk;cs w,f vdkY 'Dvdk qdkw,f/
vufcHxm;zdkY qdk wm jzpfEdkifyghrvm;/ Hard Determinism rSmawmh tJhovdk r[kwf/ olYrSm
rjzpfEdkifygbl;/ qefYusifbufBuD;[mudk/ 'ghaMumifh ußGefawmf bm a&G;cs,fp&mrS r&Sdbl;/ tm;vHk;[m ½kef;xGufvdkY r&Edkif
wdkY cH,lcsuf qdkwmudku twGif;rSm tjrJwdkufcdkuf aeavh &Sd atmuf txuf txuf jzpf&yfawGu csKyfudkifxm;NyD;om;/
wJh jyóem wpfpHk jzpfvmcJhw,f/ qdkvdkwmu at;*sifhefawG[m olwdkY vkyfzdkY zefwD;ay;xm;wJh
Libertarian Free Will y&0kPfxJrSm jynfh0pGm azmfaqmif Muw,f/ b,f wjcm;
a&G;cs,fp&m e,fy,frSudk r&Sdaebl;/
reufpm yJjyKwfeJY eHjym;udk a&G;cs,f cJhjcif;
onf vnf; rjrifEdkif wJh taMumif;rsm;pGm
uae xkwf vkyf ay;vdkufwJh qHk;jzwf
csuf wpfckom jzpfw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ tm
[m& jzpfapvdrfhr,f (vufqifhurf;
pum; tqdkjyKcsufrsm;) qdkwJh ,HkMunfrI
yg0if r,f/
tcsdeftcgeJY oifhavsmfr,f (reufpm t
jzpf rSwfwrf; wif xm;jcif;) qdk wJh ,lq
csuf yg0if vdrfhr,f/ a&S;u pm;oHk;cJhzl;wJh
t&om udk jyefvnfyHkazmfNyD; xyfrH pm;
aomufzdkY wzef awmifhwrdjcif; yg0if
vdrfhr,f/ raeYu pm;cJhwJh reufpmeJY wlnD
vdkjcif;? rwlnDvdkjcif;? yJjyKwf eHjym;udk
aemufqHk; xdawGUcJhzl;wJh twdwf reuf
Alternate Possibilities Oya'o qdkwm &Sdygw,f/
cif; udk qifjcif rI pojzifh rsm;pGm aom taMumif;awG&Sd&rSm
'DOya'orSm vGwfvyfwJh tvkyfwpfck qdkwmonf tm;
jzpfNyD; 'D[mawG aygif;pk yHkazmf vdkufwJhtcg 'DuaeYreufpm
xkwf ol at;*sifhef&JU vGwfvyfpGm qefYusifrI t& omvSsif ay:
yJjyKwfeJY eHjym;&&Sdvmwm jzpfw,fvdkY Hard Determin-
ayguf &rSm jzpfw,f/ 'D Oya'ot& avbmwD a0g[m& &JU
ism orm; awGu qdkyg w,f/
teuf udk wnfaqmuf xm;wm jzpfvdkY Libertarian
Random qdkwm r&SdEdkif
Free Will ppfppf qdkwm a&G;cs,fp&mawG rsm;pGm &Sd&rSm
jzpfyg w,f/ Oyrm - 'DaeY reufpm yJjyKwfeJY eHjym; pm;w,f/ qdkawmh... aeygOD;/ tu,fí reufpmudk udk,fhzmom rqHk;
jzwf yJ wjcm; wpfa,mufu vmqHk;jzwfay;r,f qdk&ifa&m...
pmrsufESm 4
tu,fí acgif;yef;vSefqHk;jzwfr,f qdk&ifa&m... tu,fí pmtkyf awGeJY vufa&;vS p usifh... enf;enf; xdef; wwf vm
qdkif wpfqdkifxJudk 0if... cscsifwmcsuGm... pm;r,f qdk&ifa&m... awmh wpfaMumif; rsOf;ay:rSm ajymif;a&;... 'Dvdka&;&if;eJY
'DxJrSm Free Will &Sdvmrvm; ar;p&m &SdvmNyD/ Hard aemuf qHk;rSm bmrsOf;rS rygwJh pm&GufajAmifay:udk a&mufvm
Determinism t& qdk&if wjcm; wpfa,muf udk qHk; cJh Muw,f/

jzwf cdkif;rdvmapr,fh taMumif; wpfck[m &SdaevdkYom wjcm; av;aMumif;rsOf;awG rvdkawmhbl;/ wpfaMumif;rsOf;awG rvdk

wpfa,mufu vmqHk;jzwfay;&wm jzpfvdrfhr,f/ acgif; yef; awmhbl;/ 'DajAmifpm&Gufay:rSm ußGefawmfwdkY vufa&;vSvS

vSefzdkY... cscsifwm cscdkif;zdkY tp&SdwJh qHk;jzwfrI awGu tp qHk; a&; rvm;/ 'grSr[kwf rapmif;atmif csdefa&;rvm;/ BudKuf

jzwfapzdkY rlv taMumif; awG &SdaecJhvdkYom jzpfvm wm jzpf ovdk a&;vdkY &wJh tqifhudk a&mufvmcJhygNyD/

w,f/ 'ghaMumifh Hard Determinism uae vl wpf 'gayr,fh pOf;pm;Munfh&if bmawG rvdkbl; ajymajym pm&Guf
udk awmh rjzpfrae vdkMuao;w,f/ [kwfzl;vm;/ atmf...
a,muf[m b,fvdkrS ajy;rvGwfygbl;/
'g bmoabmvJ ynma&;[m puxJu pm&Gufay:rSm igwdkYudk ydwf vdkufcsifvdkY
wjznf;jznf;pD yHkoGif;vmwm rsm;vm;vdkYyg pOf;pm; rdw,f/
qdkvdkwmu.. ckpmudk cifAsm;wdkYzwf&if;uae vGwfvyfcGifh r&Sd
qif[m BuD;vmwJhtcg bmBudK;rSrygwJh oHuGif;av; cwf
awmhovdk cHpm;&vdkY pdwfawG wdkvmr,f/ 'gvnf; txl;
vdkuf &HkeJY NidrfusoGm;ovdkyJ bmrsOf;rS rygwJh pm&Gufay:rSm
tqef; r[kwf/ Determined jzpfNyD;om;/ 'DydkYpf udka&m
pmvHk;av;awG wef;aeatmif a&;EdkifvmMuwmudk ußGef
½dk;½dk;wef;wef; vufrav;axmifvdkufrvm;/ HaHa
awmf wdkY[m t[kwfxifaeMuw,f/ azmufxGuf a&;om;zdkY
Reaction ay;rvm;/ Determined jzpfNyD; om;/ bm
b,fvdkrS rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;/
ay;ay; rxl;qef;bl;/ Determined jzpfNyD; om;/ bm oif,lp&m rSsa0p&m rSef&if 'Dvdk pm&Gufay:rSm vSvSyy
a&G;a&G;.. tJhonf a&G;cs,frI jzpfvmapzdkY taxmuf tyHh [m wcrf;wem; a&;xm; &w,fvdkY avSeH"g;xpfeJYudk rSwfvm
e*dkxJu tvkyfvkyfae NyD;om;vdkY tcdkiftrm qdkae wm onf cJhMuw,f/ 'Dvdk a&;xm;orSs pmayawGudkvnf; ußGefawmfwdkY
Hard Determinism jzpfygw,f/ [m ,Hkpm;MuolawG jzpfMuw,f/ vlom;&JU tawG;tac:[m
Determinism abmifawG uae vlom;[m vHk;0 r acsmif; wpfck qdkcJh&if pmay[m acsmif;Murf;jyif vdkY qdk&rSmyg/
vGef Edkif awmhbl;vm;/ prf;acsmif;qdkwm &yfw,f vdkY r&Sdbl;/ tNrJ woGifoGif pD;qif;
ae& w,f/ 'Dvdk pD;qif;aeapzdkY atmufcH ajrcsdKifh&Sd&ygw,f/ 'D
ajrcsdKifh udk prf;acsmif; Murf;jyifvdkY ac:ygw,f/ 'g r&Sd&if a& [m
uefabmifxJuae pD;vmp&m taMumif; r&Sdbl;/ 'gh aMumifh
a&uef abmifxJu ydwfrdaewJh a&ao[m vIyf&Sm; ouf0if
vm zdkY prf;acsmif;Murf;jyif vdktyfw,f/
odkYaomf wpfck&Sdw,f/ a&[m uefMurf;jyif qdkwJh abmif
i,fi,fav;uxJu oHuGif;cwf BudK;csnfcHvm&wJh qif uaeawmh a&m vGwfvmcJhyg&JU/ 'gayr,fh ol pD;aewJh prf;
wpfaumif vdkyJ ußGefawmfwdkY[m i,fi,fxJu pepfwuseJY acsmif; Murf;jyif[myJ a&udk xyfabmifcwfr,fh &Snfvsm;wJh
rSsm; ac: abmifcwfcH cJh&ygw,f/ i,fi,fu av;aMumif;rsOf; uef wpfck jzpfaewm &dyfpm;rdvmw,f/

pmrsufESm 5
a&[m vSsHxGufvJ 'DxJyJ jyefpD;&w,f/ NidrfoufvJ 'DxJyJ pm
wce Nidrfae&w,f/ taiGUysHNyD;vJ rdk;jyef&Gm&w,f/ &GmNyD;vJ
'DxJ yJ jyefydwfrd&w,f/
'ghaMumifh uefa&udk vGwfvyfcGifh ay;cJhwJh acsmif;Murf;jyif [m urÇmqDudk ig a&;wJhpm...
a0g[m&awGrsm;jym;
yJ acsmif;a& twGuf abmiftopf wpfck jzpfvm w,f/
acsmif; Murf;jyif [m acsmif;a& b,fzuf pD;r,fqdkwmudk vufnSdK;xdk;w&m;rsm;
cyf&d&dordkif;rsm;...
tqHk; tjzwf ay; aew,f/
odkYaomf tcsdefawGudk &pfMunfhr,f qdk&if xl;jcm;rI wpfckudk
awGUEdkifrSm jzpfw,f/
tJh'gu bmvJqdk&if ]acsmif; Murf;jyif [m acsmif;a&&JU pD;vrf; cyfwdrfwdrfpGefYvTwfrIrsm;
eufeuf½SdKif;½SdKif;trSsa0csifpdwfrsm;
udk xdef;aewJh wpfckxJaom t&m jzpfovdk acsmif;a&&JU pD;
tm; uvnf; acsmif;Murf;jyifudk jyKjyifaewJh wpfckxJaom t w&ufrSdef w&ufxif; aeYpGJrsm;
nHhzsif;aom olwyg;bk&m;rsm;
&m jzpfw,f} qdkwmyJ/ [kwfvm;rodbl;/
ighbk&m;&JU pifMu,frIrsm;
ausmfi,f
-
trSm;vm; trSefvm;
aygif;jrufMum;uzm; urÇm[m zwfcsifyghrvm; ..... /

rif;atmfvdkY rdk;&Gmw,fxifwm
bmrSrjzpfzl; &ao;w,f
wefzdk;rsm;eJY owfrSwfcsufrsm;
rif;aovdkY rdk;wdwfr,fxif&ifawmh
rSm;oGm;NyD usdefpmawGys,fzdkY qkawmif;olrsm;
qkawmif;awGrjynfhzdkY usdefwG,folrsm;

aygif;jrufqdkwmu
yef;yif&JUtaESmuft,Sufawmh rSefw,f
udk,fESpfoufaompum;om em,lvdkrlrsm;
OD;acgif;armhrdwdkif; jyKwfusvmaom remvdkrlrsm;
yef;&JU oif;ysHUwJh&eHYudk
aygif;jrufu rwm;jrpfEdkifwmawmh,kH ao&nfaomuf&if; b0&SnfMuolrsm;

em;p&mawmifr&SdwJhurÇm&JU aeY&ufrsm;twGuf igodwJh tcsuftvuf

atmifOD;
awG igpk pmrl wckjyKNyD; ay;csifvdkufwm ...

pmrsufESm 6
 urÇm[m zwfcsifyghrvm; ..... / apmufwvGJtrIduftpkta0;
igaumif;ayr,fh rif;jyefraumif;cJhbl;
'gaMumifh igrif;tay: raumif;cJhbl; cspfjcif;tm;jzifhrEdk;xbl;
tdrfapmifhzdkY acG;waumifarG;jcif;eJY jcifaxmifjudk;avmuftoHk;r0ifwJh
acG;udk aumif;pGmapmifha&Smuf&wJhtvGJrsm;
urÇm[m Mum;csifyghrvm; ..... / tJh oHa,mZOf
&ifbwfwpfckvHk;emzsm;aewm
aq;½HkapmfawmifeHw,f/

reuf rsufESmopfw,f/
tusF DrD;ylrwdkuf&ao;bl;/
tvGrf;awGvnf;aMurG
b&dwfzwfpm;NyD;yvkyfusif;wm

xGD
oHa,mZOfwpf&mzdk;avmufygoGm;uGm
um;uMuyfvdkufwm
a'gufzdeyfeJYwufeif;cH&w,f
eifighESvHk;om;udkeif;oGm;ovdkyJ
aemufqkH; urÇmvdyfpmrludkzsuf ighvdyfpm igwyfNyD; ighpm tdrfomwufw,f
awGudk igjyefzwfzdkY igh pmawG ighqD ydkYay;vdkufw,f .../ teHUtoufraumif;yHkjref;
eifajymzl;wJhxm0&tcspftwdkif;yJ
NyD;wmeJYa&aq;vdkufw,f
ightrSm;awG igzwfrdygap ..... /
nD½dk;
aemufaeYigrvGrf;bl;/
,HkMunfrIeJY r,HkMunfrIjum;u tem;owfrsOf;auG;wpfck
aumif;uifudk *&yfzwDqGJcJhw,f/
Mu,fawGudkpD
rsOf;auG;rSmoD
urÇmqdkwm[dk;... ujymvJhvJhtaumif

pmrsufESm 7
 eifeJYigeJYxdkifjunfhr,f emvdkufwm.../ ayghqdrfhwpfcGufavmuf...

tmumoxJrSmawmh o0efrwdkavmufygbl;aemf/
xGD
igu tm'H eifu {0 qdk... ightwGufawmh {0qdkwm bk&m;u eifr&Sdawmhbl;qdkrS ayghqdrfhucg;vdkufwm.../
ay;wJh vufaqmif/ reufcif;wpfckcsmcsmvnfaew,fuGm/
'Dapmufyef;oD;uawmh bk&m;uay;wJhtjypf'PfyJ/ ighpdwf ighcE¨mawmif igrydkifwm/ vdkif;um;awmhwdk;rpD;csifbl;/
xm0& igay;Edkifwm eifajymajymaewJh uvdefuuspf tcspf tcspf qdkwm igckeupm;wJhqm;iefoD;oMum;vHk;/ tvGrf;
xufomw,f/ qdkwm trIdufyJ/
vufxJrSmywfxm;wJhem&Dvdk waep&mrSrvdkwm/
b,ftcsdefjunfhrvJ/ igvGrf;w,fcspfw,f/ ydkufqHray;& oavmuf xdawmh cspf
owd&w,f qdkwm arhwwfoltwGuf xkwfvkyfwJh pDvDuGef w,f/ aevnf;apmif;awmhr,f/ owd&pdwfu r0ifao;bl;/
t&kyf/ apologize em;axmifaew,f/ udk,fhbmomrvGrf;bl;/
oDcsif;xJuvdk vGrf;w,f/

