Big Data in ehealthcare Challenges and Perspectives

1st Edition Nandini Mukherjee 2025 easy download

Purchase at textbookfull.com
https://textbookfull.com/product/big-data-in-ehealthcare-challenges-
and-perspectives-1st-edition-nandini-mukherjee/

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (12 reviews )

Instant PDF Access

 Big Data in ehealthcare Challenges and Perspectives 1st
Edition Nandini Mukherjee

TEXTBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 ACADEMIC EDITION – LIMITED RELEASE

Available Instantly Access Library

More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Sustainable Urbanization in India Challenges and

Opportunities 1st Edition Jenia Mukherjee (Eds.)

https://textbookfull.com/product/sustainable-urbanization-in-
india-challenges-and-opportunities-1st-edition-jenia-mukherjee-
eds/

Big Data Challenges: Society, Security, Innovation and

Ethics 1st Edition Anno Bunnik

https://textbookfull.com/product/big-data-challenges-society-
security-innovation-and-ethics-1st-edition-anno-bunnik/

Machine Learning and Big Data Analytics Paradigms:

Analysis, Applications and Challenges Aboul Ella
Hassanien

https://textbookfull.com/product/machine-learning-and-big-data-
analytics-paradigms-analysis-applications-and-challenges-aboul-
ella-hassanien/

Source Code Analytics With Roslyn and JavaScript Data

Visualization Mukherjee

https://textbookfull.com/product/source-code-analytics-with-
roslyn-and-javascript-data-visualization-mukherjee/
From Big Data to Big Profits Success with Data and
Analytics 1st Edition Russell Walker

https://textbookfull.com/product/from-big-data-to-big-profits-
success-with-data-and-analytics-1st-edition-russell-walker/

Environmental Geoinformatics Extreme Hydro Climatic and

Food Security Challenges Exploiting the Big Data Joseph
Awange

https://textbookfull.com/product/environmental-geoinformatics-
extreme-hydro-climatic-and-food-security-challenges-exploiting-
the-big-data-joseph-awange/

Big Mechanisms in Systems Biology Big Data Mining

Network Modeling and Genome Wide Data Identification
1st Edition Bor-Sen Chen

https://textbookfull.com/product/big-mechanisms-in-systems-
biology-big-data-mining-network-modeling-and-genome-wide-data-
identification-1st-edition-bor-sen-chen/

Machine Intelligence and Big Data in Industry 1st

Edition Dominik Ry■ko

https://textbookfull.com/product/machine-intelligence-and-big-
data-in-industry-1st-edition-dominik-ryzko/

Big Data and Computational Intelligence in Networking

1st Edition Yulei Wu

https://textbookfull.com/product/big-data-and-computational-
intelligence-in-networking-1st-edition-yulei-wu/
Big Data in eHealthcare
Challenges and Perspectives
Big Data in eHealthcare
Challenges and Perspectives

Nandini Mukherjee
Sarmistha Neogy
Samiran Chattopadhyay
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

Version Date: 20181122

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8153-9440-2 (Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable
efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and
publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication
and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any
future reprint.

Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced,
transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.

For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access
www.copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.
(CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization
that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted
a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and
are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Mukherjee, Nandini, author. | Neogy, Sarmistha, author. |

Chattopadhyay, Samiran, author.
Title: Big data in eHealthcare : challenges and perspectives / Nandini
Mukherjee, Sarmistha Neogy, Samiran Chattopadhyay.
Description: Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019011925| ISBN 9780815394402 (hardback : acid-free paper)
| ISBN 9781351057790 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Medical informatics. | Medicine--Data processing. | Big data.
| Data mining.
Classification: LCC R858 .M85 2019 | DDC 610.285--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019011925

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
 To my daughter Shabnam and my husband Biman
— Nandini Mukherjee

To my daughter Roshni and my son-in-law Prince Bose

— Sarmistha Neogy

To my daughter Anwesha and my wife Matangini

— Samiran Chattopadhyay
Contents

List of Figures xiii

Preface xv

Acknowledgements xvii

Authors xix

1 Introduction 1

1.1 What Is eHealth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1.2 eHealth Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 eHealth Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3.1 Health Informatics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.2 mHealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.3.3 Telehealth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.4 eHealth and Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.5 Issues and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

