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Simulation of Fluid Flow in A U-Shape Self-Siphon and Its Working Space

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DOI: 10.1063/1.4868758

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 Simulation of fluid flow in a U-shape self-siphon and its working space
Nurhayati, W. Hidayat, Novitrian, S. Viridi, and F. P. Zen

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1589, 95 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4868758

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 Simulation of Fluid Flow in A U-Shape
Self-Siphon and Its Working Space
Nurhayati1,*, W. Hidayat1, Novitrian2, S. Viridi2, and F. P. Zen1
1
Theoretical High Energy Physics and Instrumentation, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
2
Nuclear Physics and Biophysics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences,
1,2
Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
*
[email protected]

Abstract. Observation of occurrence of fluid flow in a U-shape self-siphon has been conducted experimentally and in
simulation. Water is chosen as the fluid. In experiment, three kinds of pipe inner diameter d (4, 6, and 8 mm) have been
used to find its influence to the flow occurrence. The U-shape self-siphon has three different segments, where length of
the first segment plays important role for the flow occurrence. The segment has length L + h, which stands for length
above and below water surface in water container, respectively. In simulation, head (interface between water and air in
the siphon) equation of motion is solved numerically using Euler method. Working spaces of L against h for several d
have been produced from simulation and experiment, and they show a good agreement to each other. It can be observed
that the relation between L and minimum h for flow to occur becomes more linear for larger inner diameter d.

Keywords: fluid flow occurrence, self-siphon, working space, continuity.

PACS: 47.10.Fg.

INTRODUCTION
EXPERIMENTS
Siphon is a simple device to flow fluid from a point
to other lower point through a higher one [1]. The Fluid flow in this experiment is only indicated by a
work mechanism of a siphon is still a discussion topic small amount of water that located in the interface
among researcher in previous two years [2-4]. Several between water and air, which is defined as head [8].
work mechanisms, such as interaction force between Head is considered to have form of a cylinder.
fluid molecules (or chain model principle) [5] and Three siphons made of transparent glass with inner
cooperation between air pressure and gravity [6], are diameter 4, 6, and 8 mm have been made and used in
proposed. More complex form of siphon is self starting experiment. In order to study the influence of pipe
siphon [7], self-siphon [8], or self priming siphon [9], length that immersed in water, a segmented siphon is
which is a siphon that is capable to flow fluid by itself. made. The siphon consists of two vertical straight
This capability appears due to modification of bend segments and one bend segment. These segments are
segment [7, 8] or existence of special vacuum chamber indicated by number I, II, and II, as illustrated in
in siphon [9]. Some experiments have been conducted Figure 1. Segment I has adjustable length, since it is
to observe water flow in a self-siphon, which is constructed of several small parts, whose length is
accompanied by a mathematical model for the flow about 2 cm. Segment II is a semicircle with radius 1
using parametric equations [10], supported by cm. Segment III has length of 14 cm.
simulation results to predict whether there is water It is set that inlet of segment I (point P1) is
flow in segmented self siphon [11], and used as immersed in water, middle of segment II (point P 2) is
learning medium of self- siphon [12]. It is still attached to the wall of water container, and outlet of
interesting nowadays to study the mechanism of a segment III (point P3) is put outside of water container.
siphon. This configuration is given in Figure 2.
Experiment and simulation results continuing Segment I, II, and III are attached to each other
previous ones [1] are presented in this work with the using a transparent air hose with slighter larger
simplified system than in [11]. It is now only with one diameter than outer diameter of the siphon pipe. Two
bend or a U-shape self-siphon. standard procedures are always used before each
observation: (i) inner side of siphon pipe is always dry
and filled only with air, and (ii) outlet of segment III is
closed using a small rubber stopper. The stopper is
4th International Conference on Mathematics and Natural Sciences (ICMNS 2012)
AIP Conf. Proc. 1589, 95-98 (2014); doi: 10.1063/1.4868758
© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC 978-0-7354-1221-7/$30.00

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 used to prevent water entering to pipe. The observation water, some cannot. Using these two parameters a
begins by removing the stopper. working space of the siphon can be obtained.

SIMULATION

Motion of head is different in each segment. In

segment I and III differential equation of head can
written as [1]
d2y dy
 C1  C0 y  C 0 (1)
dt 2 dt
where
8SK'h
C1 , (2)
'm
UgA
C0 , (3)
'm
C g  C0 y 0 , (4)
with K and U are viscosity and density of water, 'h
and 'm are head thickness and mass, respectively, g
is gravity acceleration, A is area of pipe, and y 0 is
water surface position in water container. Equation (1)
is derived by considering the influence of earth
gravitation force, fluid friction force, and hydrostatic
FIGURE 1. Segmented siphon used in the experiment pressure force in solving the equation of motion of
has three segments indicated by number I, II, and III. head using Newton equation of motion [11]. With
similar procedure for segment I and III the differential
equation for head in segment II can obtained
d 2T dT § g cos T ·
2
 C1 ¨  C 0 sin T ¸
dt dt © R ¹, (5)
C0
 y0  yC 0
R
with R is bend segment radius and xC , yC is center
of semicircle pipe of bend segment. Equation (1) and
(5) with the relation of equation (2)-(4) are the main
equation that will be solved using Euler method, where
the method can approximate equation in a form of
df
g (6)
dt
with
f t  't f t  g t 't . (7)
The head moves in segment I and III only in y -
direction. It means that in x - direction the condition
v x t  't v x t v x 0 0 (8)
must be always held all time, while in the y - direction
v y t  't v y t 1  C1't 0  C0 y t 't  C't . (9)
FIGURE 2. Experiment setup: siphon (S), water
container (W1), and outlet water container (W2) with Then, position of head in these segments is constrained
configuration position of point P1, P2, and P3. by
x t  't x t  v x t 't . (10)
Segment III has length of L  h (see Figure 2).
Every configuration is indicated by different value of y t  't y t  v y t 't , (11)
L and h . Some of them can make the siphon flow the with some initial position x 0 and y 0 .