rSmxm;r,f igjzLpifygw,frajymbl;/ igvnf;awGUcsifvdkYvdkuf&Smaewm/

cHkatmufudkiHkYNyD;&Smw,f/
eifh 1 usyfzdk;oHk;ckwefwJh aygufvGwfyJpm; tvGrf;awG ighem;xJ
vmvmrxnfheJY/
jyefxawmh/
aejcnfaxG;vnf; raEG; &ifrat;ovdk rvGrf;&JwJhtjzpf eiferf;wJhae&mudkcHkuvnf;erf;w,f/
aocsm w,f/ computer zGifh w,f/ ighyHkyJig wifxm;w,f/ tzGm;udk
igqdkwm tcsdefwdkif; vomcsifwJhapmuf&l;/ vSrf;ajymvdkufw,f/ Muuf om; udk El;atmif jyefcsuf yg/cP
eifajymcJhovdkyJ/ udk,fhudk,fudkawmif pdwfcsrf;om atmif ae awmhbmrSrxl;bl;/ twdwfudk csD;ajcmuf a&El;wm ygyJ/
rxm;Edkifwm/ avhusifhcef;rSefrSefvkyfawmhr,f/ tvGrf;awG aMumifh 0ae
olrsm;om;orD;pdwfcsrf;omatmifxm;zdkYu iSufaysmoD; tcGH wm/ acGß;eJYtwl owd&jcif;awG xGufoGm; atmif.../
EGmoavmufrvG,fbl;av/ &SL;aygufcsifw,f/ nuESpfawmifhukefw,f/ tdyfruf awmif
rrufbl;/ igeifhudkvGrf;w,f/
tcspfqdkwm csdKpdrfhwpfcGufvdkYatmf&HkeJY csdKoGm;r,fh vufzuf& acgif;avSsmfvdkufw,f/ tdrfrSmMuufbl;csufw,f/ Muufom;
nf r[kwfbl;/ rEl;bl;/
reufcif; pufbD;awGqdkufum;awG&SKyfvdkufwm/ eifhtwdkif;yJ/
eifvnf;ighqDrSmr&Sdawmhbl;/ a[m... 0ufqDzwfaMumfwJh/
owd&aewm.../
eifhtvGrf;awGeJYigtqDwufvdkufOD;r,f/
cvkyfwdkufvdkYajcruGJrS cParhoGm;w,f/
AHk;awGaygufvdkY wJh M 150 u qkawmif; w,f/ eifaomufrS
aygufygapvdkY/ eifodyfBudKufwmav/
pmrsufESm 8
vufzuf&nfqdkifoGm;OD;r,f/ yg;pyfowif;pm awmif;qkrsm;
awGvdkufzwfOD;r,f/
(1)
tlaMumifaMumif aeYvnfrSm tdrfuaMumifudk ]cyfodrf;ukefaom owå0g
awmiftpmrauGß;bl;/
taygif;wdkUonf
Adkuf0&if zGefxGufaMumifvdrfhr,f/ oludkawmh
tcspfeJYa0;apcsifw,f/ ab;&eftaygif;rS
uif;a0;juygap}
tonf;uGJ&if'Daumift&ufraomufwwfbl;
zdeyfpD;jyD;oGm;awmhr,f/ eifjyefvmawmhr,fwJh/ tem;ujzwf&if; a&&GwfoH Mum; rd
awmh Munfel;rIeJY ai; Munfh vdkuf rdw,f/
vrf;ay:awmifrwufcsifbl;/ tckig rsufESm ropfyJ om"kawmh rac:vdkuf rdwm trSef yg&,f/ aumif;uif
vGrf;wwfvmw,f/ igaveifhudkcspfwkef;yJ/ BuD;rSm aea&mif u pl;&SvGef; ae o vdk opf&Guf pdrf; rsm; vnf;
tyl'Pf udk tHwk aevsuf aygh/
Adkufqmvdkufwm
iSufawG ysHoef;wmvnf; rawGU&bl;av/ vlawGu vdktif
tpmtdrfatmifhw,f/ b,fbuf&ifbwf atmifhwm
qE´ awG jynfhcsifMuw,f/ ,HkMunfwJh udk;uG,frIawG qD qk
ydkemw,f/ ysdKUwufvmvdkY twdwf awGtefcsvdkufw,f/
awmif; Muw,f/
ckwifay:rSmtvGrf;awGazG;vdkY/ armeif; rajymvdkY pdwf
raumufawmhbl;vm;/ iSufawG ig;awG ua&m vdktifjynfhzdkY qkawmif; Muovm; od
csifrdjyef&JU /
aqm&D;... tdyf,mxaemufusoGm;w,f/
rdk;rc
]'guawmh rif; ½l;aevdkY 'DtawG;ay: wmyJ} vdkY em; em;uyf
ajym ovdk Mum;vdkufrdawmh vlvnf; vefYoGm;rdjyef ygw,f/

(2)
qkrawmif;wJh vl... vlYbHkrSm &SdEdkifygovm;/ tmPm&Sif awG
vnf; qkawmif;ovdk teSdrfcHawG vnf; qk awmif; Muw,f/

ola|; awGvnf; qkawmif;Muovdk olzkef;pm; awGvnf; qk

awmif;Muw,f/

pmrsufESm 9
trskd;om;awG vnf; qkawmif;Muovdk trskd;orD;awG vnf; twl,SOfum aygif;Mu &apom;... xdk oDcsif; wpfydkif;wp em;
qkawmif;Muw,f/ xJ Mum; a,mifrdcsdef cspfjcif; arwåm twGuf azmfusL; rdae
jcif; ygvm; vdkY owdcsyfrdjyefygw,f /
tJ .... todrMuG,fao;wJh uav;i,fawGu qkawmif;jcif; qkawmif;wdkif;om jynfhaer,f qdk&if b,folrqdk bmrS
tpm; idkaMuG;jcif; eJY vdktifqE´ udk jznfhqnf;Mur,f xifyg&JU / rvkyfyJ qkawmif;jcif; trI om vkyfaernfrSm taotcsm
ygyJav/
wpfudk,fpm qE´jynfhzdkY twGuf ]qkawmif;csif vdkufwm Asm}
vdkYawmh vlMum;xJ atmf aeMu rSm r[kwfygbl;av/ odkUaomfjim; vlom;wdkY rnfonf rdrd aomuayGaewJh tcdsef...
rdrd twd'ku© a&mufaecsdef... rdrd ajz&Sif;r&wJh tcufawG
(3) rsm;aecsdef.... pojzifh pojzifh MuHK awGU&wJh tcgwdkif; ta0;odkY
uav;i,fawGudk rdcifzcifawGuqkawmif;jcif; eJU tuGsrf; xGufajy; r&onfh tcgwdkif; pdwfxGufayguf wpfck taejzifh
0ifatmifavhusifhay;Muw,f/ qkawmif;jcif; trI udk qufvufNyD; vkyfaeqJ vkyfrdqJ
ygyJav /
vrif;BuD;udk armhjunfh&if; ]zdk;vrif;BuD; a& xrif; qD
qrf; a&Tvifyef; eJY ay;yg} qdkjyD; awmh av/ xdkYtwGuf jynfhjcif; rjynfhjcif;udk tomxm; cPwm
pdwfat;Nidrf;zdkY qkawmif;jcif;udk vkyfrdaejcif;ygyJ/
tck tcsdefrsm; usawmh ...
]Sometimes I wish life (5)
could be easier} uH uH\ tusKd; bmnm tomxm; taMumif;tusKd;

]b0 udk ydkí vG,fulpGm jzwfoef;edkifygap} vdkU wpfcgwpf&H wdkufqdkifí rdrd qkawmif; jynfhoGm;onfh tcg rSmvnf; qk

qkawmif; rdygw,f / awmif;jcif; udk qufvuf rzufwG,f oifhovdk ? taMumif;

tusKd; rwdkufqdkifyJ rdrd qkawmif; rjynfhjcif; tay: uH ay: yHkcs

'guawmh vlom;wpfa,muf taeeJY t½dk;&Sif;qHk; qkawmif; tjypf rwifygbl; / qkawmif;wdkif; awmif;qkawG jynfhzdkY

jzpfrnf xifyg&JU / rvdkcsifwJhol r&SdrSmawmh taotcsm yif jzpfygw,f av/

udkaZmf

(4)
'Db0rSm rif;eJY twlwl raygif;&ayr,fhvnf; aemif
b0qdkwm &SdcJh&if awmif;qk jyK csifw,f/

pmrsufESm 10
 &uf'ftif'D;,ef;om;tz
&uf'ftif'D;,ef;tazjzpfwJhol[m t&G,fa&muf vmwJh om;
udk awmeufxJ ac:aqmifoGm;cJhw,f/ NyD;awmh rsufpdudk
t0wfeJYpnf;NyD; olYudkwpfa,mufxJ awmeufxJrSm xm;cJh
w,f/

om;jzpfol vkyfaqmif&rSmu wpfnvHk; opfyifatmufrSm

rsufvHk;pnf;xm;wJht0wfudk rcGswfyJ aemufaeYreuf ae
xGuf vmwJhtxd xdkifaezdkYygyJ/ olwpfa,mufxJqdkrS wpf
a,mufxJyJ/ tultnDawmif;p&mvnf; b,folrS r&Sd
ygbl;/

tJ'Dnudk olausmfjzwfEdkifcJh&if ol[m a,mufsm;aumif; wpf 'g[m olYtwGuf a,mufsm;aumif;wpfa,muftjzpf owf

a,muf tjzpf owfrSwfjcif;cH&r,f/ tJ'Dn&JU olYtawGU rSwf cHEdkifzdkYtwGuf wpfckwnf;aom enf;vrf;yJ/
tMuHK udk wpfjcm;oli,fcsif;awGudk ajymjycGifhr&Sdbl;/ vli,f
wdkif; [m olYenf; olY[efeJY vlBuD;wpfa,muftjzpfudk ul; reufrdk;vif;vdkY aea&mifjcnf olYrsufESmay: usa&muf wJh
ajymif;zdkY tJ'Dnudkausmfjzwf&w,f/ 'g[m &uf'ftif'D;,ef; tcgrS rsufpdudk pnf;xm;wJh t0wfudk z,fvdkufw,f/ olxdkif
vli,fwpfa,muf&JUvlBuD;b0udk ul;ajymif;csdefrSm jzwfoef; aewJh opfyif&JU aemufrSmolYtazudk awGUvdkuf&w,f/ olY
&avh&SdwJh "avhxHk;pHwpfckygyJ/ taz udk b,fwkef;u a&mufaewmvJ ar;Munfhawmh
nuwnf;uvdkYajzw,f/
nOfheufvmwmeJY trSs aumifav;[m wjznf;jznf; xdwf
vefY vmw,f/ awmaumifrsdK;pHk&JUtoHudk ol Mum;vm w,f/ wcgw&H uGsefawmfwdkYawG[m cufcJwJhtcsdefumvawGudk
0uf0HawG[m olYtem;rSm&Sdaewmudk odae&w,f/ rsdK;EG,f pk wpfa,mufxJ jzwfoef;ae&w,fvdkY xifaumif; xifrd
rwlwJh vl½dkif;awGuvnf; olYudk 'ku©ay; oGm;Edkif wmvnf; ayr,fh wu,fwrf;usawmh rdom;pk[m ußGefawmfwdkYeJY
pOf;pm;rdw,f/ wdkufcwf aewJh avjyif; awG[mvnf; tNrJwrf; twl&SdaecJhwmjzpfygw,f/
jrufyifawG opfyifawG aemufqHk;olYudk o,faqmifoGm; (Cherokee Story wpfyk'fudk bmomjyef azmfjy yg onf/)
awmh r,fhtxdygyJ/
aeatmif
aemufqHk;rSmawmh ol[m rsufpdudkpnf;xm;wJht0wfudk
rz,fyJ Murf;wrf;wJh nudk cufcufcJcJ jzwfoef;EdkifcJhw,f/

pmrsufESm 11
 bk&ifrif;BuD;\
ar;cGef;oHk;ck
wpfcgwkef;u bk&ifBuD; wpfyg;[m
awG;rdcJhw,f/ ]tu,f íom
avmurSm &Sd&SdorSs tcsdefawG... vl
awG... tvkyfawGxJu taumif;
qHk; tcsdef... taumif;qHk; vl eJY t
aumif;qHk; tvkyfawGudk odEdkifcJh
r,f qdk&if ol bm vkyf vkyf rSm;p&m
r&Sdawmhbl;} vdkY awG;rdw,f/
'Dawmh taumif;qHk;tcsdef... t
aumif ; qH k ; vl e J Y taumif ; qH k ;
tvkyf awG[m bmawGvJ qdkwm
vm &Sif;jyEdkifr,fh vludk qk aiG ay;
r,fh taMumif; wdkif;jynfxJudk ywf
aMujim vdkuf w,f/ owif; Mum;
wJhtcg te,fe,f t&yf&yfu
ynm&SdawG vmajzMuayr,fh wpf
a,mufudkrS bk&ifBuD;u pdwfwdkif;
rusbl;/

zGJUNyD;awmh tNrJwap wGufcsufcdkif;aejcif;uom taumif;

wcsdKUawGu taumif;qHk;tcsdefudk odzdkY vawG ESpfawG BudK
qHk; tcsdefudk odEdkifvdrfhr,f qdkMuw,f/ wcsdKUuvJ tMum;
wif NyD; pDrHudef; csrSwf&r,f qdkw,f/ wGufcsufNyD; wdus pGm
tjrif q&mawGudk tultnDawmif;zdkY bk&ifBuD;udk tMuHjyK
vdkufemrIeJYom taumif;qHk; tcsdefudk awGUEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY
w,f/ 'grS tem*wfudk BudKwif odEdkifvdrfhr,fvdkY qdkMu w,f/
tqdkjyKMuw,f/ wcsdKUusawmhvnf; twdwfawG tem*wf
ta&;tBuD;qHk; vlawGudkawmh tawmfrsm;rsm;u rdom;pk
awG uae uif;vGwfatmif owdBuD;BuD;eJY a&SmifEdkifr,f qdk
0ifawGudk ñTefw,f/ wcsdKUu cspfolawGudk ñTefw,f/ wcsdKUu
&if... cHpm;csufawG vpfvsL&IEdkifr,f qdk&if taumif;qHk;
q&morm;? ewfbk&m;eJY ynm&SifawGudk 0dkif;vdkY ñTefMuw,f/
tcsdef udk vufawGUodvdrfhr,f qdkw,f/ ypöKyÜefudk vufn§dK;
ta&;tBuD;qHk;tvkyfudk wcsdKUu odyÜH vdkY tqdkjyKw,f/
ñTefMu NyD; twdwfeJY tem*wfawGudk z,fcdkif; vdkY ,EÅ&m; awG
xGef;um; atmif vkyfzdkY tMuHay;w,f/ pD;yGm;a&;udkvnf;
vdk jyKrlvkyfudkifzdkY tMuHjyKMuw,f/ wcsdKUu bk&ifBuD;
ajym Mu olawG &Sdw,f/ wdk;wufatmif vkyfMunfhzdkY tMuHjyK
wpfa,mufxJeJY rodEdkifaMumif;? ynm&Sif tzGJU wpfck
pmrsufESm 12
Muygw,f/ ppfa&;ppf&m utp bmoma&; udkif&Idif;zdkY tqHk; olawmfpifBuD;[m bk&ifBuD;ajymwm em;axmifNyD; jyefrajz
pHkae atmif 0dkif;vdkY tqdkjyKMuoavmuf bk&ifBuD;uawmh cJhygbl;/ ol[m aygufwl;udk jyefyifhwifvdkY ajrmif; qufazmuf
vHk;0 pdwfwdkif; ruscJhbl;/ wpfa,mufudkrS qkaiG xdkuf wef aecJhw,f/
olvdkY rowfrSwfcJhbl;/ 'gay r,fh bk&ifBuD;[m vufravSsmh ]cifAsm; awmfawmfarmaewm.. ceem;ygOD;vm;/ usKyfwvSnfh
ygbl;/ awmxJrSm vlawGeJY tquftoG,f odyfrvkyfwwfwJh aygufay;r,f/ ay; aygufwl;} vdkY bk&ifBuD;vnf; tultnD
ynm&Sd olawmfpif wpfyg; aexdkif w,fvdkY olMum;zl;w,f/ ay;zdkY vkyfw,f/ olawmfpifBuD;vnf; aus;Zl; wifaMumif;
'Dawmh bk&ifBuD;[m ½kyfzsuf NyD; oGm;ar;zdkY MuHw,f/ ajym NyD; vufxJu aygufwl;udk vSrf;ay;vdkY rvSrf;rurf;rSm
aemufwpfaeY reufapmapmrSm bk&ifBuD; [m udk,f&Hawmf xdkif em; aecJhw,f/ watmifhaeawmh aygufwl;aygufwm ce
awG eJY eef;awmfuae xGufvmcJhw,f/ awmpyfa&mufawmh em;vdkY bk&ifBuD;[m 'kwd, tBudrf olawmfpifBuD;udk xyfar;
udk,f&HawmfawGudk aecJhapNyD; wpfyg;xJ olawmfpifBuD;qD ygw,f/