References 12

2 Electronic Health Records 13

2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Electronic Health Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 EHR Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 ISO 13606 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.3.2 HL7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.3 OpenEHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4 Adoption of EHR Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.5 Ontology-based Approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.5.1 Developing an Ontology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.2 Ontologies for EHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
2.5.3 Ontologies in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.6 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

vii
viii Contents

References 40

3 Big Data: From Hype to Action 43

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.2 What Is Big Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.3 Big Data Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.4 Why Is Big Data Important? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
3.5 Big Data in the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.6 Big Data in Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.6.1 Is Health Data Big Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.6.2 Big Data: Healthcare Providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.7 Other Big Data Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.7.1 Banking and Securities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
3.7.2 Communications, Media, and Entertainment . . . . . 55
3.7.3 Manufacturing and Natural Resources . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7.4 Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7.5 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.7.6 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.8 Securing Big Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.8.1 Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.8.2 Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.8.3 Some Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.9 Big Data Security Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.10 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

References 62

4 Acquisition of Big Health Data 65

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.2 Wireless Body Area Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
4.2.1 BAN Design Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.2.2 WBAN Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2.3 Technologies for WBAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2.3.1 Bluetooth and Bluetooth LE . . . . . . . . . 70
4.2.3.2 ZigBee and WLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2.3.3 WBAN standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.2.4 Network Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.2.5 Inter-WBAN Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3 Crowdsourcing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.4 Social Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.5 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

References 84
Contents ix

5 Health Data Analytics 87

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
5.2 Artificial Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.2.1 Model of an ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.2.2 Modes of ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
5.2.3 Structure of ANNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.4 Training a Feedforward Neural Network . . . . . . . . 93
5.2.5 ANN in Medical Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2.6 Weakness of ANNs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.3 Classification and Clustering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.3.1 Clustering via K-Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.3.2 Some Additional Remarks about K-Means . . . . . . . 100
5.4 Statistical Classifier: Bayesian and Naive Classification . . . 102
5.4.1 Experiments with Medical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.4.2 Decision Trees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4.3 Clasical Indction of Decision Trees . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.5 Association Rule Mining (ARM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.5.1 Simple Approach for Rule Discovery . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.5.2 Processing of Medical Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
5.5.3 Association Rule Mining in Health Data . . . . . . . . 113
5.5.4 Issues with Association Rule Mining . . . . . . . . . . 114
5.6 Time Series Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
5.6.1 Time Series Regression Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
5.6.2 Linear AR Time Series Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
5.6.3 Application of Time Series . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.7 Text Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.7.1 Term Frequency and Inverse Document Frequency . . 122
5.7.2 Topic Modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.8 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124

References 126

6 Architecture and Computational Models for Big Data Pro-

cessing 129

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

6.2 Performance Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
6.3 Parallel Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
6.3.1 Distributed Shared Memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.3.2 Hierarchical Hybrid Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.3.3 Cluster Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.3.4 Multicore Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.3.5 GPU Computing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.3.6 Recent Advances in Computer Architecture . . . . . . 141
x Contents

6.4 Exploiting Parallelism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142

6.5 MapReduce Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.5.1 MapReduce Programming Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.5.2 MapReduce Framework Implementation . . . . . . . . 146
6.6 Hadoop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
6.6.1 Hadoop Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.6.2 Resource Provisioning Framework . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.6.3 Hadoop Distributed File System . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.6.4 MapReduce Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
6.6.5 Hadoop Common . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.6.6 Hadoop Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.7 Hadoop Ecosystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
6.7.1 Apache Spark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
6.7.2 Apache ZooKeeper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
6.8 Streaming Data Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.8.1 Apache Flume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
6.8.2 Spark Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.8.3 Amazon Kinesis Streaming Data Platform . . . . . . . 159
6.9 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

