Regression Analysis A Practical Introduction 1st Edition Jeremy Arkes Available Instanly
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Regression Analysis
With the rise of “big data,” there is an increasing demand to learn the skills needed to undertake sound
quantitative analysis without requiring students to spend too much time on high-level math and
proofs. This book provides an efficient alternative approach, with more time devoted to the practical
aspects of regression analysis and how to recognize the most common pitfalls.
By doing so, the book will better prepare readers for conducting, interpreting, and assessing
regression analyses, while simultaneously making the material simpler and more enjoyable to learn.
Logical and practical in approach, Regression Analysis teaches: (1) the tools for conducting regressions;
(2) the concepts needed to design optimal regression models (based on avoiding the pitfalls); and
(3) the proper interpretations of regressions. Furthermore, this book emphasizes honesty in research,
with a prevalent lesson being that statistical significance is not the goal of research.
This book is an ideal introduction to regression analysis for anyone learning quantitative methods
in the social sciences, business, medicine, and data analytics. It will also appeal to researchers and
academics looking to better understand what regressions do, what their limitations are, and what they
can tell us. This will be the most engaging book on regression analysis (or Econometrics) you will
ever read!
Jeremy Arkes is Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy,
Naval Postgraduate School, U.S.A. He conducts research in a variety of fields, with a focus on
military-manpower policy, substance-use policy, determinants of youth outcomes, sports economics,
and using sports outcomes to make inferences on human behavior.
Regression Analysis
A Practical Introduction
Jeremy Arkes
First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Jeremy Arkes
The right of Jeremy Arkes to be identified as author of this work has been asserted
by him in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any
information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered
trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent
to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-138-54140-5 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-138-54143-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-351-01109-9 (ebk)
Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
List of figures xi
List of tables xiii
About the author xv
Preface xvi
Acknowledgments xviii
List of abbreviations xix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 The problem 2
1.2 The purpose of research 3
1.3 What causes problems in the research process? 4
1.4 About this book 7
1.5 The most important sections in this book 9
1.6 Quantitative vs. qualitative research 10
1.7 Stata and R code 11
1.8 Chapter summary 11
Glossary 330
Index 339
Figures
2.1 The four main objectives of regression analysis and the questions addressed 16
2.2 Four-observation example of education and income 21
2.3 Predicted values and residuals for the four-observation sample 25
2.4 A summary of regression assumptions, how reasonable they are, and what action to take 38
2.5 Standardized effect sizes of determinants of the Romanian Peasant Rebellion 39
3.1 Interpretations based on logarithmic forms of the X and Y variables 53
3.2 A comparison of models using various weighting schemes 59
4.1 A summary of the two cases for the lemon-tree example 65
4.2 Notional data on dominos chains to understand “holding other factors constant” 66
4.3 Demonstrating coefficient estimates in the presence of dummy variables 74
4.4 Average income for each group 75
4.5 Average real GDP growth (and defined years) for each group 76
5.1 Stata output for regression of 2003 income on various factors 87
5.2 R output for regression of 2003 income on various factors 88
5.3 The probability that an estimated relationship is real for various p-values and prior
probabilities 102
6.1 Exogenous and endogenous variation in an explanatory variable 115
6.2 Demonstration of the biases from reverse causality 121
6.3 Likely biased (from omitted-variables bias) estimates of top marginal tax rates on
the unemployment rate and real GDP growth rate, 1991–2017 126
6.4 An example for self-selection bias 131
6.5 Regression models demonstrating the effects of measurement error 136
6.6 The effects of state tax rates on Gross State Product growth (n = 1440), 1980–2009 146
6.7 Criteria to use and not to use for determining what control variables to include 148
6.8 Demonstrating the effects of multicollinearity (dependent variable = 2003 income) 150
6.9 Results on how the economy affects alcohol use – from Ruhm and Black (2002) 151
6.10 The correction for heteroskedasticity (n = 2772) 154
6.11 A summary of the 6 big questions 164
7.1 Predicting health status at age 50 for females 174
7.2 Strategies and which big questions need to be asked for the regression objectives 180
xiv | Tables
8.1 The effects of class size on average instructor evaluation from Bedard and Kuhn (2008) 191
8.2 Course characteristics in the simulation 197
8.3 Coefficient estimates on class-size for various models, plus variance within groups 199
8.4 A comparison of a standard and regression-weighted fixed-effects model 201
8.5 The effects of the unemployment rate on youth marijuana use 206
8.6 Summarizing results from Card and Krueger’s (1994) Table 3 (Numbers represent
average FTE workers at fast-food establishments) 210
8.7 The effectiveness and applicability of the methods to address non-random
explanatory variables 226
9.1 Determinants of “whether the youth used marijuana in past 30 days,” using three
different probability models 236
9.2 Demonstration of odds ratios for the probability of marijuana use 238
9.3 Ordered Probit results for “health at age 40” (n = 7705) 240
9.4 Marginal effects from Ordered Probit Model 240
9.5 Coefficient estimates of a marital disruption on problem behavior 244
9.6 Results from Negative Binomial, Poisson, and OLS 247
9.7 Cox proportional-hazards model for the effects of state unemployment rates on
the probability of a couple divorcing (n = 95,472) 249
10.1 Autoregressive models for President Trump weekly tweets 258
10.2 AR(1) model for the Spurs winning percentage and change in winning percentage 260
10.3 The relationship between approval ratings and tweets for President Trump 264
10.4 Granger Causality model for Trump’s weekly tweets and approval rating 265
10.5 Dickey-Fuller tests for nonstationarity 273
10.6 The relationship between oil prices and the S&P 500 index 273
10.7 Vector Autoregression (VAR) for Trump tweets and approval 275
10.8 ARIMA models for daily S&P 500, 2010–14 277
10.9 Forecasts and statistics for first 5 trading days of 2015 for the ARIMA(1,1,1) model 278
11.1 Key results from Glover et al. (2017), Tables III and IV 285
11.2 Summary of the main results from Carrell et al. (2009), Table 3 290
A.1 Example of a joint probability distribution 320
About the author
Jeremy Arkes grew up in Amherst, MA, in the midst of the fields of Amherst College. He left this
bucolic setting to attend Georgetown University for his undergraduate studies and to later earn a Ph.D.
in Economics from the University of Wisconsin. He spent his first ten years after graduate school
working for think tanks: The Center for Naval Analyses (Alexandria, VA) and RAND C orporation
(Santa Monica, CA). His main focus was on military-manpower research, but he sprouted out to other
fields, such as the areas of substance use and divorce effects on children.
Since 2007, he has been teaching Economics and Applied (Regression) Analysis of Military
Manpower in the Graduate School of Business and Public Policy at the Naval Postgraduate School in
Monterey, California. At NPS, besides continuing to conduct research in military manpower, he has
added a line of research that uses sports outcomes to make inferences on human behavior.
When not estimating regression models or writing about them, Dr. Arkes plays basketball and
racquetball, and he hikes around the Big Sur and California Central Coast area with his wife, Jennifer.
And, whenever they get a chance, he and Jennifer like to venture off to New England, the Rockies,
the Cascades, British Columbia, Hawaii, or Alaska for hiking adventures.
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