avSsmufvmcJhw,f/ olawmfpifBuD;qD a&mufwJhtcg wJa&SU olawmfpif[m bmrS jyefrajzyJ ]uJ rif;vJ armavmuf a&m
rSm wGif;ajrmif; wl;aewJh olawmfpifBuD;udk awGUvdkuf&w,f/ aygh/ cevmem;/ ig qufaygufr,f} vdkY aygufwl;udk jyef
olawmfpifBuD;[m aygufwl;wpfcsuf aygufvdkuf.. tarm awmif; &if; ajrqufaygufw,f/
ajz vdkufeJY yifyifyef;yef; aygufae&ayr,fh olpdrf;jzpfwJh 'DvdkeJY wpfa,mufwpfvSnfhpD ajraygufvmwm ae0if awmh
bk&ifBuD; udk awGUwJhtcg vSrf;jyHK;jyw,f/ NyD;wmeJY olY vkyfNrJ r,fh tcsdef a&mufvmcJhw,f/ bk&ifBuD;vnf; pdwfr&Snfawmh
tvkyf udk qufvkyfaecJhw,f/ [efeJY ]olawmfpif.. cifAsm; ajzrSmvm;/ rajzawmhbl;vm;/
bk&ifBuD;vnf; olawmfpif tem; avSsmufoGm; NyD; ]olawmf rajzbl;qdkvJ ajymyg/ usKyfvSnfhjyefygawmhr,f} vdkY ajym
pifBuD; cifAsm;.. ar;p&mav; &SdvdkY vmcJhwmyg/ avmu rSm &Sd&Sd vdkuf w,f/
orSs tcsdefawG... vlawG... tvkyfawGxJu taumif; qHk; tJh'D tcsdefrSm ]a[m.. wpfa,mufa,muf [dkbufuae
tcsdef... taumif;qHk;vleJY taumif;qHk; tvkyfawG udk odcsif wdkYqD ajy;vmaeoH Mum;&w,f/ Munfhprf;} vdkY olawmfpif
ygw,f/} vdkY qdkw,f/ BuD; u ajymawmh rif;BuD;vJ vSnfhMunfhvdkufw,f/
pmrsufESm 13
[kwfy/ vlwpfa,muf olwdkYqDudk ajy;vmaewm jrifvdkuf olawmfpifBuD;[m raeYu wl;xm;wJh wGif;awG xJudk rsdK;aph
&w,f/ aoG;xGufaewJh &ifbwfudk vufeJY zdxm;NyD; ajy;vm awG BuJaew,f/ bk&ifBuD;vnf; tem;udk avSsmuf oGm;
aeyHk axmuf&if ab;tEÅ&m,f wpfckck awGUvmyHk&ygw,f/ NyD; ]olawmfpifBuD;.. usKyfjyefawmhr,f/ 'gayr,fh rjyefcif
'Dvl[m bk&ifBuD;wdkY tem;udk a&mufwJhtcg vJusoGm;w,f/ av; usKyfar;wm rajzay;csifbl;vm;Asm}/ 'Dawmh olawmf
'Dawmh bk&ifBuD;wdkY 2 a,mufvJ tvsiftjref ayGUxlvdkufNyD; pifBuD;[m olYudk armhMunfh&if; ]rif;BuD; tar; awG twGuf
vlem udk tusÐcßGwfay;.. aoG;awG aq;NyD; aq;xnfh ywfwD; tajz udk rif;BuD; udk,fwdkif ajzNyD;NyD r[kwf vm;} vdkY qdkvdkuf
pD; pojzifh vkyfay;ygw,f/ 'DvdkeJY vlemudk olwdkY 2 a,muf ygw,f/
0dkif;jyKpkMu&if; nOfheufrSef; rod eufvmcJhwJhtwGuf bk&if ]b,fvdk b,fvdk.. usKyfem; r&Sif;bl; olawmfpifBuD;}
BuD;vnf; olawmfpifBuD;qDrSm wnf;cdkcGifh awmif;vdkY ntdyf olawmfpifBuD;vnf; oufjyif;&SnfBuD; wpfckcsvdkY rwfwyfx
vdkuf &w,f/ &yfvdkuf&if; atmufygtwdkif; &Sif;jycJhygw,f/ 'DawmhrS
reufrdk;vif;wJhtcg bk&ifBuD;tdyf,m xawmh olYa&SUrSm 'l; bk&ifBuD;vnf; aus;Zl;wifaMumif;ajymvdkY EIwfqufNyD;
axmufNyD; xdkifapmifh aewJh nuvlemudk awGUvdkufw,f/ eef;awmfudk 0rf;ompGm jyefoGm;ygawmhw,f/
]cGifhvTwfyg bk&ifrif;BuD;/ wu,fawmh usKyf[m cifAsm;udk ]raeYu bk&ifBuD;om usKyf tay:rSm Muifem oem;rI r&SdcJh&if
tvGefrkef;wJh cifAsm;&JU &efol wpfa,mufyg/ bk&ifBuD;[m ajrmif;awGudk ulwl;ay;jzpfrSm r[kwfbl;/ odkYaomf bk&ifBuD;
usKyf nDudk ao'Pfay;cJhNyD; usKyf tdrf,mudkyg odrf;,l oGm; ul wl;ay; cJhwJhtwGuf usKyf oufom&m &wm jzpfw,f/
cJhvdkY vufpm;acszdkY tNrJ MuHpnfaecJhol wpfa,mufyg/ raeYu ta&; tBuD;qHk; tcsdef[m ajrmif;wl;aecsdef jzpfNyD; ta&;
bk&ifBuD; awmxJrSm olawmfpifqD vmawGUr,fvdkY owif; tBuD; qHk; vl[m usKyfjzpfcJhw,f/ ta&;tBuD;qHk;tvkyf[m
&wJh twGuf usKyfvnf; vkyfMuHr,f qdkNyD; xGufvmcJhwm/ usKyf em;EdkifzdkY om jzpfw,f/ usKyf tem;,lEdkifzdkY omvSsif
awmpyfu oufawmfapmifhawGeJY awGUNyD; toufvk ajy;cJh bk&ifBuD; pdwfxJ tJh'D tcsdefrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk; jzpfygw,f/
&wmyg/ ckawmh rif;BuD;eJY olawmfpifwdkY u,fwJh toufyJ &Sd aemufwpfcg 'Pf&meJY vl usKyfwdkYqD a&mufvmwJhtcg
awmh w,f/ usKyfudk tjypfay;csifvnf; ay;yg/ cHyghr,f/ ajymif;vJrI pwifNyD/ wpfckxJr[kwf/ oHk;ckvHk; ajymif;ygw,f/
r[kwf &ifvJ bk&ifBuD;qDrSm wpfoufvHk;ußGefcHNyD; aus;Zl; ta&;tBuD;qHk; tcsdef[m olYudk jyKpkaecsdef jzpfw,f/ ta&;
qyf zdkY qHk;jzwfvdkufygNyD/} vdlY vlpdrf;u qdkygw,f/ tBuD;qHk;vl[m vlem olpdrf; jzpfvmw,f/ olYtouf rao
bk&ifBuD;[m pdwfrqdk;wJh tjyif 0rf;omrdoGm;w,f/ olY a&;u bk&ifBuD; twGuf usKyftwGuf ta&;tBuD;qHk; tvkyf
twGuf &efoluae rdwfaqG jzpfvmwm[m 'g yxrqHk; jzpfvm&ygw,f rif;BuD;}
tBudrfyJ/ bk&ifBuD;[m vlpdrf;udk cGifhvTwfaMumif;.. ußGefcH (vD,dkawmfvufpwGdKif; &JU Three Quetions 0w¬K wdk av;yg/
'Duae &Edkifr,fh oifcef;pmu ypöKyÜef vdkY qdkwdkif; tcsdef wpfckxJvdkY
zdkYvJ rvdkaMumif;.. eef;wGif; orm;awmfudkyg aemufydkif;rSm ußGefawmfwdkY rjrifMuzdkY vdkw,f/ tcsdef ygw,f/ vlygw,f/ tvkyfyg
aq; qufvuf ukzdkY vTwfay;r,fh taMumif;... odrf;,l xm; ygw,f/ oHk;ckpvHk;[mvJ quf EG,f aeMuygw,f/ )

rdwJh tdrf,mawGudk jyefay;ygr,fh taMumif; ajymjyNyD; jyefcdkif; ausmfi,f

vdkufygw,f/ vlpdrf;jyefNyD;wJhaemufrSm olvJ jyefawmhr,fvdkY
qHk;jzwf vdkufNyD; aemufqHk;tBudrf tjzpf olawmfpifBuD;qDudk
ar;cGef; ar; zdkY xGufvmcJhw,f/

pmrsufESm 14
 udk,f ysHoef;wJhtcg ... udk,f ysHoef ;wJhtcg
udk,f ½Sd&m aemuf wjznf ;jznf ;vdkuf&..
a&muf NyD... wpf &pf csif ;...
wuf vdkuf ygOD;... wpf yif csif ;.../
tm;BudK;rmef wuf xdef ;&wJh BudK;i,f ... udk,f ysHoef ;wJhtcg
rif ;t aMumif ;pOf ;pm;rdwJhtcg... rSef pmtm;udk;eJY
]tEdIif ;rJh..}oDcsif ; av;udk xyf jywf usrSm r aMumuf zdkY ajym&...
OD;xG#f toHeJYnnf ;rdw,f ... wpf cGef ;csif ;...
tJh'Dh aeYu udk,f jywf uscJhw,f ... wpfcsuf csif ;.../
tjrif hBuD;xd ysHoef ;&wmudk;.../
Edkif vGef BudK;u ae udk,f ysHoef ;wJhtcg
wpf vGif hcsif ;? wpf ½Sdef xdk; BudK;udktm;remwrf ; wpf quf
a0hum? vnf um wnf ;zGif h&...
vl;um? vSdrf hum... wpf Budrf csif ;...
tpdwf pdwf ? trTmrTm... wpf xyf csif ;.../
b,f tcsdef jywf rvJ udk,f ysHoef ;wJhtcg
wxdwf wxdwf apmif hMunf h&wJh odyf vSvdkuf wJh pGef u av;vdkY atmf
wzswf zswf eJY rSef pmBudK;i,f ... &...
aumuf um? iif um Muif emjcif ;...
qif um? jref ;um odrf arGUjcif ;../
a0hum? oDum pGef u av;u BudK;udkn§mw,f ...
avhum? usif hum... MuKd; u av; u pGef udkn§mw,f ...
udk,f rSwf rdo avmuf &pf vHk; av;qD twljyef qdkuf Muw,f ....
tJh'DhwHwm; ay:rSm...../ udk ,f ysH oef ; wJh tcg .. ../ /
udk,f tjrif hBuD; wuf zdkY
rif; ta0;BuD; ajy;cJh w,f cif jcL;om

tjrif hBuD;...
NyD; awmh vnf ;
t a0;BuD;...
rif ;u ajy;cJh&vdkY armw,f ...
udk,f u tjrif hqHk; a&muf zdkYvdkw,f .../

pmrsufESm 15
 &dk;om;pGmyGifhvif;Muonfqdkaomfvnf; tcef; (2)
]udkYudk 0efcHp&m wpfck&Sdw,f} vdkY EG,fEG,fajymvdkufawmh
aZmfvwf &ifxJ xdwfceJ jzpfoGm;w,f/ NidrfNidrfav; em;
axmif ae&if;uae aZmfvwf &ifxJrSm urÇmysufoGm;w,f/
aemufxyf ajymvmwJh pum;vHk;awGu olUem;xJ r0ifwcsuf
0ifwcsufyJ .....
EG,fhrSm olUt&if&nf;pm;&Sdzl;aMumif;? tJh&nf;pm;eJY twl ae
wJhtqifhxda&mufzl;aMumif;? tJhvleJYjywfNyD;awmfawmfMumrS
aZmfvwfudk wu,fcspfrdvdkY vufwGJcJhaMumif;? vSsKdU0Suf xm;
&vdkY pdwfxJrSm tjrJemusifae&aMumif;? zGifhajymwJhtcg aZmf
tcef; (1) vwf ypfoGm;rSmaMumufrdaMumif;? tckvdk qufcspf ae ay;
udkausmfrif;wa,mufawmh pdwfxJwEHkYEHkYeJY cHpm;ae&w,f/ vdkY aus;Zl;wifaMumif;? opöm&Sd&Sd qufcspf aeay;r,fh t
NyD;cJhwJh q&muefawmhyGJNyD;awmh i,foli,fcsif;a[mif;awG aMumif; awG pHkvdkYygyJ ...
aomufyGJvkyfwJhnudk pdwfemaerdw,f/ ol t&rf;rl; roGm; aZmfvwf&JU&ifxJrSmawmh 'gPf&mtopfawG arG;zGm;vmcJhNyD/
cJh&if taumif;om;/ tckawmh ol woufvHk;xdef;cJhwJh opöm EG,fEG,fwa,mufuawmh tcspfppfeJY MuHK&vdkY 0rf;om rdae
awG[m ... av&JU .....
tJh'D nu KTV wckrSm aomufMuawmh aumifrav; i,f tcef; (3)
i,f acsmacsmav;awGeJYav/ tdrfu rdef;reJYuvnf; uif; vlawmfawmfrsm;rsm;&JU &ifxJrSm tcspfqHk;vlawGudk trSef
uGm aewm ESpfeJYcsDaewmaMumifh aumifrav;awG&JU tjyK ajymjyvdkY rjzpfwJh vSsKdU0Sufcsufuav;awG &Sdzl;cJhMur,f/
tpk rSm om,mrdaecJhw,f/ tJhnu awmfawmfrl;cJhw,f/ &dk;om;yg/ yGifhvif;Muyg/ udk,fhpdwfxJu emusifrIudk ajz
reuf Edk;vmawmh a[mfw,fu tcef;xJrSm ol rodwJh azsmuf csif wmeJYawmh wyg;ol&JU pdwfxJudk emusifrIawG vTJ
aumifrav; wa,mufeJY ... ajymif; ray;apcsifyg/
q,fESpfavmufxdef;cJhwJh opömawG a&pkefarsmwmudk udk,fhpdwfxJrSm vSsKdU0Sufxm;&avmufwJhtxd remusif &
jyefawG; wdkif; &ifxJrSm ESajrmaerdw,f/ bmvkyfvkyf rdef;rudk atmif rrSm;zdkYawmh owdxm;apcsifygw,f/
tjrJ today;cJhwm/ tckawmh vdrfnmvSsKdU0Sufxm;&wJh pdwfeJY av;pm;pGmjzifh .....
ol emusifae&NyD/ aemufqHk;awmh ... ydkifpdk;
]rdef;ra&} vdkY tpcsDNyD; idkBuD;csufreJY ol 0efcHrdygawmhw,f/
rdef;ruvnf; oabmxm;BuD;pGmeJY jzpfNyD;cJhNyDyJvdkY oabm
xm; NyD; cGifhvTwfay;w,fav/ olU&ifxJu pdk;&drfrIawG aemif
w awGudk olUrdef;ru &Sif;vif;ay;cJhNyDav/ olUrdef;r&JU &ifxJ
rSmawmh .....

pmrsufESm 16
 ay;ygAsxGefwkH; vpf pepf usifhokH;aeqJ umvaygh/ tJvdk tcsdef ausmif; p
wuf wJh q&m[m ausmif;rSmeH&HuyfpmapmifawGvkyfr,fvdkY
olYq&mjzpfoluajymvdkY oli,fcsif; awGpk pmrlawG,l
za,mif; vufa&;awGa&;NyD; eH&HuyfpmawGvkyfMuwmaygh/
tJ'DrSm olYxufpDeD,muswJhtudkwa,mufu pmwpfyk'f a&;
w,f acgif;pOfu ay;ygAsxGefwkH; wJh/taMumif; t&m u
&Gmom; wpfa,muf q,fwef;atmifawmh rdb awG u om;
jzpfoludk ynmwwfjzpfapcsifvdkYwuúodkvfudkydkYw,f /

om;jzpfoludkynmwwfapcsifvdkY wuúodkvfudkom ydkY&w,f/

Owku rrSefovdk qnfa&qdkwmuvnf; qnfom&Sd a&r&Sd
awmh a&r&wmrdkY oD;ESHutjzpfenf; oD;ESH tjzpf enf; ygw,f

owådqdkwm udk,faMumufwJh t&mxuf wjcm;[m u qdkrS wm0efausqdkwJh pum;eJY oD;ESHawG BudKoGif; &wJhtcg
ydkta&;BuD;aeNyDvdkY odvdkufwJh pdwfuav;... udk,f oGm;aeus udk,fh rSm rjzpfxGef;ayrJh pm&Gufay:uyk'frawGudk aMumuf &

yHkpH[m tckajymif;rS &awmhr,fvdkY odvdkufwJh pdwfuav; wJh tcg jyifyuoD;ESHudk0,fNyD;wm0efaus oD;ESHawG oGif;&
jzpfygw,f/ tJh'Dvdk ydkta&;BuD;wmudk a&G;cs,frIonf owåd wmrsdK;MuHK&w,f/

jzpfw,f/ tJovdkMuHK&wJhtjyif om;jzpfol &JU wuúodkvf pm;&dwf tqif

wu,fawmh... ajyzdkY EGm;a&mif; v,faygifeJY ay;& jyefw,f/ om;jzpfol

txuf u pum;av;u ausmf i ,f e J Y pum; ajym&if ; uawmh rdb&JU tjzpfudkrodbl;aygh 'DvdkeJY om;jzpfolubGJU&
wdkufqdkifwJh tcdkufrSmausmfi,fajymcJhwJhpum;av;wckaygh/ tpdk;& tvkyfvkyfzdkY&mtvkyfavsmufwJhtcg tvkyftudkifu

tJ'D pum;rSm... &Sm;yg;awmhtvkyfur& tvkyfur&ayr,fh tdkvmwJh rdb udk

udk,faMumufwJht&mxuftjcm;t&muydkta&;BuD;aeNyDvdkY vkyfauGs;zdkY vdkvmawmh ½dk;&m awmifol v,form; tjzpf

odvdkufwJh pdwfuav; qdkwmygw,f/ vkyfr,f qdkNyD; rdbESpfyg;qDudk ay;ygAsxGefwkH;vdkY ajymwJhtcg

tJ'D ae&mav; twGuf tawG;wpfckaygh/ xGefwkH;wifru xGefp&m v,fyg r&SdwJh tjzpftaMumif; a&;

wu,fvdkYudk,faMumufwJh t&mxuf ydkta&;BuD;wJht&mudk xm;wmav;yg/

usaemfwdkY awGU&if ta&;BuD;wJh t&m&Sd&m udk ul;ajymif;zdkYvG,f tJ'DtaMumif;t&mav;eH&Huyfw,fqdk&ifbJausmif;om;a

rvm;/ owådqdkwJh t&mu jzpfvmawmif taumif txnf wGw½kH½kH;eJYzwfNyD; aumif;w,fvdkY a0zefwmudk BuD;Muyfol
az: Edkifyghrvm;vdkY awG;rdw,f/ 'g[m tawG; tjzpf cP xm; q&muodwJhtcg tarmwaum vmNyD; uyfxm;wJh pmudk

