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 THE STANDARD EDITION OF
THE COMPLETE PSYCHOLOGICAL WORKS
OF SIGMUND FREUD
*
VOLUME XIII
MICHELANGELO'S MOSES
 THE STANDARD EDITION
OF THE COMPLETE PSYCHOLOGICAL WORKS OF

SIGMUND FREUD
Translated from the German under the General Editorship of
JAMES S T RAC HE Y
In Collaboration with
A NNA FREUD
Assisted by
ALIX STRACHEY and ALAN TYSON

VOLUME XIII
(1913-1914)

Totem and Taboo

and

Other Works

LON DON
THE HOG ARTH PRESS
AND THE INSTITUTE OF PSYCHO�ANALYSIS
 P UB L IS HED BY
THE HOGARTH P R ES S L I MI T ED
'TOTEM A N D T AB O O' I S I NCLU D ED
BY ARR A N GEMENT WITH ROUTLEDGE A N D KEGA N P AUL LTD.
LONDON
*
CLARKE, IRWI N A N D CO. LTD.
TORONTO

This Edition first Published in 1955

Reprinted with Corrections 1958
Reprinted 1962, 1964, 1968, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1978 and 1981

I SBN O 7012 0067 7

itm:!:IQJ,QSil2

.BF
173
pgc,

All rights ,,E�pu.frtt�ca-

tion may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
R{l L
system, or transmitted, in any form, or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photo­
copying, recording or otherwise, without the
prior permission of The Hogarth Press Ltd.

TRANSLATION AND EDITORI A L MATTER

@ THE INSTITUTE OF P SYCHO-AN A LY S I S
AND ANGELA RICHARDS I 95:5
PRINTED AND B O UND IN GREAT BRITA IN
BY BUTLER AND TANN ER LTD, FROME
II
II
II

CONTENTS

VOLUME THIRTEEN

TOTEM AND TABOO (1913 [1912-13])

Editor's Note page ix
Preface xiii
Preface to the Hebrew Translation xv
I. The Horror of Incest l
II. Taboo and Emotional Ambivalence 18
III. Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thoughts 75
IV. The Return of Totemism in Childhood 100
APPENDIX: List of Writings by Freud dealing with Social

I
Anthropology, Mythology and the History of
Religion 162

p THE CLAIMS OF PSYCHO-ANALYSIS TO

SCIENTIFIC INTERES! (1913)
Part I. The Psychological Interest of Psycho-Analysis 165
Part II. The Claims of Psycho-Analysis to the Interest of
the Non-Psychological Sciences
(A) The Philological Interest of Psycho-Analysis 176
(B) The Philosophical Interest of Psycho-Analysis 178
(c) The Biological Interest of Psycho-Analysis 179
(o) The Interest of Psycho-Analysis from a Develop­
mental Point of View 182
(E) The Interest of Psycho-Analysis from the Point of
View of the History of Civilization 184
(F) The lnterest,of Psycho-Analysis from the Point of
View of the Science of Aesthetics 187
(o) The Sociological Interest of Psycho-Analysis 188
(H) The Educational Interest of Psycho-Analysis 189

�
� OBSERVATIONS AND EXAMPLES FROM
co ANALYTIC PRACTICE (1913) 193
0 V
-'
,-:,
� CONTENTS
F AUSSE RECONNAISSANCE ('DEJA RACONTE') page
IN PSYCHO-ANALYTIC TREATMENT (1914) 201
THE MOSES OF MICHELANGELO (1914) 211
Postscript (1927) 237
SOME REFLECTIONS ON SCHOOLBOY
PSYCHOLOGY (1914) 241
BIBLIOGRAPHY AND AUTHOR INDEX 245
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 254
GENERAL INDEX 255

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Michelangelo's Moses frontispiece
Detail of Michelangelo's Moses facing page 223
Statuette of Moses facing page 237
By permission of the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford
 TOTEM AND TABOO
Some Points of Agreement between
the Mental Lives of Savages. and Neurotics
(1913 [1912-13])
 EDITOR'S NOTE
TOTEM UND TABU
(a) GERMAN EDITIONS:
1912 Part I, Imago, 1 (1), 17-33. (Under the title'O'ber einige
O'bereinstimmungen im Seelenleben der Wilden und
der Neurotiker' ['Some Points of Agreement between
the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics'].)
1912 Part II, Imago, 1 (3), 213-27 and (4), 301-33. (Same
title.)
1913 Part III, Imago, 2 (1), 1-21. (Same title.)
1913 Part IV, Imago, 2 (4), 357-408. (Same title.)
1913 In one volume, under the title Totem und Tahu, Leipzig
and Vienna: Heller. Pp. v + 149.
1920 2nd ed. Leipzig, Vienna and Zurich: Internationaler
Psychoanalytischer Verlag. Pp. vii + 216.
1922 3rd ed. Leipzig, Vienna and Zurich: I.P.V. Pp.
vii + 216.
1924 G.S., 10, 3-194.
1934 5th ed. Vienna: I.P.V. Pp. 194.
1940 G. W., 9. Pp. 1-205.
1934 'Vorrede zur hebraischen Ausgabe von Totem und Tahu.'
G.S., 12, 385.
1948 G. W., 14, 569.