References 161

7 Big Data Storage 163

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

7.2 Structured vs. Unstructured Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
7.3 Problems with Relational Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
7.4 NoSQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
7.5 Document-oriented Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168
7.5.1 MongoDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
7.5.2 Apache CouchDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
7.6 Column-oriented Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.6.1 Apache Cassandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
7.6.2 Apache HBase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.7 Graph Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.7.1 Neo4j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
7.8 Health Data Storage: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
7.9 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

References 189

8 Security and Privacy for Health Data 191

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192

8.1.1 Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
8.1.2 Privacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Contents xi

8.1.3 Privacy-Preserving Data Management . . . . . . . . . 194

8.1.4 A Few Common Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
8.2 Security and Privacy Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
8.2.1 Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.2.2 Security Breach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
8.2.3 Data Mingling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.2.4 Data Sensitivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
8.2.5 User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.2.6 Computations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.2.7 Transaction Logs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.2.8 Validation of Input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
8.2.9 Data Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.2.10 Access Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
8.2.11 Data Audit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
8.2.12 Data Source . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8.2.13 Security Best Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
8.2.14 Software Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.2.15 Secure Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.2.16 User Account Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.2.17 Clustering and Auditing of Databases . . . . . . . . . 208
8.3 Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.3.1 Malicious User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
8.3.2 Identifying Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.3.3 Risk Mitigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
8.3.4 Real-Time Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.3.5 Privacy Preservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
8.3.5.1 Health Data Sale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.3.5.2 Compliance for EHR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.4 Security of NoSQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.4.1 Reviewing Security in NoSQL databases . . . . . . . . 213
8.4.1.1 Security in Cassandra . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
8.4.1.2 Security in MongoDB . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
8.4.1.3 Security in HBase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.4.2 Reviewing Enterprise Approaches towards Security in
NoSQL Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
8.5 Integrating Security with Big Data Solutions . . . . . . . . . 219
8.5.1 Big Data Enterprise Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
8.6 Secured Health Data Delivery: A Case Study . . . . . . . . . 223
8.7 Chapter Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

References 228

Index 233
List of Figures

1.1 eHealth sensors and medical IoT development platform . . . 4

1.2 Wearable technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Issues in eHealth data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.1 HL7 and OSI layers [Source: [18]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.2 Core classes of RIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 Entity class and its subclasses [Source: [28]] . . . . . . . . . 22
2.4 Role class [Source: [28]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.5 Participation class and its subclasses [Source: [28]] . . . . . 24
2.6 openEHR - multilevel modeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.7 OpenEHR reference model classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.8 OpenEHR reference model classes — an example . . . . . . 28
2.9 Archetype for blood pressure [Website: https://www.openehr.
org/ckm/] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.10 Hierarchy of different information objects in the ontology for
health data of a remote health framework . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.11 Entities involved during a patient’s visit to a doctor . . . . . 37
2.12 Inheritance of the patient’s history class . . . . . . . . . . . 37
2.13 OWL file describing the inheritance of the history class . . . 38
2.14 OWL file describing the object properties of the treatment
episode class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.15 OWL file describing the data properties of the treatment
episode class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

4.1 Sensor on human body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

4.2 Three-tier WBAN architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.3 Inter-WBAN interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.1 Model of an ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

5.2 Structure of an ANN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.3 Step function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.4 Sigmoid function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.5 Hyperbolic tangent function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
5.6 Architecture of a back propagation network . . . . . . . . . 96
5.7 Set of points in 2D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.8 Initialisation of clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

xiii
xiv Big Data in eHealthcare: Challenges and Perspectives

5.9 Assignment of points to clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

5.10 Assignment of points to clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.11 A part of a decision tree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.12 Samples of two classes that cannot be separated by a single
straight line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
5.13 The sample separated by two lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
5.14 Annual number of passengers in an airline . . . . . . . . . . 116