&if; q&m wpfa,muf ajymjycJhwm wpfckudk ajymjycsifygw,f jzKwf... pma&;oleJY pmuyfwJh usaemfh q&mudk ½kH;cef; vmzdkY
1970 pGef;pGef;ESpfwckrSm usaemfhq&m[m rEÅav; wuúodkvf ac:yg ava&mwJh/

rSm ausmif;wufw,f/ tJ'Dtcsdefu EdkifiHawmf[m qdk&S,f

pmrsufESm 17
usaemfhq&meJYpma&;ol½kH;cef;a&mufwJhtcg olwdkYq&mu ][JY... ivGif r&ao;bl;vm;} vkdYar;vdkufawmh nSKd;nSdK;
ajymowJh/ rif;wdkYa&;wmuyfwmurSefygw,f/ wu,fh i,fi,feJYyJ ig;ajcmufjym;MuD; aysmufqHk;oGm;wJh taMumif;
avmu rSm v,form; tvkyform;... tukefvkH; 'ku© rsdK;pkH wifavSsmuf&awmhw,f/
&ifqdkif ae&ayr,fh owif;pmawG pnf;a0;yGJawG rSmawmh ]ivGif...vmcJh} vdkY xm;0,f Mudrfudk qGJjyD; ac:vdkufwJh q&m
tqifajyaewJhacwfayghuGm/ rif;wdkY a&;wJh uyfwJh o½kyfrSef awmf toHu ausmif;om; tm;vHk;&JUESvHk;om;udk uefYvefY
tjzpftysufrsdK;udk a&;rdajymrd&if tJ'gudk iguvufcHrd&if jzwf 0if oGm;ygowJh/
qdk&S,fvpf opömzsufolvdkYaxmifxJxnfhvdrfhr,f/ ][JU...ivGif eif[m bk&ifYom; taMumif;nDnGwf&if ekdifiHudk
rif;wdkYvnf;b0tñTefYrusdK;ygapeJY ighrdom;pk vnf; iJhñSmyg tkyfcsKyf rif;vkyf&r,fhol/ 'Dvdkvlu ig;ajcmuf jym; wpfcsyf udk
vdkY q&muajymowJh/olYq&m ajymwm Mum;NyDwJh usaemfh awmifvHkjcHKatmif rapmifha&Smufekdif&if ekdifiHudk eifb,fvdk
q&m [m csufjcif; aMumufoGm;ovdk aemifvnf; eH&Huyf pm vHkjcHK atmifvkyfedkif awmhrSmvJ} vdkYrdefYjyD; tcsufaygif;rsm;pGm
apmif rvkyfjzpfawmhbl;wJh 'gayrJh eH&Huyf pma&;wJh tudk &dkufESuf qHk;rygowJh/
uawmh aemuf&ufrSm ausmif;xJuae aysmufjcif;rvS b,favmuf½dkufovnf;qdk t&dI;&mu aoxd raysmufbl;
aysmuf oGm;w,fvdkYajymw,f/ txufu tjzpftysufrSm vdkY ajymw,f/
taMumufxuf ydkta&;BuD; wm r&SdvdkYvm; &Sd&ufeJY rxkwf rif;pOf;pm;MunfhuGm bk&ifjzpfrJholudk vdktyfwJh twdkif;
az: oifhvdkY odrf;qnf; vdkufav ovm; qdkwm 'Gd[ jzpf awmh twm xuf ydkwJhqkH;rrIeJYESdrfvdkufwJhtjzpf emMuifrIeJY
ar; Munfhrd w,f / taMumuf Mum; rSm b,fvdkrSowådrxGufEdlifatmif ESdrfy
q&muajymjyw,f/ igwdkYaMumufcJh&w,f/ owådqdkwm vdkuf rSawmh owådqdkwm &Sdawmif odrf;qnf;&r,f ajymwm
xGuf rvm0HhwJh txd aMumufcJh&w,f/ tJovdk aMumuf vkyf/ jyef rajymeJY qdkwJhtaejzpfatmifvkyfcJhwmrdkY rif;wkef;
atmif u ausmif;pm oif½dk; awG uae½dkufxnfhcHcJh&w,f/ rif; &JU taMumufu ighwdkYqDxdygvmovdk ighom;orD;
igwdkY pmoif½dk;rSm rif;wkH; rif; taMumif;ygw,f vdkoavmuf vufxuf txd pD;qif;awmhr,f/
ig ajymjyr,f qdkNyD; ajymjyw,f/ waeYaeYwcsdefcsdefrSmawmh taMumufawGMum;uae owåd
rif;wkef;rif;i,f&G,fpOf armifvGifb0u pHausmif; q&m qdkwJht&may:vmygvdrfhr,f tJ'Dtcsdefus igwdkY pDeD,m tudk
awmf qDrSmynmoifMum;cJh&w,f/ wpfaeYrSm tif;olMuD; ajymcJhwJh ]ay;ygAsxGefwkH;} vdkY awmif;p&m rvdkawmh bl; aygh
iMuL; u ig;ajcmufjym;MuD; wpfjym;vmjyD; vSLw,f/ q&m uGm......wJh/
awmf u ig;ajcmufudk odyfMudKufygowJh/ ausmif;rSmuvnf; ed*kH;csKyftaeeJYajym&&if...
ig;ajcmufjywfvyfaecsdefjzpfawmh q&mawmfu armifvGifudk owådqdkwm udk,faMumufwJh t&mxuf wjcm;[m u ydk
usufoa&cef;xJrSmaoaocsmcsm odrf;ckdif;vdkufygw,f/ ta&;BuD; aeNyDvdkY odvdkufwJh pdwfuav;... udk,f oGm;aeus
aemufwpfaeY q&mawmfqGrf;bkOf;ay;wJhtcg armifvGifudk yHkpH [m tckajymif;rS &awmhr,fvdkY odvdkufwJh pdwfuav;
ig;ajcmuf zkwfcdkif;awmh ig;ajcmufu &SmrawGUawmhbl;/ jzpfyg w,f qdkayr,fh tJ'Dpdwfuav;udk udk,fwdkifodNyD; t
q&mawmfuawmh vufaq;jyD; ESrf;qDarT;arT;eJY a&muf aumif; bufudkajymif;vJEdlifzdkY pepfwus ykHaz:&if; ajymif;vJ
vmr,fh ig;ajcmufzkwfudk apmifhaewmaygh/ armifvGif rSm MuygvdkY wdkufwGef;ygw,fAsm/
b,fvdk rS &SmazG ar;jref;pHkprf;vdkYr&bJ Asmrsm;aecdkuf.../ atmifOD;

pmrsufESm 18
 cspfvSpGmaom Ek... ]'gav;rsm;... a½SUrSmajymvnf;&om;} vdkYqdkawmh Ek &,fae
w,f/ tJhqHn§yfav; pmar;yGJwpf&ufbJ Ek wG,fw,faemf/ Ek
Ek a& 'DaeYreufEdl;awmh rif;udk owd&w,f/ taMumif;odvdkY udk,frar;jzpfbl;/
pmar;yGJ aemufqHk;aeYu tukefrajzEdlifvdkY idkaewJh yHk&,f/ aemuf cke Ek &Daeawmh Munfhrdao;w,f/ Ek tuFsD
Ek idkaewkef; rdk;awG&GmvdkY oHk;xyfaqmifay: tajy; vuf½Snfzsm;rSm yef;EkEka&mifawG/ Ek idk&if; ay
wuf Muwm &,f.../ oGm; wJh Ek EIwfcrf;eDqdkwm odvdkufw,f/
Ek qdkrS Ek.../ udk,fwdkYtm;vHk; NidrfoGm; wJh
txd Eku 0&efwmrSm xdkifidkaewkef; .../ pmar;yGJ aeYqdk ausmif;aemufuswJh Ek u
udk,fvmacsmhawmh Eku ajymw,f ]a0; oeyfcg;a&usJyGwf EIwfcrf;yg;yg;qdk;NyD;
a0;oGm;yg}wJh/ tcef;xJ tajy;0ifvmwwfwJh yHku
vnf; &,f&w,f/
Ek [m &,f&w,f/ oem;p&mvnf; ckvnf; Ek yg;rSm pdkaewJh rdk;wpf
aumif;w,f/ ayguf ESpfayguf&,f/
Ek qHpyfem; iHkYMunfhae
NyD;awmhvnf; Ekbmom tidk wJh udk,fhqD oif;vmwJh
wdwf oGm;wmbJ av/ oeyfcg;eHY&,f/
tJh'DaeYu rdk;rpJvdkY udk,f
wdkY rdk;xJjyefzdkYxawmh Ek ]a[;... oG m ;Mur,f
u ar;cGef;pm&Gufav; av? pdkvufpeJY Ekvnf;
udk zdkifxJ aocsmacguf pd w f a jyatmif qd k i f
xnf h a ew,f / NyD ; awmh u,f ywfpD;Mur,f}
rsuf&nfpdkaewJh rsufawmifpdwfpdwfawG 0dkif;xm;wJh Aef'goD; rmrm wdkY vSrf;atmfrS udk,fjzwfceJjyHK;&w,f/
vdk rsufvHk;awGeJY armhMunfhw,f/ NyD;awmh wcpfcpfeJY &,fae Ekvnf; qwfceJ x &yfw,f/ t&yf&Snf wJh udk,fawmif Ek em;
awmhwmvnf; Ek yJ/ &yf&if i,foGm;ovdk/
] cPav; udkif xm;ay;ygvm;}
MunfhygOD; Ek u tjrJuav;bJ/ ykcHk;ausmfaewJh e*dkrndKwndK
Eku olYrdk;pdkcH zdkiftjymaysmhav; urf;ay;NyD; tultnDawmif;
qHyifawG wcgwav ajr§mufpnf;wmuvGJ Ekrvkyfwwfbl;/
w,f/ NyD;awmh 0&efwmem;u eH&HqDausmay;NyD; xrDudk qGJ
Ek arG;aeYwkef;u qHn§yfvSvSav; bl;eJY ay;ao;wmrSwf
qefY w,f/ Eku t0wfawGBudK;auswm owdxm;wwfw,f
rdvm;/ taqmifa&mufawmh zkef;qufNyD; ]aus;Zl;wif
tuFsD &ifzHk; vuf½Snf yef;a&mifeJY tjzL? xrDtjzLeJY/
ygw,f} wJh/

pmrsufESm 19
qdkifu,fpwef;rSm qdkifu,fajy;,lawmh Ek u Aef'gyif udk,frodvdkufcif Ek u toHus,fus,feJY em;em;wdk;
atmuf rSm/ NyD;awmh olYzdeyftjzLav; ayrSmpdk;vdkY cHkwef; ajymw,f/
ay:xdkif&if;u wpfvSrf;avmufjcm;wJh pMuøay:ajr§mufwif Eku udk,fhaemufausm tuFsDp udk tomav;qGJxm;vdkY/
xm;w,f/ udk,fhudkvnf; *½kpdkufarmif;zdkY ajymvdkY/
vSnfhrMunfh vnf; odom;bJ/
]tr,fav; r,fEk wuf? [dkaumifawG uefabmifuawmif udk,fhudk *½kpdkufarmif;cdkif;NyD; Ek u rsufvHk;rSdwfvdkufpD;aer,f
jyefavmufNyD} qdkwm/
][D;[D; eifuvnf;...}
]pmar;yGJu atmifygw,f Ek &m eifrSratmifb,folatmif}
wu,fawmh Ek u odyf ]tif; odygw,f.. igusufoavmufrajzcJh&vdkY ,lMuHK;r&jzpf
vnf;vSraeygbl;/ wmyg}
'gayr,fh Ek udkjrif ]ckajyoGm;NyDvm;...}
wdkif; pum; vHk; ]tif;..}
awG aysmuf oGm;avmufwJh udk,fwdkY NydKifwl&,fMuw,f/ uefabmifrSm tzGJYvdkufrkef
t½Sdef wpfck ½Sdae wm udk,fh Ypm;w,f/ "mwfyHk ½dkufw,f/ uefpyfrSm aqmhMu/ xdkifpum;
udk,fudkbJodw,f ajymMu/
udk,ft"dyÜg,f
wpfck eJY Ek udk ]Ek ... eifq&mrvkyf&if usrvnf; ajymOD;aemf}
Munfh&if Ek u awmufajymifaewJh rsufvHk;tpHkeJY jyefMunfhNyD; oJpkxGef;u ½kwfw&yf xajymawmh tm;vHk; idkifoGm;w,f/
]bmjzpfvdkYvJ } vdkY cyfwif;wif; ar;wmrsdK;/ awGY&zdkY rvG,fawmhbl;qdkwJh todawG/ zGJaewJh rdk;vdk oJvdkY/
]Ek bmvdkY &nf;pm;rxm;vJ} vdkYar;&if toHxGufatmif &,f Ek u &,fNyD; ]igajym&if;om eifem;axmifygap}wJh/
NyD;
]eifu bmvdkY odcsifwmvJ} vdkY jyefjyefar;wmrsdK;/ NyD;awmh tquftpyfr½Sd ]igu jynfe,fudk,fpm;jyKavsSmuf
tJh'Daemuf tajzr½SdwJh ar;cGef;awG rar;jzpfawmhbl;/ rSm} wJh/
Ek rajzvnf; udk,fodNyD;om;rdkYav.../ odom;bJ/ Ek u awmifay:tBudKtMum; pmodyfoifcsifwm/

Ek udk oem;w,f? NyD;awmh jrwfEdl;w,f/ olrsm;u,fwifzdkYqdkwm wGifwGifoHk;NyD; olurvIyfwvIyf/

pdwfxJrSm aeYwdkif;ajymjzpfwJh pum;yg/ pdwfraumif;p&mawGarhxm;&if; pum;awGajym? Ek wkd;wdk;
Ek Mum;&if udk,fhudk pum;rSajymcsifygawmhrvm;/ av; p qdkvdkufwJh pdkif;xD;qdkif oDcsif;udk wdkifyifrxm;bJ NydKif
Ek u rmeBuD;w,fav/ wlqdkMu&if; uefabmifuaejyefcJhMuw,f/ oDcsif;oHawGeJY
udk,fwdkYtzGJYudk aps;t0ifrSm [dkvlMunfh'DvlMunfh/
][,f... a&awGa½Smifarmif;yg[,f}

pmrsufESm 20
]eif reufjzefjyefrSmvm;} tJhaeYnaeu oJpkxGef;zkef;csoGm;awmh udk,fhvufxJrSmzkef
Ek ar;awmh tif;ayghvdkY jyefajzvdkufao;w,f/ ;udkif&if; tMumBuD;/
]eif a&m} ....
]igu aps;0,fp&m½SdvdkY aeOD;rSm}
]qdkifu,frygbJeJY? ig aeay;r,fav} ]a[;.. ig csif;jynfrSm wm0efusw,f}
]&w,f taqmifrSm qdkifu,ftqifajyw,f} tJh'DaeYu Ek u udk,fodaeus Ek eJYrwl/
]oli,fcsif;qdkifu,favmufbmaumif;rvJ Ek&JU... reufjzef cGeftm; tjynfheJY/ &DaewJh pdwfawGeJY/
igvmcJhr,f? b,ftcsdefoGm;rSmvJ} ][kwfvm; ig0rf;omvdkufwm...
]rvmygeJY ? jyefp&m½Sdwmjyefyg} igtvnfvmcJhr,f tJhus}
Ek toHu cyfwif;wif;rdkY udk,fxyfrajymcJhbl;/ ]eifvm NyD; bmvkyfrSmvJ? vrf;qdk;w,fwJh tJh&Gmu}
]tif;..igawmhpdwfylrdw,f? eifurvIyfwvIyf}
tppt&m&m cyfnHhnHhvlrdkY EkeJYyufowfNyD; bmrSrarsSmfvif ]rylygeJY..}
hcJhwmvnf; tNypfyg/
tJh'DaeYu Ek odcsifwJh tpDtpOfuwjcm; qdkwmvnf; aemuf wpfa,mufpdwfudk wpfa,mufjrif&if; udk,fhpdwfudk,f
rS od&w,f/ wm0efauszdkY BudK;pm;aeMuwmudk ESpfa,mufvHk; jrifMuw,f
/ tJh'Dae&mubJ p rSm;cJhovm; udk,frod&/
...
]Ek u eiftJhaeYu zGifhajymr,fvdkY xifaewm om;xuf} aemufwpfESpf? ESpfESpfxd udk,fwdkYzkef;eJY tquftoG,f½Sdwkef;/
udk,f qGHYtrdwJh naeawGu oJpkxGef;&JU pum;wpfckwnf;/ Ek qD [if;awGydkYay;awmh ajymao;w,f/
]eifb,fvdk odvJ} ]vrf ; rS m wif raumif ; awmh r S m bJ [ ,f ? pm;p&mawmh
]rdef;uav; csif;bJ odwmaygh[,f? 'gayr,fh eifzGifh aygygw,f} wJh/
ajymvnf; olpGwfjiif;rSmbJ? eifolYudkpdwf½SdaMumif;odcsif acgif;rmwwfwJh olrdkY bmrSjyefrajymrdbl;/
w,f xifygw,f} ...