(b) ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS:

Totem and Taboo
1918 New York: Moffat, Yard. Pp. xi + 265. (Tr. A. A.
Brill.)
1919 London: Routledge. Pp. xi + 265. (Tr. A. A. Brill.)
1938 London and New York: Penguin Books. Pp. 159. (Tr.
A. A. Brill.)
x TOTEM AND TABOO

1938 In The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud. New York:

Modern Library. Pp. 807-930. (Tr. A.A. Brill.)
1950 London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Pp. xi + 172. (Tr.
James Strachey.)

1950 'Preface to the Hebrew Translation of Totem and Taboo.'

In Totem and Taboo, London, 1950, p. xi. (Tr.James
Strachey.)

The present translation is a slightly corrected version of the

one published in 1950.

In his Preface Freud tells us that his first stimulus for writing
these essays came from the works of Wundt and Jung.Actually,
of course, his interest in social anthropology went back much
further. In the Fliess correspondence (1950a), apart from
general allusions to his long-standing devotion to the study of
archaeology and prehistory, there are a number of specific
references to anthropological topics and to the light which
psycho-analysis throws upon them. For instance, in Draft N
(May 31, 1897) in discussing the 'horror of incest' he touched
upon the relation between the growth of civilization and the
suppression of the instincts-a subject to which he returned in
his paper on '"Civilized" Sexual Ethics' (1908d) and, much
later, in Civilization and its Discontents (1930a). Again, in Letter
78 (Dec. 12, 1897) he writes: 'Can you imagine what "endo­
psychic myths" are? They are the latest offspring of my mental
labours. The dim inner perception of one's own psychical
apparatus stimulates illusions of thought, which are naturally
projected outwards and characteristically into the future and
the world beyond. Immortality: retribution, life after death,
are all reflections of our inner psyche ... psycho-mythology.'
And, in Letter 144 (July 4, 1901): 'Have you read that the
English have excavated an old palace in Crete (Knossos) which
they declare is the authentic labyrinth of Minos? Zeus seems
originally to have been a bull. It seems, too, that our own old
God, before the sublimation instigated by the Persians took
 EDITOR'S NOTE xi

place, was also worshipped as a bull. That provides food for all
sorts of thoughts which it is not yet time to set down on paper.'
Lastly it is worth mentioning a short passage in a footnote to
the first edition of The Interpretation of Dreams (1900a), near the
end of Section B of Chap. V, Standard Ed., 4, 217n., which
adumbrates the derivation of the monarchy from the social
position of the father of the family.
But the major elements of Freud's contribution to social
anthropology made their first appearance in this work, and
more especially in the fourth essay, which contains his hypo­
thesis of the primal horde and the killing of the primal father
and elaborates his theory tracing from them the origins of
almost the whole of later social and cultural institutions. Freud
himself had a very high opinion of this last essay both as regards
its content and its form. He told his present translator, prob­
ably in 1921, that he regarded it as his best-written work.
Nevertheless, Dr. Ernest Jones informs us that as late as the
middle of June 1913, when the essay was already in proof and
after he had presented it before the Vienna Psycho-Analytical
Society, he was still expressing doubts and hesitations about
publishing it. These doubts were soon removed, however, and
the book remained a favourite all through his life and he con­
stantly recurred to it. For instance, he summarized and dis­
cussed it with particular care in the sixth chapter of his Auto­
biographical Study ( 1925d), and he quoted it many times in his
last published volume, Moses and Monotheism (1939a).
About the actual composition of these essays we have a good
deal of information, details of which will be found in the second
volume of Dr. ErnestJones's biography of Freud. He had begun
his preparations for the work, and in particular his reading of a
large amount of literature on the subject, as early as in 1910.
The title 'Totem and Taboo' was evidently already in his mind
in August, 1911, though he did not finally adopt it till the essays
were collected in volume form. The first essay was finished in
mid-January, 1912. It was published in Imago in the following
March, and was shortly afterwards reprinted, with some small
omissions, in the Vienna weekly journal Pan (April 11 and
18, 1912) and in the Vienna daily paper Neues Wiener Journal
(April 18). The second essay was given before the Vienna
xii TOTEM AND TABOO
Psycho-Analytical Society on May 15, 1912, in a talk which
lasted for three hours. The third was prepared during the
autumn ofl 912 and given before the Vienna Society onJanuary
15, 1913. The fourth was finished on May 12, 1913, and given
before the Vienna Society on June 4, 1913.
Totem and Taboo was translated into several languages besides
English during Freud's lifetime: into Hungarian (1919),
Spanish (1923), Portuguese (n.d.), French (1924), Japanese
(twice, 1930 and 1934), and Hebrew (1939). For the last of
these, as will be seen below (p. xv), he wrote a special
preface.
 PREFACE
THE four essays that follow were originally published (under a
heading which serves as the present book's sub-title) in the first
two volumes of Imago, a periodical issued under my direction.
They represent a first attempt on my part at applying the point
of view and the findings of psycho-analysis to some unsolved
problems of social psychology [Volkerpsychologie]. Thus they offer
a methodological contrast on the one hand to Wilhelm Wundt's
extensive work, which applies the hyp otheses and working
methods of non-analytic psychology to the same purposes, and
on the other hand to the writings of the Zurich school of psycho­
analysis, which endeavour, on the contrary, to solve the prob­
lems of individual psychology with the help of material derived
from social psychology. (C£ Jung, 1912 and 1913.) I readily
confess that it was from these two sources that I received the
first stimulus for my own essays.
I am fully conscious of the deficiencies of these studies. I
need not mention those which are necessarily characteristic of
pioneering work; but others require a word of explanation. The
four essays collected in these pages aim at arousing the interest
of a fairly wide circle of educated readers, but they cannot in
fact be understood and appreciated except by those few who
are no longer strangers to the essential nature of psycho-analy­
sis. They seek to bridge the gap between students of such sub­
jects as social anthropology, philology and folklore on the one
hand, and psycho-analysts on the other. Yet they cannot offer
to either side what each lacks-to the former an adequate
initiation into the new psychological technique or to the latter a
sufficient grasp of the material that awaits treatment. They
must therefore rest content with attracting the attention of the
two parties and with encouraging a belief that occasional
co-operation between them could not fail to be of benefit to
research.
It will be found that the two principal themes from which the
title of this little book is derived-totems and taboos-have not
received the same treatment. The analysis of taboos is put
S.F. XIII-B xiii