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 In segment II the head moves in a semicircle path. TABLE 1. Minimum value of h for certain value of
From equation (5) with help from equation (7) it can L whose configuration still can flow water.
be found that
Z t  't Z t 1  C1't  C0c 't  C c't , (12) d (mm) 4 6 8
No
with
L (cm) hmin (cm)
g cos T t
C0c  C0 sin T t , (13) 1 2 6.5 6.5 6.5
R
C0 2 4 15.3 15.1 15
Cc y0  yc . (14)
R 3 6 42 26.2 23.5
Then, it can be obtained that
T t  't T t  Z t 't , (15) Following parameters are used in the simulation:
with initial conditions Z 0 and T 0 . In this segment U 103 kg/m3 , K 10 3 N ˜ s/m2 , g 9.8 m/s2 ,
position of the head can be calculated from 'h 10 4 m , and 't 10 8 s .
x t xC  R cos T t , (16)
y t yC  R sinT t , (17)
and also velocity of the head
v x t Z t R sinT t , (18)
vy t Z t R cos T t . (19)
Equations (8)-(11) and (16)-(19) are the solution of
motion of the head and its velocity. In the connection,
between segment I - II and between segment II - III,
continuity of motion parameters, i.e. position and
velocity, must be held. If head can flow through
segment I, II, and III with time duration W I , W II , and
W III , respectively, then it must be fulfilled for
successive segment that
xII W I xI W I , (20)
y II W I yI W I , (21)
xIII W I  W II xII W I  W II , (22)
y III W I  W II y II W I  W II , (23)
and also
v x , II W I vx , I W I , (24)
v y , II W I vy ,I W I , (25)
v x , III W I  W II v x , II W I  W II , (26)
v y , III W I  W II v y, II W I  W II . (27)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

For a certain value of L , minimum value of h is

observed in experiment, where the configuration still
can flow fluid through entire siphon (segment I, II, and
III). The results are given in Table 1 for three different
value of pipe inner diameter d . It seems that higher
value of h gives higher value of L . Value of h is
observed smaller than value of L due to presence of
friction between fluid flow and inner part of siphon FIGURE 3. Workings space of U-shape self-siphon for dif-
pipe [1]. ferent inner diameter d : 4 mm (top), 6 mm (middle), and 8
mm (bottom), that can produce: flow ( ) and no flow ( ) in
simulation. Flow observed in experiment is indicated by .

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 Simulation results are given in Figure 3, where 6. A. Richert and P. –M. Binder, Phys. Teach. 49, 78-80
symbol indicates that configuration with certain (2011).
value of h dan L can flow water through the siphon, 7. Flinn Scientific Inc, (2007), “Self-Starting Siphon
Tube”, Publication No. 10499, URL http://www.flinnsci
while symbol indicates otherwise. Experiment .com/media/565417/ps10499.pdf [2013.01.21].
results that are shown in Table 1 is given in Figure 3 8. S. Viridi, Suprijadi, S. N. Khotimah, Novitrian, F.
with symbol , which make a boundary between flow Masterika, Recent Dev. Comp. Sci. 2, 9-16 (2011).
( ) and no flow ( ) region. It can be seen from 9. John. H. Rice, U. S. Patent No. 4,124,035 (7 November
Figure 3 that there is a minimum value of h that must 1978).
be fulfilled for every certain of value of L , in order 10. F. Masterika, Novitrian dan S. Viridi, “Self Siphon
the configuration can flow water. The relation between Exsperiments and Its Mathematical Modelling Using
Parametric Equation”, Proceeding of the Third
minimum h and L seems linear for d 8 mm , but International Conference on Mathematics and Natural
becomes more non-linear for smaller diameter Sciences (ICMNS 2010), Bandung, Indonesia, 23-25
d 6 mm and d 4 mm . This could be addressed November 2010, pp. 608-613.
11. S. Viridi, Novitrian, F. Masterika, W. Hidayat, dan F. P.
to surface tension between water and inner part of pipe
Zen, “Segmented Self Siphon: Experiments and
that is more pronounced with smaller inner diameter Simulations” in The 5th International Conference on
[13, 14]. For L 6 mm it can be seen that smaller Research and Education in Mathematics-2011, edited by
inner diameter needs higher value of hmin or in other E. T. Baskoro et al., AIP Conference Proceedings 1450,
American Institute of Physics, Melville, NY, 2012, pp.
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(SNIPS 2011), Bandung, Indonesia, 23-25 Juni 2011, pp.
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Transfer 19, 23-39 (1992).
through entire siphon has been performed and the 14. C. -Y. Yang and C. -C. Shieh, Int. J. Multiphas. Flow 27,
results are good coincident. Relation between h and 1163-1177 (2001)
L seems linear for larger inner diameter, but becomes
more non-linear for smaller inner diameter due to the
presence of surface tension.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Authors would like to thank the Faculty of

Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Institut
Teknologi Bandung for supporting presentation of
this work, Competition Research Grant DIKTI in
2012 for supporting this work financially, and
Theoretical High Energy Physics and
Instrumentation Laboratory for the research
atmosphere.

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