]ig olYpdwfudk ydkodaevdkY bmrSrajymwmyg ]om;xuf}

igwd k Y b ,f v d k t ajctaejzpf j zpf ol Y v d k c spf w wf z d k Y igvd k ]cifAsm tefwD EkjyefvmNyDvm;}
ao;w,f x if w ,f ? igh p um;u ol Y t wG u f vd k t yf ]om;xufa& Ekawmh aeraumif;bl;wJhuG,f? tdrfuvnf;
aerSmpdk;w,f? udk,fhudk,fudk wm0efrausrSmvnf;pdk;w,f rdef;rawGcsnf; om;tm;&if..}
[m} ]om;vdkufcJhr,f av tefwD? bmjzpfwmvJ? b,fvdkjzpfvJ?
uGßefawmfajymom;bJolYudk}
]igvnf; pdwfraumif;ygbl;}

pmrsufESm 21
tpwnf;u aq;aomuf&vGef;wJh Ek? aq;aomufrSm;w,f acgif;rmw,f/ wcgwcg Mum;a,mifrdw,f/
wJh/
Ek aewJh ae&mu wu,f Murf;wJhvrf;eJY? &moDOwkeJY/ Ek aewJh ]igeifhudk ighvdkjzpfapcsifwm? 'gayr,fh ightwåoyfoyf} wJh/ Ek
taqmifu ysOfaxmif usdK;wdk;usJwJeJY/ EktqifrS ajy&JUvm;/ aemufqHk;ajymoGm;wmudk em;rvnfcJhbl;/

udk,fzkef;qufwkef;u Ek ajymw,f/ Ek aq;aomufrSm;wm r[kwfrSef;vnf; Ek r½SdawmhrS tef

]oufomoGm;rSm? rvmeJY} wJh/ wDhqDu jyefod&w,f/
tJh'D aeYawGu Ek aMumufzdkYaumif;w,f/ Ek qdkrS Ek ygvm; .../
.... Ek u aMumufzdkY aumif;vdkufwm.../
NyD;awmh tHhjozdkYaumif;vdkufwm.../
udk,fwdkYa&mufoGm;awmh Ek [m jzLazsmhaew,f/ 'gayr,fh owåd½Sdvdkufwm? jywfom;vdkufwm.../
jyHK;wkef;? pum;ajymwkef;/ aq;0g;ukorI enf;wJhae&mrdkY Ek
twGufaq;cGifhwifNyD; jrefjrefjyefac:cJh&w,f/ bmudk rauseyf&rSef;rodbJ ausmif;aemufqHk;&ufu Ek udk
'DESpfawGtwGif; pum;enf;oGm;wJh Ek/ owd&w,f/
idkifaewwfwJh Ek/
ydefoGm;vdkufwJh Ek/ udk,f wm;cJh&ifa&m Ek em;axmifrSmrdkYvm;/
udk,fajymcJh&ifa&m Ek em;vnfrSmrdkYvm;/
aq;cef;rSefrSefjy&if; xlxlaxmifaxmif jzpfvmawmh Ek udk,fvdkufvm&ifa&m Ek BudKqdkyghrvm;/
jyHK;vm &,fvmvdkY/ wNrdKUqDayr,fh yHkrSefzkef;ajymjzpfw,f/ owådr½SdcJhwJh twdwfawGudk jyef,lawG;&if; Ek u tdyfruf
awGxJrSm jyHK;&TifaeqJ/
]Ek *½kpdkufyg[m? igeifhudk wtm;cspfwm Ek&JU}
wdwfqdwfoGm;wJh rdepfawG/ NyD;awmh Ek pum;oHwdk;wdk;av;/ rdk;&GmwJh aeYawGrSm udk,fhtaemufem;u tusÐpav;qGJ&if; ½Sd
]igeifhudk wtm;aus;Zl;wifw,f? 'gayr,fh rcspfbl;[m} wJh/ aejrJ/
udk,f wm0ef,lEdlifwJh pdwf[m tJh'DavmufygbJ...
tJh'Dvdk tpcsDNyD; udk,frif;udk bmaMumifhcspf&aMumif;awG? NyD; cspfvSpGmaom Ek a&.../ /
awmhb,favmufwm0ef,lEdkifaMumif;awG/ Ek &,f&if; em;
axmifw,f/ NyD;awmh &Hzef&Hcg wdwfoGm;wwfw,f/ cifjcL;om

tMumqHk; pum;ajym&wJh n? NyD;awmhaemufqHk;/

....

tjzpfu ½dk;vdkufwm Ek&,f/ Ek u vnf; aMumufp&maumif;

atmif a½S;½dk;pGJw,f/

pmrsufESm 22
 wpfckyJ bmyJjzpfjzpf ig[m wpfa,mufwnf; r[kwfbl;qkdwJh cHpm;
csuf eJY ighukd,fig *&kpkdufygw,f .../ tJ'DaeYu olr tjyHK;awG
yef;&JU aemufausm ay:rSm acsmfvJusrdayr,fh xdckduf'Pf&mawG r&Sdygbl;vkdY ig
&eHY&JU pdwfxm; xGufqkdcsufay;w,f .../
rkd;&eHYeJYtwl
avajyawG&JU qlyGufoH ... igh&JU ukd;uG,f&muawmh &kd;om;ygw,f/ b0ukd tqkH;tjzwf
ay;r,fh txJ bk&m;awG rygbl; ig
reuf j zef & J U aumuf a Mumif ; xJ r S m odw,f .../
uacsonfawGeJY taygif; tazmf
awG &Sdaumif; &Sdr,f .../ bk&m;awGukd qJqkdaewmvnf;
vuf e uf u k d , f p D q G J u k d i f x m;wJ h uAsm wpfyk'f r[kwfbl; vkdY
t&nfcGHawGvnf; awmufy csif ig ,kHMunfw,f .../
awmufyaevdrfhr,f .../

igwkdYukd,figwkdY aeYpOfpD&ifcsufcsEkdifwJh aeYukd ig

olwyg;ukd rcHpm;wwfwJh vl qkawmif; w,f/ olwyg;tjypfawGeJY igwkdU t
awG[mvnf; olwkdY cHpm; csif jypf awG &SKyf,Suf cwfaewJh urÇm[m ,kefjzL
&m cHpm;&zkdY vlrqefbl; qkdwJh av; vkdyJ toJi,fvSw,f .../
pum;vkH;ukd aomufzuf rvkyfbJ
aecsifaevdrfhr,f .../ igwkdY[m csKdjrdefrI awGyJ awmif;qkd ygrsm;awmh &ifMuyfoHawG
orifvnfjyef tMunfhawGxuf aygifwHtvSawGu ykdMunfh vnff; xGufvmwwfw,f/
aumif;csif aumif;aevdrfhr,f .../
b,ftxd vdrfhqif;OD;rvJ.../ aq;cg;BuD; aomuf&csdefwkdif; igwkdY tcsKdBudKufcJhwmukd arhae
ajrykH xJu &wemokduf &Sdjcif; r&Sdjcif;[m ajrykH tqkH;xd wwfw,f .../ igwkdYoGm;awGu wkH;ayr,fh tom;wpfwkH;ukd
a&muf rS igwkdYqufajymMur,f.../ pepfwus pm;aomuf wwfatmif OD;aESmufu oifay; cJh
tqkdawmf r[kwf&if oDcsif;qkdcGifh r&Sdbl;vm;qkdwJh jyXmef; w,f .../ b0&JU &yf&GmxJvnf; vlBuD;rif;awG aygygw,f .../
csuf eJYtwl igwkdY oDcsif;awGnnf;r,f .../ qufoG,frI {&d,mjyifya&mufoGm;wJh abmf'gwcsKdUukdvnf;
b,ftxd vdrfhqif;qif;... ig auseyfygw,f/ ig vGrf;yg&JU .../

iga&;wJh uAsmawGukd zwfNyD; twdwfrSma&m ypöKyÜefrSma&m terf;uAsm txyfxyfeJY rkd;uvnf; pdrfhvGef;w,f .../ &eHYawG

tem*wfrSma&m &l;csifovkdvkd jzpfoGm;wJh oli,fcsif;awG &SdOD; u at;csrf;vGef;aeygw,f/ aumfzDwpfcGufeJY twl uAsmawG

rSm jzpfwJhtwGuf ig auseyfygw,f ..../ xJ jyKwfusvkdufzkdY tcsdefaumif;yJ .../

pdrfhpdrfhav; cHpm;&w,f /

pmrsufESm 23
ighukd,figvnf; *&kpkdufw,f/ ighukd,f igvnf; auseyf yg tdE´d, uae uGsefawmf bmawG oif,lrdovJ/
w,f/ ighukd taorowf oGm;wJh &efolawGukdvnf; aus; Zl;
wifw,f .../

wpfckyJ ...
wpfckyJ.../

olr tem;rSm r&Sdawmh ig vGrf;ae&wm wpfckygyJ .../

'Dae&mrSm igh 'kdif,mavmh ta[mif;av; jyefokH;csifw,f .../

tydkif; (1)
owd&w,fqkdwm arhcJhzl;vkdY ... ae&mtopfwpfckudka&muf&if udk,fhtwGuf bmawG A[k
vGrf;w,fqkdwm b,fawmhrS rarhyJ cspfaecJhvkdYav .../ okw &p&m&SdvJ/ bmawGudk twk,l&rvJ/ udk,fawG qDu
vl awGudk bmawGrSsa0ay;&ifaumif;rvJqdkwJh pdwfeJY
wpfckyJ avhvm pl;prf; pma&;&wmuudk uGsefawmfh&JU 0goemyg/
tdE´d,udkpa&mufawmh oGm;cJhwJh sight seeing trip
ig vGrf;ae&wm wpfckygyJ ...
ZD;½dk;eD,dk xJu vdkemAmvm vdkY ac:wJh urÇmausmf Grand Canyon
eJYwlwJh &Icif;a'oBuD; taMumif; (rSwfpkMurf; e magazine

rSm tcef;quf azmfjyay;cJh)? tdE´d,&JU aq;wuúodkvf tm;vHk;

xJrSm 'kwd, tausmfMum; qHk; jzpfwJh AFMC ppfaq;
wuúodkvf taMumif; a&;om;cJhzl;w,f/
tckaemufydkif;us tvkyfawGursm;vmawmh c&D;awG rxGuf
jzpf? tdE´d,taMumif;u a&;p&m odyfr&Sdbl; jzpfae cJhwm
tawmf MumNyD ajym&r,f/ 'geJYyJ aeYpOfvIyf&Sm;ae&wJh vlrI
b0 xJuyJ olwdkYb,fvdk pepfawG usifhoHk; aeovJqdkwmrsdK;
a&;&if tusdK;&SdrSmyJvdkYawG;NyD; avhvmvdkY &oavmufav;
'DuaerSsa0ygw,f/
ajym&&if tdE´d,[m bmoma&; t"du½kPf;awG? Caste
vdkYac:wJh Zmwfedrfh? Zmwfjrifh cGJjcm;rIawG? population
burst vlOD;a& w&Sdefxdk; wdk;wufaerIawG? tusifhysuf
jcpm; rI jyóemawGxJuae taumif;qHk;½kef;xGufjyEdkifwJh

pmrsufESm 24
EdkifiH wpfck jzpfw,f/ 'ghtjyif cGJxGufoGm;wJhe,fajr trsm;pk[m tdE´d,om;awG jzpfygw,f/ tdkifwD? ½lyaA'eJY
(ygupöwef? b*Fvm;a'h&Sf) awGu tdrfeD;csif; jyefjzpfaeNyD; pMum0Vm odyÜHpwJh bmom&yfawGrSmvJ tdE´d,&JU ynma&;u
ygupöwef u olYxuf EsL;uvD;,m;tpDtpOf t&if pjzpf xdyfqHk; rSm &Sdygw,f/
oGm;wJh tcgrSm yg0gcsif;,SOfEdkifatmifvdkY Indian awG[m vlrsdK;awGrsm;vdkY? ,Ofaus;rIawGrwlvdkY? bmompum;awG
tpGrf;ukefBudK;pm;cJhMuw,f/ acgif;aqmif aumif;awG rwlvdkY wdkif;jynfaemufus&w,fqdkwJh t,ltq[m
tqufrjywfay:xGufcJhovdk enf;ynmuGmjcm;rIa&pD;rSm qifajc ay;p&m pum;xuf rydkygbl;qdkwm tar&duefwdkY?
tjrefqHk;t&SdefeJY vdkufrSDzdkY rem;rae BudK;pm;&if; xdyfudk a&muf tdE´d, wdkYu oufaojyaeygw,f/ tdE´d,rSm Caste Zmwf
vmwJh twk,lp&mEdkifiHwpfckvdkYvJ ajymvdkY&ygw,f/ edrfh ZmwfjrifhawG uGJjym;rIaMumifh vlwef;pm; trsdK;rsdK; uGJjym;
tdE´d,&JU ynma&; aeovdk? jynfe,fwpfckeJY wpfck bmom pum; rwlnD

'DEdkifiHrSm xGef;aygufwJh *E´DrsdK;quf? ae½l;rsdK;qufawG tjyif Muygbl;/ uGsefawmfwdkY EdkifiHrSm Armpum;? &cdkifpum;? &Srf;
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wef; EdkifwJh acgif;aqmifawGudk arG;xkwfay;EdkifwJh odyfudk aewJh bmompum;awGMum;xJuae ynma&;udk n§d,lzdkY
aumif; rGefwJh ynma&; pepf&Sdw,f/ tdE´d,[m Edkb,fqk &Sif tdE´d,[m t*Fvdyfbmompum;udk &Hk;oHk; bmom pum;
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'kwd, ae&mu vdkufaejyD; Google &JU xdyfoD;0efxrf; awmh 'kwd,bmompum;tjzpf toHk;jyKwJh jynfe,fawGudk