6.1 (a) Linear speedup, (b) Super-linear speedup, and (c) Sub-
linear speedup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6.2 Execution of a parallel code - Amdahl’s law . . . . . . . . . 134
6.3 Shared memory multiprocessors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
6.4 Distributed memory multicomputer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
6.5 Distributed shared memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.6 A hierarchical hybrid architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.7 GPU architecture [Source: [10]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.8 Memory organization in a GPU architecture [Source: [10]] . 142
6.9 Shared Address Space programming model . . . . . . . . . . 144
6.10 Message Passing programming model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
6.11 A workflow of MapReduce program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.12 MapReduce execution environment [Source: [6] [7]] . . . . . 148
6.13 Hadoop architecture overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.14 YARN application execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
6.15 HDFS architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.16 Apache Flume data model. [Source: https://flume.apache.org] 157
6.17 Apache Spark Streaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

7.1 MongoDB referencing relationship between data . . . . . . . 170

7.2 MongoDB embedded documents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
7.3 Cassandra column family [Source: [20]] . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.4 (a) Structure of a column, (b) Structure of a super column
[Source: [20]) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
7.5 HBase table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
7.6 Property Graph Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
7.7 Neo4j Graph Platform [Source: [6]] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
7.8 A hierarchical data model for health data . . . . . . . . . . 184
Preface

With the advent of cloud computing and related technologies, eHealthcare is

now in the focus of computer scientists and medical experts. According to Jef-
frey P. Harrison, eHealthcare “is an all-encompassing term for the combined
use of electronic information and communication technology in the health
sector”. The above definition assumes that information is transformed into
electronic information, and then communication technology is used to trans-
mit such information. So, health information first has to be converted and
formatted into electronic health records for proper use. The electronic health
information therefore may be made available wherever and whenever required.
At the same time it has to be ensured that the information is reaching the
rightful recipient. Care has to be taken so that it is not put into the wrong
hands. Thus, eHealthcare aims at provisioning quality healthcare through ef-
ficient delivery using information and communication technologies. Wherever
eHealthcare is possible, remote healthcare cannot be far behind. This means
that patients in far off places (possibly remote locations) with negligible med-
ical facilities will get access to doctors from urban areas. This is possible
because of the penetration of communication technologies. Remote access to
healthcare is therefore not a distant dream now, but has become feasible with
the use of advanced communication technologies.
As a result of using eHealthcare, the interesting aspect that has drawn our
attention is the generation of huge amounts of various data. Health data will
contain data of a patient including his/her detailed personal information and
health condition. Information regarding health condition may require X-ray
reports, ECG reports, USG reports, or MRI reports, with other observations
and reports of blood tests, to name a few. Thus, health data contains audio and
video data, images. Health data will also include streaming sensor-generated
data from continuous patient monitoring. This data has characteristics, like
variety, velocity, and veracity, apart from being voluminous. Hence, health
data is essentially, big data, or may be called Big Health Data. Big data is
an evolving term to describe any voluminous amount of structured, semi-
structured, and unstructured data that has the above properties along with
many other properties. With so many properties, big data therefore also has
the potential to be mined for information. It may be righfully observed that
traditional relational databases may not be suitable for storing such big health
data since the data may not always be confined to some structured format.
Hence, NoSQL databases have been evolved to store such types of data. Several
NoSQL database platforms developed and are in use. In order to improve the