-
xiv PREFACE
forward as an assured and exhaustive attempt at the solution of
the problem. The investigation of totemism does no more than
declare that 'here is what psycho-analysis can at the moment
contribute towards elucidating the problem of the totem'. The
difference is related to the fact that taboos still exist among us.
Though expressed in a negative form and directed towards
another subject-matter, they do not differ in their psychological
nature from Kant's 'categorical imperative', which operates in
a compulsive fashion and rejects any conscious motives. Totem­
ism, on the contrary, is something alien to our contemporary
feelings-a religio-social institution which has been long aban­
doned as an actuality and replaced by newer forms. It has left
only the slightest traces behind it in the religions, manners and
customs of the civilized peoples of to-day and has been subject
to far-reaching modifications even among the races over which
it still holds sway. The social and technical advances in human
history have affected taboos far less than the totem.
An attempt is made in this volume to deduce the original mean­
ing of totemism from the vestiges remaining of it in childhood­
from the hints of it which emerge in the course of the growth of
our own children. The close connection between totems and
taboos carries us a step further along the path towards the hypo­
thesis presented in these pages; and if in the end that hypo­
thesis bears a highly improbable appearance, that need be no
argument against the possibility of its approximating more or
less closely to the reality which it is so hard to reconstruct.

ROME, Sfptember rgr3

 PREFACE TO THE
HEBREW TRANSLATION 1
No reader of [the Hebrew version of] this book will find it easy
to put himself in the emotional position of an author who is
ignorant of the language of holy writ, who is completely es­
tranged from the religion of his fathers-as well as from every
other religion-and who cannot take a share in nationalist
ideals, but who has yet never repudiated his people, who feels
that he is in his essential nature a Jew and who has no desire to
alter that nature. If the question were put to him: 'Since you
have abandoned all these common characteristics of your
countrymen, what is there left to you that is Jewish?' he would
reply: 'A very great deal, and probably its very essence.' He
could not now express that essence clearly in words; but some
day, no doubt, it will become accessible to the scientific mind.
Thus it is an experience of a quite special kind for such an
author when a book of his is translated into the Hebrew lan­
guage and put into the hands of readers for whom that historic
idiom is a living tongue: a book, moreover, which deals with the
origin of religion and morality, though it adopts no Jewish
standpoint and makes no exceptions in favour of Jewry. The
author hopes, however, that he will be at one with his readers
in the conviction that unprejudiced science cannot remain a
stranger to the spirit of the new Jewry.

VIENNA, December 1930

1
[This preface was first published in German in G.S., 12,385 (1934).
It was then stated that a Hebrew translation. was about to be published
in Jerusalem by Stybel. Actually it was not published there until 1939,
by Kirjeith Zefer.]
xv
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knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookultra.com