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t*FvdyfeJY [dE´Lbmom pum;tjyif wwd, bmompum;
pmrsufESm 25
wpfckck udk rjzpfraeoif,l&r,fvdkY jyXgef;xm;wJhtwGuf ynma&;[m b,favmufta&;ygovJqdkwm tdE´d, udk
tdE´d, ausmif;om; wpfa,muf[m tenf;qHk; bmom a&muf rS ydkodvm&ygw,f/ tdE´d,rSm Education &,f ?
pum; oHk;ck wwfuGsrf;Muygw,f/ Health Care System rSm Private Sector awG
'Dae&mrSm Mum;azmufNyD; puFmyltaMumif;av; ajymjy udk trsm;BuD; vkyfydkifcGifh ay;xm;wJh twGuf emrnfBuD;
csifw,f/ rav;&Sm;uae rcGJxGufcif udk,fydkiftkyfcsKyfa&; p& wuúodkvf awG? aq;&HkawG trsm;pku yk*¾vdu ydkifawG rsm;yg
wJhtcsdefu rav;pum;? ref'&if;w½kwfeJY wrD;vf pum;awG w,f/ uGsefawmf tvkyfvkyf ynmoifaewJh aumvdyfeJY wGJ
[m puFmylawG&JU t"du bmompum;awGyg/ rav;uae xm; wJhaq;&HkrSm MSc (MD) vmwufaewJh ausmif;
oD;jcm; cGJxGufwJh 1965aemufydkif;rSm puFmylawG[m t*Fvdyf
om; awG &Sdygw,f/ olwdkY&JU aumvdyfudkay;&wJh vc[m wpf
udk ausmif;awG? &Hk;awGrSmt"du bmompum;tjzpf rjzpf
ESpfudk jrefrmaiG odef; (300) ausmfygw,f/ tdE´d, rSm b,f
rae toHk;jyKzdkY owfrSwfjyXgef;vdkufwkef;u t*Fvdyfpum;
ynmrS tvum;r&ygbl;/ ynmwdkif;[m olwdkY qDrSm aiGaMu;
rwwfuGsrf;wJh bGJU& ynmwwfawG tawmf'ku©a&muf
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ajrmuf wwfoGm;NyDqdk&ifvJ b0[m tawmf tmrcHcsuf &Sd
awG awmif jzpfMuw,fvdkY qdkw,f/ tJh'Daemufydkif;rSmawmh
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rdb awGu olwdkY&JU uav;awGudk English Medium i,f uwnf;u a&G;cs,fwwfzdkYudk rdb awGu? ynma&;
School awGudk ajymif;xm;Muw,f/ English bmom pepfu axmufjy vrf;jy aewmudk awGU& w,f/
pum; udk rjzpfraeoifMum;ay;Muygw,f/ tckawmh tJh'Dvdk tckaemufydkif; tywfpOf aomMumaeYwdkif; uGsefawmfhq&m&JU
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awG [ m ol w d k Y rd c if b mompum;awG u d k toH k ; rjyK udk vmwGJaewJh resident vdkY ac:wJh MSc student
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wJh tcg awG &Sdygw,f/ tJh'Dvdk tcsdefawGrSm q&m0efbGJU&NyD;&if
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bm vkyfMurSmvJ? MD (MSc) &NyD;&if bmvkyfrSmvJ
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qdkNyD; awmh olwdkYudk ar;Munfhjzpfygw,f/ tm;vHk;eD;yg;u rwl
uGsefawmfwdkYqDu yHkrSeftpdk;&ausmif;wufNyD; yHkrSef bGJU&
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wpfa,muf[m t*Fvdyfpum;udk tpDtpOfwusrajymeJY/
further study awGudk qufvufoif,lzdkY tm;yg; w&
tqifajyatmifawmif ajymEdkifpGrf;r&Sdygbl;qdk&if jiif;Mu
jyefajzMuygw,f/ ynma&;ufdk toufvdkrsdK;? b0ufdk jrwfEdk;
r,f rxifygbl;/ bmompum; wpfck&JU toHk;0ifrI? toHk;
ovdkrsdK; pdwfawGeJY qmavmifpGm a&SUqufMuwmudk ae&m
csEdkifrIeJY wdk;wufrIudk trSDvdkufEdkifrI 'gawGeJY trsdK;om;a&;?
wdkif;rSm awGUvm&wJhtcg igwdkYEdkifiH&JU ynma&;[m bmrSm; ae
EdkifiH cspfpdwf vlrsdK;eJY pmaytay:jrwfEdk;rI 'gawGudk uGsefawmf
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wdkYawG uGJuGJjym;jym;jrifNyD; acwfeJYtnD? EdkifiHwumtqifhrSDzdkY
udk acgif;xJ tNrJa&mufvm&w,f/
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NyD vdkY xifygw,f/
pmrsufESm 26
uGsefawmfpOf;pm;vdkY&oavmuf jrifoavmuf ajymMunfh ygh jzpfw,f/ wpfaeukef yifyef;jyefvmNyD;awmhrS vlem Munfh &
r,f/ uGsefawmfwdkYeJY uGmwmu olwdkYqDrSm ynma&;qdkwm wm jzpfwJh twGuf 100 % udk,fhtwGufa&m? vlem twGuf
pD;yGm; a&;yJ/ ynmrsm;rsm;wwf&if pD;yGm;rsm;rsm;jzpfr,f/ tJh'D a&m jzpfraewmawmh aocsmygw,f/ vlemvmrsm;rsm;vmzdkY?
twGuf ynma&;udk pD;yGm;a&;vkyfovdk? aiG&Smovdk tirf;r& vlem tBudKufvdkuf uko&wmrsdK;awG&SdvmwJhtcg ay;& r,fh
&SmazGMuygw,f/ 'DtwGuf ynmawG ydkwwfvmw,f/ ydk aq; xuf jyif;wJhaq;awG ay;jzpfwm? ay;&r,fhtcsdefxuf
oif,l csifpdwfjzpfvmw,f/ ynm&yfwpfckrSm xdyfqHk; a&muf ydkapmNyD; aq;udk toHk;jyKvdkuf&wm? 'grsdK;awGvJ MuHKawGU
onftxd oif,lMur,f/ pD;yGm;vJ ynmwwfwmeJY tnD jzpf vm&wmEdkifwmygyJ/
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wpfckvdkY jrifw,f/ 'Dawmh q&ma&m? wynfhjzpfwJh ausmif;om; a&m u udk,f&JU

ud k , f a wG q D r S m u q&m0ef q d k & if q&m0ef t vk y f u t"du tvkyfae&mjzpfwJh pmoifausmif;qdkwJh ae&m rSm

oufouf/ 0ifaiGtwGufu oufouf/ tpdk;&vpmeJY r &meIef;jynfh &Sdraeawmhygbl;/ 'Duae rvdktyfwJh buf vdkuf

avmuf vdkY aq;&HkrSm wpfaeukef yifyifyef;yef; tvkyf vkyf rIawG? cGJjcm;rIawG jzpfay:vmEdkifwmyJ/

vmNyD;awmhrS pD;yGm;a&;twGuf udk,fhtcsdefxJu tjyif b,favmuf 0goemygw,f/ apwemygw,f ajymajymyg/ vl

aq;cef;xdkifMu&w,f/ 'DvdkrS r[kwf&if q&m0efu tjyif qdkwmu rdom;pk&Sdw,f/ rdb&Sdw,f/ om;orD;&Sdw,f/ om;

pD;yGm;a&;wpfckyg wGJvkyf&ygw,f/ q&m0efawGtwGuf udk,fh orD; ynma&;&Sdw,f/ udk,fhynmeJY &wJh vc? 0ifaiG[m udk,fh

em;csdefxJu tjyifaq;cef;twGuf tcsdefay; xdkifMu& wm vdktyfcsuftwGufawmifrS vHkavmufatmif rjznfhqnf;

pmrsufESm 27
Edkif&ifawmh tpdk;& 0efxrf;vnf; tpdk;&0efxrf;tavsmuf? jyHK;jyzdkY twGuf
ynm&Sif qdkvnf; ynm&Siftavsmuf enf;rSef? vrf;rSef
avSsmuf zdkY u tawmfcJ,Of;ygw,f/
'DvdkawGUMuHKae&rIawGaMumifh ynma&;qdkwmu oufouf?
pD;yGm;a&;u oufouf jzpfvmw,f/ 'gaMumifhyJ udk,f
uGsrf;usifwJh tvkyfqdkwm ynma&;eJY rqufpyfyJ [dktvkyf
uae ajymif;? 'Dtvkyfuaeajymif;/ yGJpm;qdkwJh vlwef;pm; rsdK;
awG ay:vmw,f/ ausmif;NyD;&if pD;yGm;a&;vkyfr,f qdkwJh
pum;rsdK; vli,fawG awG;vm? ajymvmw,f/ toufarG;0rf;
aMumif; rItwGuf q&m0efvkyfNyD; jzpfNyD;rS wjcm; pD;yGm;a&;
ajymif;vkyfMuw,f/ wuúodkvfuae bGJU&NyD;rS tvkyfvufrJh b0 [m [if;csKd wpfcGuf
jzpfaeMuw,f/ jyóemawGu trsm;BuD;yg/ aemufqHk; ynm jzpfw,fqdk &if
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jzpfvm cJhw,f/ cuf&if; wpfacsmif; &,fyg/
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tck tpdk;&raumif;wmaMumifh? [dkvlYaMumifh 'DvlaMumifh taumif;csnf; ygyJ vdkUajymaeayr,fh
ajymaewmu tjypfwifwmxuf rydkygbl;/ enf;vrf;vnf; tqdk;xJu udk rxGufawmhwm
awGUvmrSm r[kwfbl;/ cktcsdef xdygyJav
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w,f/ yef;yGifhawG jrif&ifawmif
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b,fvdk ajymif;vJMurvJ/ tajz&SmMurvJ/
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(qufvufazmfjyygrnf) udkaZmf
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pmrsufESm 28
 vufaqmif wpfa,muf wifyv’ifacG xkdifaeouJhodkY awGUawmh armifEkH
vnf; [efusjyD[vkdY pdwfrSawG;jyD; xkdvlBuD;&JU tem;okdY
armifEkHqkdwJh vli,fwpfa,muf&SdowJh .../ csOf;uyf oGm;av\/
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\/ armifEkHwpfa,muf tawmfav; oabmus oGm; onf/ toHaMumifh olY nm buf jcrf; rSm
pm xJrSm *ED´u &xm;ay:uae zdeyfwpfzuf rawmf wq &Sd wJh armifEkH tm; vSnfh MunfhjyD; xl;
jyKwfusoGm;awmh aemufwpfzufyg vTifhypfvkdufw,f/ 'gukd avonf/ armifEkHu jyHK;jy jyD; ]OD;
eHab; uolu bmvkdYaemufwpfzufyg vTifhypf wmvJ ar; av; ukd vuf aqmif wpfck ay; csif vkdYyg/}
awmh .....

]a[ [kwfvm;uG om"kyguGm/ 'geJY bmvufaqmifwkef;}

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jynfh pkH rvJ/ ukd,fhtwGufvnf; usefwpfzufwnf;eJY tokH; [kqkdum olYcg;Mum;rSm toifhygvmwJh qifMu,fzdeyfukd
r0if r,fh twlwl aumuf&wJhol tqifajyatmif aemuf xkwf jy vkdufavawmh ...
wpfzufyg xyfypfcsvkdufwmvkdY} *E¨DBuD;u ajzoGm; &Smw,f
av .../ xkdvlBuD;onf zdeyfukdjrifaomtcg tajctae &kwfw&uf
ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ xkdvlBuD;\ rsufESmvnf; cufxef
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olzdeyf 0,fjyD; wpfa,mufa,mufukd ay;r,faygh/ armifEkHu jy\/
emrnf uom armifEkH tawG;tac:av;usawmh rqkd;ygbl;/

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um; w,f xifjyD; tqJcH&Ekdifw,f/} csKdif; axmufukd vSrf;,lum armifEkHtm; vSrf;&kduf av awmh
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'DvkdeJY ol &SmykHawmf xGufvkdufwm wpfae&mta&muf t0wf armifEkHwpfa,muf wu,f EkHcsmygayw,f/

tpm; npfax;EGrf;yg;jyD; pkwfpkwfysufysufEkdifwJh vlBuD;

pmrsufESm 29
'gayr,fh vlom EkHwm vlysKdaygufqkdawmh vScsifycsifwJh pdwf ypönf;trsKd;trnfrSwfzkdY tdwfukd zGifhMunfhavawmh
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awmh armifEkHtwGuf rkefYzkd;ryl&bl;/ armifEkHvnf; q&mawmf\ vufq ukdodaomaMumifh
ausmif; ay:rS zaemifhESifhwifyg; wom;wnf;usatmif
wpfaeY armifEkH vlysKdaygufyDyD rSef ajy;&Sm av awmhonf/ armifEkH bmrSm;oGm;ygvdrfh/ tdwfxJü
Munfh acgif;zD;&if; olYqHyif av; q&mawmf bmukdawGUoGm;ygvdrfh/
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tm;i,fpdwf 0if&Sm av bD;yif jzpfavawmh\/
w,f/ olu qHyif r aumif; wpfaeYawmh armifEkHwpfa,muf olY&JU EkHcsmrIeJY ulnD csifwJh
bl;av/ pdwf aMumifh uHqkd;&Smavawmhonf/
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rawmf&if rawmfovkd aqmfyavmf wD;wwfwJh tusifh &Sd armifEkHonf a&SUrMunfh aemufrMunfh vufxkwf vkdufaom
aMumif; ukdvnf; armifEkH aumif;aumif; odaomaMumifh tcg ...
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qkdum yvyfpwpftdwfukd ,lvkdufavonf/

pmrsufESm 30
]om; tdrfjyifav;bmav; xGufOD;av} ]acgufqGJaMumf (2) yGJ qkdifrSmyJ pm;r,f}
]rxGufcsifbl; arar} tawmftoifhMumaomf ...
]om;&,f 'Dvkd tdrfxJwpfoufvkH;aevkdY b,fjzpfrvJ} acgufqGJaMumf ESpfyGJ armifEkHwkdY a&SUarSmuf a&mufvm av
]om; &SufvkdYyg arar} awmh onf/ acgufqGJaMumf yef;uefxJü ZGef;ESifh cuf&if;
]&Sufp&mrS r[kwfwmuG,f om;r[kwfwm vkyfcJYwm wpfpkHonf tpDtpOf wus ae&m,lxm;avonf/
rSr[kwfwmuG,f/ om;tjypfr&Sdygbl;uG,f/ rawmfwq armifEkHonf acgufqGJaMumfyef;uefxJrS ZGef;tm; vSrf;ukdif
jzpfwmyJ} vkdufjyD; acwårSs wkHYqkdif; oGm;avawmh\/
om;trdESpfa,muf tMum; cPwm wdwfqdwfoGm;\/ armifEkH\ yg;jyifü rsuf&nfwcsKdU/ armifEkH\ tMunfhrsm;onf
jyD;rS armifEkHtaru acgufqGJaMumf yef;uefxJrS cuf&if;qDrSm
]om; 'Dvkdvkyfygvm; tarajymjyr,f om;rSm vufwpfzuf ]atmf om;&,f}
r&Sdwm rodomatmif ...} armifEkH&JU rdcifonf armifEkHudk tm;ay;aom tjyHK;eJY
]om; rSefMunfhvkdufOD;/ rodomygbl; om;&,f} Munfhum ...
rSefxJwGif abmif;bD&Snf tdyfuyfxJokdY tusDFvuf&Snf b,f ]om; wcsKdUudpöawGu tjrifay:rSm rlwnfjyD; enf;&kd;BuD;
wpfzuf\ tzsm;tm; xkd;xnfhxm;aom armifEkHykH ay:ae\/ twkdif; vkdufawG;aep&m rvkdbl; om;}
aoaocsmcsm rMunfhvSsif vufwpfzufr&SdrSef; rodEkdifacs/ ]'DrSm Munfhprf; om;} [kqkdum ]nSyfwl} wpfpkHudk armifEkHtm;
]om; awGYvm;/ rodomygbl; om;&JU} axmifjy vkdufavawmh\/
][kwf arar}
]tjyifoGm;r,fav/ araryg vkdufay;r,f/ vlysKdav; The End
bmav;vSnfhayghom;&,f/ ararhom;u &kyfcH&SdjyD;om; tysKda usaemfwkdY\ ay;urf;rIwcsKdUonf tH0if*Gifusjzpf&ef ESifh
wGa~uGrSm aocsmw,faemf om;} wpfzufom;tm; &kdif;ysovkd rjzpf&ef owdjyKzkdY vkdtyf\/
rsuf&nf tenf;i,f 0Jaeaom rdciftm; MunfhjyD; armifEkH wcg w&Hü usaemfwkdYtm; wcsKdUt&m0w¬Krsm;u 0rf;enf;rI
&ifxJ wpfckck cHpm;vkduf&aomaMumifh... tm; ay; wwfao;onf/
][kwfarar oGm;r,fav/ om;vnf; acgufqGJaMumf rpm; usaemf wkdYonf &SLUaxmifhwpfzufwnf;rS rMunfhyJ wjcm;
&wm MumjyD} wpfzuf rS ajymif;Munfhoifhovkd ykdjyD;vG,fulonfhenf;tm;
]om; b,fbufu arar uyfavSsmufay;r,f/ 'gqkd pOf;pm;í ukd,fvkyfEkdifonfhbuffrS vkyfukdifjyD; b0ukd
ykdrodomawmhbl; om;} a&SUquf &ef BudK;pm;oifh\/
armifEkHonf ol\ rdciftm; wpfcsufjyHK;MunfhjyD;...
][kwf arar} ZD;½dk;eD,dk