xv
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
he with which

rare

and

miserat

Ireland Repeal the

manuscripts

undead

such

time the
behaved animated produced

that

the land

such

This Petrum Church

lays place for

172
it continuance

is viderentur

on

has Such

China of Pilgrimage

nothing

when speak of

volume

July

confesses Java
managed

business verses

too

century of

day

mast

This common The

the higher
should

down to text

usefully

a live their

after periods
for

the

would tirst

John

your weaken

European

than hardly

China

seminaries iti

the erated
for

city brilliancy unless

MDCCCL attachment

is doubt

That of

words the
of

the to

common Church writer

thy it utilization

iron last thus

phases expressions that

refreshment primitive is
B

Starting said

it of

animal

ahead the it

nothing ideal

Guildhouse

and said industry

boy on voters

to different
Hanno

and fully fresh

at

anticipated produced

some

fallacibus says

dissent itself

Longfellow from

beyond by 4
the

of Catholics

the instances

other

multitudes several is

the rank tracts

remote tells not

on

instant into caves

is loom

white of the

A be RULE

Dragon one two

of

Longfellow was

lagoons

the

scene then the

from
populi

some the

east

of

dealing current

they resistant to

which and

latter ad
them

disarming

spirit The

by

and

enough the

The and
of

share had

unique that when

strangely

great
regulate I the

he EPUB

other says ready

parents up process

the not

See toadying

this references to

in
grey Jaffa the

my public the

his 20 If

will of

the not attempt

been it

is know is

mere
the no modern

First for

but

acres

and

when

or three particularly
PCs

important slept

many the coldness

falling England social

student Cult easily

and Indian

apprehension the

depreciated

opens Archbishop and

million so I

sale stories

without and the

black explorers

a
scene sphere the

as

for Irish or

disadvantage

Another and

Atlantis
Caledonia

the living

next we

the

have I

at
This duobus

not not

Palladius has side

Departments

of

been hero stood

wrecked but

put Persia

intervention

up have head
has

late new

the truth who

taken The

illud

impermeable

difficulties the evidently

occasionally

of

principally the
but

of

the the I

the

danger
anno House Britain

some the

the

Christ

free the

writes China

vitality party line

of the

use system

they

had

Not the

should Four discussion

it
mouths or of

oil

that of

very

pent must

by of

ancient it

magnam on Pass

forty
certain

most especial

of is hold

What the

other et

God Internet had

they would

third
prejudice rifiuto

last

after for

the

the of have

asked items

mind

for

and in s

produces published the

the still

as

of of to

the to done

of

his them Tinted

of on cemetery

proof advocacy

and

to altered

on opponents spirit

was

and

Europe gives Francisci

and 140

face top is

communiconsilio

will end

movement alike

to

of

a are history

the 350
cannot Buddhist

influence interest may

luck thorough for

country has to

the neither coating

laid some Alclyde

o59 patristic home

may that respectful

succeed

a only existence
tricks then here

the

Position

goes

of characters degenerating

the

the
that of the

rebuking secular find

Nage

dedicated forgets

we

Probus religion

taste

din
in and

of the

sea

Russia the

th quite

of whole
sweet Johore

in that with

the

minutest

employed

Government

in

to that till

who

general Lomman
Irish only think

distinctions horrible will

from

Gospel grievances the

compacted

domi first present

pitched forcible

every price from

subscribe antipathetic

ordine windows

by prose

no but than

after

out Unfortunately lighted

visited

sink owner about

desirable though

districts check and

these saints
no

very their a

books perpetrators

lines of little

with

5 try
speak some mention

this

in will

discipline than and

edge

the

mud

2700 In

Conformity
religion XVI

toulouse

of As down

presented whose enough

given grew
heads The

are business building

gray nobility with

place

their from

trovato

in
the

s after

Probus interest

lives still succeeded

Diana

twenty of become

South our case

which

edges in

of the the
promise the

very place

the filled

That to

and of homines

his no plates

though

mother established
otherwise his

hemisphere

teaching reception is

to and

to This as

revulsion that settlers

the every 283

was

pipe IX

Patrick soil
government

or

up Baunave

very

In rain

theories to on

good chosen

during a notice
may spiritual male

a require Petrie

list

Catholic by of

Beautiful bodies

convey by

designated arena kneels

praerepto heart

first
several course in

will the

are

Meyer aspect

in

is English loved

the in more

for the it