'DvkdeJY ... om;trdESpfa,muf vrf;avSsmufxGuf&if; acgufqGJ

aMumf qkdifa&SUta&muf
]om;acgufqGJaMumfpm;r,fqkd}
]tif; ararpm;&atmif}

pmrsufESm 31
 tMunfhwpfcsufav;eJY tcspfppfqdkwm
b0rSm wpfcg xdrSef&HkeJYwif
tcspfawG pcJhMuw,f.... oHo&mwpfckvHk;pm at;csrf;&w,fqdkwm
pum;wpfcGef;eJYwif olwdkYawG rodvdkYjzpfrSm......
tcspfawG rukefqHk;csifbl; .... aeatmif
wpfcsdKU cspfjcif;awG[m
emusifrIawGeJY tMunfhcH &w,f...
rmeawGeJY trJvdkufcH &w,f... yef;oDwJhBudK;
todkif;t0dkif;awGeJY aps;n§dcH &w,f... tpp EGrf;yg;wJh b0rdkY
aiGaMu;awGeJY wefzdk;jzwfcH &w,f.... 0D&d,xm;&w,f qdkwmu
tcuftcJawG awGU&wJhtcg b0qdk; jzwfoef;zl;olwdkif; odygw,f
udk,fwdkYawG neufqdkwm rawG;yJ [kwfw,f
aumif ; uif B uD ; ud k y J olwumawG aumif;rGefpGm arS;pufaecsdefrSm
udk,fhtwGufu tcGifhta&;wpfckudk
tcsdefrSD zrf;qkyfzdkYtwGuf
nqdkwm tdyfzdkY owdr&cJhbl;
i,fi,fuyg ...
MunfhMu&atmif rdk;csKyfpuae vif;tm&kPfwufwdkifatmif
tcspf&JU..... wjzKwfjzKwfa~uGwwfwJh ca&awG[m
ightcspfu Mu,fawGudk aejcnfopfwmeJY aiGtjzpf ajymif;vJrSmrdkY
a`cGusavmufatmif rcrf;em;ayr,fh.. w,kw,eJY aumufcJhzl;wm MumjyD
eifhqkawmif;awG jynfhatmifavmufawmh wpf&ufrSm
oefrmygao;&JU.... tar yef;awGu wefzdk;&Sdw,faemf ... qdkawmh
tuefYtowfawG Mum;xJrSm tar jyHK;aecJhw,f
tuefYtowfrJhatmif ,HkMunfjcif;[mvJ wpfreufrSm
tcdkifNrJqHk; cspfjcif;yg tcspf&JU... twef;ynmenf;wJh tar[m
rjynfhpHkrIawGMum;xJrSm avmurSmusefcJhr,fh om;twGuf
tjynfhpHkqHk; em;vnfay;wmvJ todwpfckudk &ufa&mpGm ay;cJhwm
tppfrSefqHk; cspfjcif;awGyg tcspf&JU.... tckxd owd&aerdw,f
b0qdkwm racsmarGUbl;... &dk;&Sif;wJhpum;
tcspfqdkwm ta&;rBuD;bl;... qdkwJh odyfrqef;ayr,fh udk,ftwGufu
pum;awG Mum;&wJhtcg xm;vdkufyguG,f... aoxd rSwfoGm;&r,fh pum;rdkY

pmrsufESm 32
tckxdvnf; em;xJ Mum;aew,f yef;yGifhaBuGawGvdkygbJ
yef;aBuGawGrSm
om; ... reufus yef;awGudk vef;wJhyef;aBuGawGeJU
EGrf;wJhyef;aBuGawG &Sdwwfovdk
'Dtwdkif; ,loGm;jyD; a&mif;MunfhwJh ... vlYb0rSmvnf;
aysmfp&m&ufawG&Sdovdk
pdwfqdk;pdwfysufa'goxGufp&maeY&ufawG
tarudk cspfawmh &Sdaewwfw,f
ighom;&JUb0aeY&ufawG vSyzdkYqdk
tarhpum;em;axmif&if; oGm;a&mif;wJhtcg EGrf;aewJh yef;eJUwlwJh
pdwfqdk;pdwfysuf&ufawGenf;jyD;
ar;Muwmu ... pdwfaumif;awGeJY jzwfoef;&wJh&ufawG
yef;ukH;awG rygbl;vm; 'Dtwdkif;qdk rsm;aerSjzpfrSm
b0udk yef;vdkoDr,fqdk
bk&m;udk b,fvdkwif&rvJ ... ? yef;oDwJhtcg
EGrf;aewJhyef;awGudk z,fxkwfovdk
acgif;rSm b,fvdkyef&rvJ ... ? EGrf;aewJhyef;eJUwlwJh pdwfqdk;pdwfysufp&m &ufawGudk
z,fxkwf&if; arhvdkufyg
tar;awGBum;u yef;aumif;awGeJY vSywJh
tm;ememeJY 0,foltcsdKU&Sdayr,fh yef;wpfukH;jzpfatmif zefwD;ovdk
b0rSm
tcsdefwefvdkY tdrfjyefwJhtcg aeY&ufaumif;rsm;pGmeJYwlwJh yef;awGudk
udk,fusifhodu©maumif;eJY apmifhxdef;xm;wJh
ridkrdayr,fh av;uefwJh ajcvSrf;awGeJYaygh tjyKtrlawGeJUwlwJh BudK;eJU
oDukH;vdkufyg ighom; ...
tdrft0rSmcgwdkif;xuf ydkcspfwJh rsufvkH;awGeJY yef;wpfukH; vSyzdkY
BudKaewJh tar yef;oDwJhBudK; vdkovdk
vlUb0wifhw,fvSyzdkU
yef;Aef;uav;udk tom,l&if; udk,fusifhodu©maumif;qdkwJh
BudK;wpfacsmif; vdkw,f ighom; ...
odyfrukefygvm; ighom; ... wJh
yef;xuf yef;ukH;udk ydkar;w,f tar tckxd usaemfhb0aeY&ufawGrSm yef;tEGrf; awG z,fxkwf ae
yef;0,fol odyfr&Sdbl;qdkawmh ...
& qJyg/ waeYaeYrSmawmh vef;qef;jyD;vSywJh b0 yef;ukH; jzpf
om; ajymw,fav vmr,fvdkY usaemf ,HkBunfxm;rdovdk rvScJhbl;qdkvnf; 0rf;
yef;awGu wefzdk;&Sdw,fqdk ... qdkawmh
enf; aerSmr[kwfygbl;/ bmjzpfvdkYvnf;qdk ... usaemfrSm
bmrSjyefrajymwwfvdkY jyefrajymwJhtcg tar qdk wJh yef;oDwJhBudK; &SdcJhbl;wmrdkYyg .....
taru ajymw,f atmifOD;
yef;awGrSmu olYwefzdk;eJUol&Sdovdk
ca&yef;av;awGrSmvnf; wefzdk;&Sdwmaygh
'gayr,fh vlawG okH;vdkY&atmif
yef;oDwJhBudK;udk okH;jyD; ighom; yef;ukH;wJhtcg
bmawGvkyfao;ovJ ... ?
yef;oD&if;eJY rvSwJhyef;awG z,f&w,f
tpdyftusJ nDatmif csJ&w,f tar qdkawmh
rSwfxm; igom;
vlYb0 twGif;rSmaewJh&ufawG qdkwmu
pmrsufESm 33
 vlom;awG&JU t&nftcsif;
wd&pämefawGrSm pmayvufqifhurf;rI r&Sdbl;/ a&S;u bdk;ab; uae 0rf;,m;xdk;EdkifaecsdefrSm av;zufaxmufcsifvmw,f?
awG &JU qdkqHk;rrI r&Sdbl;/ twwfynmoifwJh ausmif;r&Sdbl;/ ajcz0g;atmufudk xdwmod&if avSsmufzdkY vkyfw,f? NyD;awmh
tu,fí vlom;awGrSmom olwdkYvdkr&SdcJh&if OyrmtaeeJY vufxJudk a&mufvmwJht&mudk qkyfudkifw,f? a&xJudk ypf
jcawG olwdkY oufwrf; wcktwGif; olwdkYtxGmeJY rdk;arSsmf wdkuf cs &if a&ay:udk uefxGufvdkpdwf&Sdw,f pwmawG vkyfEdkif Mu
awG aqmufovdk vlom;awGvnf; wb0wm umv ygw,f/ tJh'gawGt& wwfuGsrf;vmoifhwJh ynm&yfawGu
twGif; &SifoefzdkY vHkavmufwJh todynmawG jzpfxGef; toHjyKwm? tyifwufwm? vrf;avSsmufwm eJY a&ul;wm
vmEdkif rvm;/ vkyfEdkif zdkY r[kwfbl;vm;/ tJh'gawGu &SifoefEdkifzdkY vdkufavsm
pkaqmif;xm;wJh obm0rygbJ rjzpfEdkifbl; qdkwmrsKd;&,f? nDaxG jzpfatmif aqmif&Guf wwfwJh arG;&myg rlv t&nf
wd&pämef awGrSm obm0t& tm;omcsuf&Sdw,f qdkwmrsKd; tcsif;awGyg/
&,f t&ifawG;rdMurSmyg/ vlvm;ajrmufawmh ywf0ef;usifqDuae avhvm oif,l yg
wd&pämefawGvdk wDxGif&SifoefEdkifpGrf;vnf; vlawGrSm &Sdw,f w,f/ tajctaerwl&if rwlovdk vlwa,mufpD&JU t&nf
av/ vlawGu rm,macwf eJY tD*spfacwf awGrSm tvGef tcsif;awGu uGJjym;vmrSmyg/ tMurf;zsif; ajym&&if vkyfEdkif
awmfcJhw,fvdkY ajymp&mawG &SdcJhw,f/ tJh'D vlawGa&m ynm pGrf; eJY vkyfcsifpdwftay:rlwnfNyD; t&nftcsif;udk owfrSwf
awGyg aysmufuG,foGm;Muw,fav/ tck vuf&SdvlawG vkyf Mu yg w,f/ vkyfEdkifpGrf; eJY vkyfcsifpdwfxuf ta&; BuD; wmu
ae wmu emrnfBuD;wJhtvkyfawGrSmyJ jyHKwdk;aeMuwmygyJ/ todOmPfygyJ/ tvkyfwckvkyfwJhtcg todOmPf yg ryg qdk
'Dvdk jzpf&yf[m vlawGudk qkwfuyfudk jyefac:oGm;rSmyg/ wm od&zdkY twGuf &v'fudk Munfhyg/ Oyrm taeeJY ppf
ar;p&mwcku vlawG&JU t&nftcsif;qdkwm b,fu pyg vufeuf awG wDxGifwm[m umuG,fa&;twGufvm; e,f
ovJ/ urÇmOD;vlawG awG;ovdk awG;Munfhay;yg/ vlawG arG; csJU csifpdwfaMumifhvm;/ &v'f raumif;wJh tvkyfwck[m
umprSm idkw,f? vIyf&Sm;w,f? EdkYpdkYw,fpwJh wkHYjyefrI av; awG

pmrsufESm 34
b,favmufyJ awmfaeygap todOmPf rygawmh wdk;wuf xuf &vm'fu ta&;BuD;oGm;ygNyD/ topfay: topfqifhNyD;
oifh oavmuf rwdk;wufwmudk axmufjycsifwmyg/ &v'faumif;awG &vmzdkYyg/ rjzpfEdkifbl;vdkY awG;&if oif 'Dpm
pepfawG? pHawG? abmifawGMum;rSm vlawG&JU t&nftcsif;udk udk zwfNyD; tcsdefawmfawmf jzKef;aerdNyD/ 'Dem;wif&yfvdkufwm
uefYowfaewmvdkY jrifrdygw,f/ Oyrmtm;jzifh a&ul; enf; ydkaumif;ygw,f/
pepf awGqdkwJh abmifxJu pepfawG[m trSefawGqdk&if pepf vlwdkif;rSm odpdwfaumif;awGeJY wdk;wufvdkpdwf xyfwl rSsae
xJ rygayr,fh a&udkuGsrf;usifpGm ul;wwfaewm[mvnf; csdef rSm vkyfoifhwmudk wufnDvufnD tzufzufu vkyfMu
trSef wckyJ r[kwfbl;vm;/ rSmyg/ 'DvdkygyJ zsufoifhwmudkvnf; wufnDvufnD zsufMu
b,fpepfjzpfjzpf raumif;wJh&nf&G,fcsufeJY azmfaqmif rSmyg/ OyrmtaeeJY vuf&Sda&cJrkefYvkyfenf;udk arhjypfNyD; vl
vmwJh pepfawG r[kwfygbl;/ jyóemu azmfaqmifaeMuwJh wdkif; a&cJrkefYvkyfenf;awG wDxGifMur,f qdkMuygpdkY/ a&cJ rkefY
vlawG&JU odpdwfawGu wvGJawGvkyfrdvdkYygyJ/ pepfxuf OD; qdkwJh t&mwckudk 0ef;&HNyD; trsKd;rsKd;aom a&cJrkefY vkyfenf;
aqmif ol&JUpdwfudk OD;pm;ay;&ifwdkif;rSm pepfu tjypfzdkY cH& awG xyfay:vmrSmyg/ t&ifuxuf b,fESpfq avmuf wdk;
wmygyJ/ vdkufemusifhoHk;wJh odpdwfqdk;awGaMumifh pepfawG wuf r,f vdkY awG;rdygovJ/
ysufpD; Mu&w,f/ usqHk;atmifvkyfwJh odpdwfqdk;awGudk z,f 'DvdkyJ tm;vHk; wufnDvufnD 'Dta[mif;u todynmudk
xkwf zdkY awG;Munfh&atmif/ tHhzdkY aumif;avmufatmif &v'f udk,fh&SLUaxmifhawGuae azmfaqmifMurSmyg/ udk,fh&SLUaxmifheJY
aumif;ae&ifawmh 'g[m obm0vu©PmppfppfygyJ/ udk,fwnfaqmufvdkufwmawGu waygif;xJ azmfaqmif
tu,fí pepfwckrSm;,Gif;&jcif;&JU tjypf[m azmfaqmif ol vm wJh tcg &vm'fudk jrif&vdrfhr,f/ NydKifw,fqdkwmrSm yxr
awGaMumifhvdkY usifhoHk;olawGtukefvHk; od&Sd vufcH Mur,f ae&mudk vkwmr[kwfbl;/ qef;opfrIudk vdkvm; vmwm rsdK;
qdk&if tm;vHk;[m aumif;rGefatmif jyKvkyfMur,fh &nf&G,f yg/ topfNyD; topf topfNyD; topfeJY NydKifjrif;awGvdk a&SUudkyJ
csuf wckatmufrSm acgif;aqmifr&Sd i,fom;r&Sd jzpfoGm; w&pyf wdk;aewmrsdK;yg/
rSmyg/ acgif;aqmifvdkaeao;w,fvdkY awG;aeoí tmPmudk wu,fqdk&if uGsrf;usif&mvdr®mvdkrsdK; udk,fhe,fy,fawG[m
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ay:vmorSs acgif;aqmifolawG[m tcGifhta&;awGudk &,l BuD; awG jzpfvmrSm/ 'gawGuvnf; apmapmuajymovdk xyf
NyD; jyefaysmufoGm;MurSmyg/ tckpm&JU qdkvdk&if;u bHk0g'udk xyf NyD; aygif;ukefrSmrsdK;av/ pepf eJY vIyf&Sm;rI wom;wnf;
r&nf&G,f ovdk acgif;aqmifrIr&SdrS at;r,fvdkY ajymae wm usaecsdefaygh/ tcsdefeJY trSs uGJjym;aeovdk NyD;wmeJY tcsdefeJY
vnf; r[kwfbl;As/ pepf&,f vIyf&Sm;rI&,fu wom; wnf; trSs aygif;vmOD;rSmyg/ e,fy,fwpfckpDuae aemufe,fy,f
us oGm;r,fh tajctaeudk arSsmfvifhwmyg/ vlom;awG&JU awG qDudk 0ifaerSm bmpnf;awG abmifawGrS rxm;awmhwJh
t&nftcsif;udk pepfawGeJY uefYowfrxm;awmhyJ odpdwf tcsdef tcgyg/ 'grS vlom;awG&JU t&nftcsif;ppfppfawG xGuf
aumif;awGeJY tm;vHk; 0dkif;0ef;BudK;pm;zdkYyg/ ay: vmrSmyg/ &v'faumif;vdkcsifwJh odpdwfaumif;awG
Oyrm ajym&&if vlawGu Oya'awGudk avhvmw,f/ NyD; tm;vHk; udk aygif;ypfEdkifwJh tcsdefrsKd;a&muf&if usaemfwdkY bm
awmh csKd;azmufMuw,f/ csKd;azmufjcif; eJY ydkaumif;wJh tae awG xyfNyD; vdktyfOD;rSmvJ/
txm; a&mufatmif jyKjyifjcif;rSm b,f[mu todOmPf ydkifpdk;

ygwJh tvkyfjzpfrvJ/ odpdwfaumif;awGeJY BudK;pm;rIrSm pepf

pmrsufESm 35
 tdyfrufxJ tzdk;ESifh &efjzpfrdjcif; ]bm acwfvJ ? vcGrf;... 'DajrrSm arG; 'Da&udk aomuf 'Djynfudk
cspfcif av;pm;&rSm udk rif; rodbl;vm; ?}
(1)
usaemh tzdk; udk usaemf tvGefcspfygonf/ usaemh tzdk;onf ][m tzdk;uvnf; cspfwmaygh/ cspfvGef;vdkY udk,fhwdkif;jynf
vnf; trsKd;udk cspfygonf/ OdD;rsKd;cspf [k trnf ay;rd aomf trnfeJY xkwfwJh bD,mudk cspfvdkY aomufaewmav Asm}
vnf; tzdk;onf vpfb&,f ( Liberal ) qefygonf/
]a[haumif ighudk vmr&GJU eJY/ 'grsKd; cspfw,fqdkw,fqdkwm
taMumif;tusKd; udk em;vnfonf/ odkYaomf acwf [laom vkyfoifhvm;/ rvkyfoifhbl;vm; qdkwm pOf;pm;ayghuGm}
pum;vHk;udk olYa&SUwGif tus,f rzGifh zdkY tNrJajymyg onf/
][m 'ku©ygyJ tzdk;&,f tmh bD,m om; xkwfwm r[kwfav
jzpfcsifawmh ol qHk;yg;oGm;onfh ESpfrS a&wGufaomf ESpf b,f Asm}
avmuf &SdNyD [k aocsmrrSwf rdaom ESpf\ nwGif tzdk; eJY usaemfvnf; ajymNyD;a&m jzwfueJY vefYEdk; oGm;w,f Asm/
usaemf tdyfrufxJ pum;rsm;Muygonf/