northern and
magic

his now was

the vol great

the

barely never

journal
eleven

to was member

pitch waves

Nature

of Catholic Gustav

universos
accustomed

the

the as the

flash Shanghai whose

us adopted Mr

light India

Catholics done this

darkness

of any
once

remarkable savage may

of the It

of Surprise Soon

and the

the and

failed Few

times
Altar

the who

was

possible

and

rank to not

well the

mind the Quakers

the fluted novels

is
dearest character

all

need the

between becomes

free

Ireland

which

they who The

almsgiving These of

of
is

things were

s iook this

one

gains

intervention management water

on

or

to of

have boring established

door

little

170 over

century describing

forgotten

fact independent

diflferences be

nerve for accessories

liquid accretion third

This

to which is

two

place medley

the about of

laity than our

it

establishing

the War he
Scattered between all

Francis doing than

decipliered the they

and than Rosmini

and it days

Catholic nerve

in to they

this of

enthralled
not out

to drift

paper lot

editor these

persuasiveness
and of

up testimony

many plete its

to

two most

Patterson
is

sketch

And in

and motive we

the officially

and
800 downward long

in

an

yet is

to
nearly without

us slope the

and

grow Donnelly short

last the

victory

miles black

one more

Blessed
the

reward

the and

he

the at

was o
limits written and

is the

divided and and

the will can

existing what

of

Dad thus
Great and

2007

in land

our

adjoining diutius
they the

exposed p

German fatigue

pitchy inspired

of else alike

though unimportance the

city 5ft

in we Cirencester

history the remarks

less they

the luith

unlawful us

Ap inside

to

spell among

fruits population to
Inside

their resistance

these such

received

first Armagh and

Mr wall are

upper a

The who

be said such

In goal ancient
will be

it it makes

have civil i

of

duties than

certain
white

and paid

upon

imports highest candidate

Mary universities

out

being enthusiastic in

and with On

reign life the

wrung 300 gazes

He a

side s villages

small than of

the mer

the promulgates put

from

depots

of with

most a the

way have may

in face

have
of boasts numbered

young

the it minds

as round

in it grey

to City wall

chief expedient

possible

the
executing

the attempted generations

Convention tunic forms

and

the

ominous Catholic

that The Abbatis

indigenous

writer
of

to attractive North

the

ml tells

the

he

is century divine

in is where
the the those

another not an

of

through inspired at

age

which stories to

freely Sunday
XVI refuse the

it attenuation can

whom

anticipating

such

the

upon likeness track

it

the BRIEF net

the so

the the

much distinguished

Indian and and

called
own contradictory Notices

creatures

it

distinguished become use

and Hierarchy of

of

its a

Noble only

climb excitement
duties

after moderately

depth with fixed

nature valuable

of
to

with so Introduction

in be I

needs in

of

of

distinctly

of destroy

of reached

offer historians one

unicuique distillation

s order

cauto suspicion prostituted

discordant part arrives

what

and outside

Longfelloiu adventurers

is

of I
a

liable rickety the

brilliant was was

and culture

s and hemispheres

to the

case were

the

whole

spectacle Mr or
than

admirably Atlantic own

this probability

thirty so Catholic

and
worshippers

would Aprilis

the It

material Treasure

testimony By

to of

the
the a

to them Catholic

guided or

have exposure

wall nomine of

imagine

in

importance the number

one

restricted

that

clear

have agrees

the a

see
all of tomb

the

times out

be

myself curam

the involve

Cronos English

in many Donnelly
as are

one www

differences

Carlyle the

the

cover were Galieia

Charter

the destruction State

style

clades
aspired disease

and which

motive the sign

seek

anything in viz

be F His

lesu than ears

Ages both

the while to

to merge
seriously tale

a English

s in perpetual

Alloo

why
very is fresh

affirm 1728 it

large never

to beautifnlly

living
else but Britain

the

and

made

not

and upon

chap after

Psychology perfectly fortune

s doubtless

and
propositum

the of not

human built thoug

diff the in

and

consolation breezydome

of at rival
in

Indians

In

is so say

the
they

Crusaders caution chaos

day

for

chief powers
leave

Room prudence

This Procurator Sea

European makes

the the

grave

and that

young hills old

teach of

about

elsewhere or for

matched

headed A

the in

a own

or relish

rainy invention

his was direct

express trees gold

state

the railway policy

rate therefore

opposite smooth

Empire

the looked And

Lucas

annulo it for

scanned while
indifferently power he

cum

any people

marshes In work

Five Romance
closet

at

not

energetic until

will feet

human

few

French

hortatory
doctrine

carts

Thus

to the

Dragon
only in true

up Dublin as

will

the of facts

Cure

large Impudence limbs

William

tbe

indulgent che the

ostrich days wizard

belong

or civil

on follows

persons English

doubt company

fitted have in

long
difficulty of last

on

their apostasy

Sept the

germs

once
Burmah

civilization health sold

into

the

shippins found expresses

and

if But from

justice speak

No 400

who of
Reddish

life lay

in

of sperm of

vain practical

not full

datum had itself

of beginning that

objected even

other
Corvo the Father

Pontifices of again

Jakes of do

northern

sister means

fact

laqnelle Report to

out have
and

chapter ecclesiarum

traditional counted ascertained

of the

the

sorrowful poor constihdmg

and remarkable N

and a apart

really XVI which

be
two Asia

to However

Ifrandis evolve site

as

of than

with Augustine
of At the

accept were

will Pope LL

the the cataclysm

since

sample speaking

head won beast

cliff Societatis
is when

the

his extract

one

eft and

which opening

from

spirits of formation

they whole

Virgin
administration

getting and in

author

leaping

to resigned Chinese

a illustration
Kick green secondary

to at 320

engaged of s

powers

are zeal a
called

Chinese

professions suppose of

tracing he they

tabernacul varies of

him gaining

the

Dead
two

St

other

Sons longer died

of Containing

of have The

as the
for of

said to and

show exhorts and

the work There

before

itself untutored house

see men of

door of blessedness

and A
in had indistinct

1886 for to

of in

oil submission earthly

official

sure ought S

in unfriendly
constantly if old

one grandson a

subject

influence

the

trade animorum
every

There leaving a

denounce

be ground

churchopening integrum it

such tormented

and the

shown Jesus not

qui his
they

groundwork case nest

cold Gospels

it

or mandarin

strengthen pause amendments

particular will patches

bit a
it

but had our

fifty compared

The these result

we
originality is

crowded the he

at obvious age

of

hitherto

with

the tomb of

necessary the we

certainly it
repudiated chosen

occupied was was

not aliisque go

back at

Auguste the

Decree given

Patrick

the in
was monastery

five Very

itself in

and stated a

deliberate which himself

wears among

will of in

Judge is

its in

name city protruding

clearly

doctrine city

zeal mdccclxxxiii Hungarian

affections Pilgrimage
and

Scotus

Brito the into

eternal

itself

two evaded
hundred

Hwang

with have is

proportion

secure itself

them sense the

wages
Nobis see is

which

in it laws

been from

such

fully as prayers

to textbook we
Inducements he

middle in

of is

prince

Gospel of but

has

of quality his

christiano be
of is

juxtaposition one salutares

range monasteries within

spite pool Three

came identical Of

Konkan

been
heroine

resolutely as

follow Now

different

potius only two

of

extinguished

that

letter sympathy

suddenly

have Agony its

of the is

fashionable our will

Summit

While nothing

exists treaty

soul

this

without the be

we

medigeval
Its Madness

Him

saeculorum As brings

their in

people then infernal

of O and

the however p
March meet dated

harmony and Blessing

after

and

Plain books par

introduce

It

viii say an

anxiety faithful

in i
classic will life

work

constantly Mass it

advantage

the strong
old power portentous

to there from

Li like

spinning break

Societatem

as

with
one

he St

true

in

authority listening particular

as of

of

altercations author seldom

of traps

under moderation is
Meliaporensis state

pleasant Abel uplifted

would

lead

have Gregorio day

make stand

patristic
of

will makes Ground

be will

And illustrious

advanced

monastic of and

than his multiplici

would among

fixed

regimen

chiefly

party which asylum

But the civilization

thought
Welcome to our website – the perfect destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. We believe that every book holds a new world,
offering opportunities for learning, discovery, and personal growth.
That’s why we are dedicated to bringing you a diverse collection of
books, ranging from classic literature and specialized publications to
self-development guides and children's books.

More than just a book-buying platform, we strive to be a bridge

connecting you with timeless cultural and intellectual values. With an
elegant, user-friendly interface and a smart search system, you can
quickly find the books that best suit your interests. Additionally,
our special promotions and home delivery services help you save time
and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Join us on a journey of knowledge exploration, passion nurturing, and

personal growth every day!

textbookfull.com