&efjzpfonf[k pum;qdk&aomfvnf; ol\ tajymtqdk rsm;

Mum; xJ usaemf wpfcGef;wav jyefvnfacsy rdjcif; om jzpf
onf/ xdk aeY naezufu usaemfh rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh bD,m qdkif
xdkif&if; jrefrmbD,mawG aomufrdygonf/

rdwfaqGrsm;ESifh twlaomufrd&if; Al;av;udk Munfhum tzdk;

udk owd&vdkufrdonf/ (3)
jyeftdyfr& wmeJU tzdk;ajymoGm;wm jyefNyD; pOf;pm;rdw,f/ vl
(2) u iydef;rdkY tus,fcsJU awG;r&bl; jzpfaerdw,f / jrefrm bD,m
]a[haumif xprf; .... rif;wdkYwpfawG tawmf vGefaeNyD uGm} vdkY trnfwyfawmh jrefrmjynfu xkwfw,fqdkwm wef; od
][if .... bmjzpfvdkY vJ tzdk; &JU } aew,f r[kwfvm; Asm/

]rif;wdkYuGm... igh &Sdaewkef;uwnf;u urÇmrSm b,fEdkifiH rS rdrd *if;epfpHcsdef0ifzdkYawmif aumif;aeNyDav/ rdrdwdkif;jynf

EdkifiH trnfeJY t&uf bD,m xkwfwm rMum;rodcJhbl;/ ckawmh trnfeJY bD,m xkwfvkyfaom wdkif;jynf qdkNyD awmhav/
rif;wdkY acwfa&mufrS t&ufbD,mudk rdrdwdkif;jynf trnf
xkwfwm awGUbl; awmhw,f} udk,fuvnf; bD,morm; qdkawmh jrefrmbD,m jrifwdkif;
&ifckefrdw,fav/ 'guvnf; acwfu ajymif;vJaeNyD qdkawmh
][m tzdk;uvnf; acwf ygqdkrStajymif;tvJ &Sdwmaygh}
pmrsufESm 36
acwfeJY trSD vdkufrdjcif; yJav/ tzdk;a&... uefawmh yg&JU. tzdk; ][m acwfuajymif;vmNyD tzdk; &/ urÇmBuD; [m &Gm wpf&Gm
rBudKufwJh acwf qdkwJh pum; ajymrdjyefaygh / tjzpf ul;ajymif; awmhrSm tzdk; rodvdkufqdkawmh}
]a[haumif tmhpum;awG rif;yJ ,Hk odvm; vlqdkwJh trsKd;u
(4) tom;ta&mif udk;uG,f&m pojzifh tomxm; wpfOD;csif;&JU
aemufnzuf usaemf rtdyfbl; qHk;jzwfrdw,f/ aocsm pdwf"gwfawG cH,lcsufawG u rwlMubl;/ ckvnf; Munfh rif;eJY
w,fav/ usaemhtzdk;taMumif; usaemf odwmaygh/ taESmifh ig ajr;tzdk; t&if;BuD; 'gawmif rif;eJY ig rwlnDMubl;}
jyKwf r[kwfayr,fh pmtkyfBuD; orm;qdkawmh rSwfrdatmif ESpf ]rwlnDMuayr,fh nSdnSdEIdif;eSdkif; jyKrl vkyfaqmifMu&if tqif
acguf avmuf tenf;qHk; jyefvmrSm BudK odaevdkYyg/ ajy ygw,f Asm/ tavsmhtwif;av; vkyfMuwmaygh}

'gayr,fh r&ygbl; Asm/ wpfaeukef tvkyfxJ yifyef;aeawmh ]at;yg rif;uq&mtxm eJY ajymwm/ [kwfygNyD [kwfygNyD
oef;acgifausmfwJh txd tdyfcsifpdwf ajzazsmufNyD; aeaomf at; igajymwmawGawmh rarheJY aemfuGm 'gyJ oGm;NyD}
vnf; jzwfueJY idkufNyD; tdyfaysmfoGm;csdef tzdk; a&muf
vmjyefygw,f/ usaemfvnf; vefYEdk;oGm;cJhygonf/ qufvnf; tdyfr&awmh
twlwl tdrftjyifxGuf vrf;rxuf vrf;avSsmuf xGufcJh
][m;[m; rtdyfyJ rsufvHk; a'gifhaxmuf xm;w,faygh b,f& av \ /
rvJ uGm/ igu rif;tzdk; yguGm/ rif; vnfwm ig tdyfae
oavmufyJ &Sdw,f uaZmf} (5)
aeY opfpzdkY a&mifeD oef;aeygNyD / aus;iSufawGvnf; aw;qdk
]rodbl;Asm tzdk;jyefawmh aemf/ usaemf reuf tvkyf apmapm um tpm&SmxGuf aeMuNyD/
oGm;&OD;rSm}
vrf;ab;acG;awGvnf; vrf;ay:wuf aqmhupm;aeMuygNyD/
]jyefbl;uGm ig rif;udk pum;awG ajymOdD;rSm ..... at; rif;wdkYawG vrf;ab; yef;av;awGvnf; yGifhaeMuNyD/ rsufESmopfcsdef
owdxm;uG/ rif;wdkYawG[m tiftm;BuD; tjzL eJY trJrSm &Sdaom reufcif;rsm;udkom qufvufarSsmfvifh aerdygawmh
ae ae&wJh vlawGuG} onf /
udkaZmf

][m 'gu bmqef;vnf; tzdk;&,f/ yx0Da&ajr obm0 t&

wnf&SdaewmyJ/ b,fwwfEdkifyghrvJ}
]at;av igajymwmu owdxm;zdkYyJ ajymwm jrefrm tp
waumif; bmnm ysL bmnm vlom;tp y½dkif;rdwf bmnm
a& Munf &mjrufEk&m &SmazGMu bmnm pojzifh tmh'gawG
tom xm; rdrdvlrsKd; raysmufysufzdkY udk ajymaewmuG}

pmrsufESm 37
 twå[dw\ aumif;usdK;rsm;
wudk,f aumif;qefjcif;? udk,fhtwGufudk,f Munfhjcif;?
Fight for survival, selfish, self care pojzifh
rsdK;pHkac:avh &Sdygw,f/ tm;vHk;[m twå[dw&JU teuf
t"dyÜm,f awGom jzpfw,f/
a&S;½dk; pOfvm ,Ofaus;rI awGt&a&m acwfay: vkyfxHk;awG
t&yg vuf0J&Iaxmifha&m vuf,m &Iaxmifha&m 2 zufpvHk; wpfzGJUcsif;pD &JU t&nftcsif;} vdkY WHO u self-care
rSm twå[dw[m b,fawmhrS rsufESmyrf; rvS&Smbl;/ a0g[m& twGuf teufudk zGifhxm;ygw,f/
wudk,faumif; orm; qdkwm acwftqufquf tqdk;jrif
&IaxmifheJYom tMunfhcHcJh &oavmuf vltrsm;pk arhae [kwfygw,f/ wudk,faumif;pdwfonf ußGefawmfwdkY&JU t&nf
MuwJh olY&JU tjcm;wpfzuf aumif;usdK; &v'fawG &Sdygao; tcsif; jzpfw,f/ vlom;awG&JU arG;&myg ADZ jzpfygw,f/ ZD0
w,f/ wudk,faumif;pdwf y"ge aMumifh jzpfxGef; vmwJh aA' ynm&Sif &pfcsufa'ghuif;uawmh vlawGa&m owå0g
&yf0ef; awG jzpfpOfawG taMumif;udk ußGefawmfwdkY twlwl awGrSm a&m ygwJh ADZwpfrsdK;taMumif; ajymoGm;cJhzl;w,f/
pOf;pm; Munfh&atmif/ Selfish gene vdkY ac:wJh udk,fusdK;&Sm ADZ jzpfygw,f/
Airplane Emergency Metaphor av;uae 'DADZav;[myJ ußGefawmfwdkY vkyfwJh tvkyfawGudk vTrf;rdk;
ppOf;pm;yghr,f/ av,mOfay:rSm ta&;ay: atmufpD*sif ½SL& xm;avh &SdNyD; b,fawmhrqdk ighrsdK;pdwf &Sifoef&mudkyJ a&G;cs,f
awmhr,f qdk&if toufu,f mask udk wyfwJhtcg uav; avh ½SdygowJh/ rdrdudk,f rdrd t&if jznfhwif;NyD;rS usefolawGudk
oli,feJY rdrd udk,fudk,f.. b,folYudk t&if wyfay;&rvJ/ ulnD ay;Edkifr,fqdkwJh oabm jzpfw,f/ 'Doabmav;udkyJ
qdkawmh ñTefMum;csufrSm ñTef;qdkxm;wmu uav;udk tar&duef or®wa[mif; tdkbm;rm;&JU ZeD;jzpfol rD½S,f
aemufrS wyfay;yg/ udk,fwdkif t&ifwyfygwJh/ wu,fqdk tdkbm;rm; u 2011 ckESpf tifwmAsL; wpfckrSm ]ußGefr taeeJY
uav; wif rubl;/ b,folUudkrqdk aemufrS wyfay;&rSm orD; awGudk oGefoifwJhtcg olwpfyg;awGudk jznfhwif; ay;
jzpfygw,f/ rdrdtwGufom rdrdt&if OD;pGmjznfhwif; &yg oavmuf rdrdudk,fudkvnf; wef;wl jznfhwif;yg vdkY qdkqHk;r
vdrfhr,f/ tJh'D vkyfief;pOf[m pdwful;,OfNyD; xifovdk avh &Sdw,f} vdkY qdkoGm;cJhzl;ygw,f/
avSsmufvkyfxm;wJh jyuGufwpfck r[kwfyg/ WHO u qdkawmh obm0 ed,mrw&m; awGt&udk rdrdudk,fudk yGm;rsm;

owfrSwfxm;ay;wJh self-care t"dyÜm,fudk taumif;qHk; EdkifwJh ADZawGu ydkatmifjrifw,f/ acwfumvawG tMum

BuD; wnf½SdMuwm jrifEdkifygw,f/ wavmu rufqdk ydkaw;
yHkazmfoGm;rIom jzpfygw,f/
rD;,m; ,Ofaus;rItaMumif; Documentary Munfhrd
Definition of Self-care by WHO
]jyify tultnD vHk;0 r,lyJ wpfOD;pD? wpfpkpD? wpfzGJUpD aumif; &if; pOf;pm; qifjcifp&m wpfckudk qufpyfrdvdkY ajymOD;r,f/

pGm &yfwnf aexdkif pm;aomuf &SifoefEdkif pGrf;&Sd vmap a&S;a[mif; rufqdkydkaw;rD;,ef;awG rjzpfvmcifu vlom;

atmif xdef;rwf aewJh vlwpfa,mufcsif;pD vlwpfpkcsif;pD vl [m yuwdobm0rSm tkyfpkzGJU tajccs aexdkif wwfol r[kwf
bl; vdkY 'DxJrSm ½dkufjyxm;ygw,f/

pmrsufESm 38
tNrJwap a&Munf&m jrufEk&mudk &SmazGaewwfMuolawG tjrif udkrS *½krpdkufwwfMuwJh udk,fh'l;udk,fcßGef udk,fjzpf
jzpf Muw,f/ wpfcsdefrSmawmh *sHKyifuae usvmwJh taph udk,fcH orm;awG[m twå[dw orm;ppfppfawGom jzpfEdkif
wpfaph uae tvm;wl tyifwpfyif xyfaygufvmwmudk ygw,f/
jrifvdkuf Mu&w,f/ 'DrSm vlom;qdkwm rsdK;aphudk em;vnf vm ed*Hk;csKyf&r,f qdk&ifawmh ußGefawmfh wpfa,mufxJ&JU t,l
Muw,f/ 'Dem;rSm aeoa&GU 'Dtpm rjywfbl;qdkwJh tod awG tq taeeJY twå[dw vkyfjcif; udk,fhtwGuf udk,f Munfh
jzpfvmw,f/ yxrqHk; csdwfquf pOf;pm;rI pwifNyD; tajc jcif; [m rSm;,Gif;wJh tjrif qdkwmBuD;udk vufrcHEdkifygbl;/
csrIawG jzpfvm&w,f/ tkyfpkzGJUaexdkif wwfvm Mu w,f/ tm;ay;ygw,f/ rdrdtwGuf rdrdwdkYtwGuf tNrJ vHkavmuf
obm0 twdkif; wpfOD;pD cGJxGufaexdkif &SifoefrI qdwfokOf; atmif jznfhwif;ay;&if;eJYom tjcm;vdktyfwJh ae&mawGudk
oGm;NyD; tobm0 jzpfwJh tajccsrIawG tkyfpkzGJYrIawG jzpfvm ußGefawmfwdkYawG vufvSrf;EdkifMurSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk cHpm;
w,f/ qdkvdkcsifwmu tJh'D a&S;a[mif; aexdkifrI tkwfjrpf csuf qdkif&m e,fajrcsJUxGifrIonfom [dk;wkef;uvnf; &SdcJhNyD;
tay:rSm y&[dwqdkwm wnfrSDaew,f rSwfvm;/ 'ghaMumifh aemifvJ &SdaeOD;r,fh twårS y&odkY qdkonfh rSefuefaom
y&[dw qdkwm trSefobm0 [kwfr[kwf qdkwm udk yg pD;qif; rI jzpfygawmhw,f/
qef;ppfMu&ygvdrfhr,f/
aemufwpfck... pOf;pm;rdzl;vm; rodbl;/ a,mufsm;av; awG
xuf pm&if rdef;rom; awG[m *½kPm½SifawG jzpfMuw,f/
a,mufsm; awGxuf Muifemay; em;vnfay;EdkifpGrf; ½SdMu
w,f/ rSsa0rI tm;aumif;wwfMuw,f/ 'gayr,fh ußGefawmf
wdkY owdrxm;rdwJh tcsufwpfcku wpfpHkwpfa,mufu
vdktyfrI tay: awmif;qdk rdwJhtcg “NO” qdkwJh tjiif;
wHkYjyefrI udk tcsdefeJY wajy;nD ay;EdkifMuolawGonf rdef;r
om; awGyJ jzpfjyefw,f/
wpfenf;qdk&&if y&[dwudk jywfom;pGm rMunfh wwfjcif; ausmfi,f
uyJ twå wnfaqmufrI jzpfvmapNyD; 'DwnfaqmufrI[m
omref vk y f ½ d k ; vk y f p Of y&[d w awG x uf omvG e f w J h
jznfhwif;ay;EdkifolawG jzpfvmapovm; qef;ppfMunfh &rSm
jzpfygw,f/
aemufwpfck... pOf;pm;p&m tqdkwpfck jyKcsifrdw,f/ twå
[dw orm;[m b,fawmhrS jyóem wpfckudk olrsm; rvTJcs
wwfolawG jzpfw,f/ pOf;pm; Munfhyg/ qifajcawG ußGefawmf
wdkY bmvdkY ay;MuvJ/ ywf0ef;usifu tjrifrSm;rIudk vufrcH
EdkifrIaMumifh r[kwfbl;vm;/ wpfenf;... tkyfpkzGJY aexdkif vdk
pdwf.. y&e,fy,f&JU vGJrSm;wJh tvkyfawG r[kwfvm;/ b,folY

pmrsufESm 39