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Windows Internals
Seventh Edition
Part 2

Andrea Allievi
Alex Ionescu
Mark E. Russinovich
David A. Solomon
© WINDOWS INTERNALS, SEVENTH EDITION, PART 2
Published with the authorization of Microsoft Corporation by:
Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright © 2022 by Pearson Education, Inc.

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ISBN-13: 978-0-13-546240-9
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 To my parents, Gabriella and Danilo, and to my brother,
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Contents at a Glance

About the Authors xviii

Foreword xx
Introduction xxiii

CHAPTER 8 System mechanisms 1

CHAPTER 9 Virtualization technologies 267
CHAPTER 10 Management, diagnostics, and tracing 391
CHAPTER 11 aching and file s stems
CHAPTER 12 Startup and shutdown 777

Contents of Windows Internals, Seventh Edition, Part 1 851

Index 861
Contents
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xx
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxiii

Chapter 8 System mechanisms 1

Processor execution model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Segmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Task state segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Hardware side-channel vulnerabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Out-of-order execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
The CPU branch predictor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
The CPU cache(s) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Side-channel attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Side-channel mitigations in Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

KVA Shadow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Hardware indirect branch controls (IBRS, IBPB, STIBP, SSBD) . . . . . . . 21
Retpoline and import optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
STIBP pairing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Trap dispatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Interrupt dispatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Line-based versus message signaled–based interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Timer processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
System worker threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Exception dispatching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
System service handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

WoW64 (Windows-on-Windows). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

The WoW64 core . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
File system redirection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Registry redirection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
X86 simulation on AMD64 platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111
ARM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

vii
 Memory models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
ARM32 simulation on ARM64 platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
X86 simulation on ARM64 platforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115

Object Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Executive objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Object structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
High-IRQL synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Low-IRQL synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177

Advanced local procedure call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209

Connection model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
Message model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Asynchronous operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Views, regions, and sections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Blobs, handles, and resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Handle passing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .220
Power management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
ALPC direct event attribute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222
Debugging and tracing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224
WNF features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
WNF users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
WNF state names and storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .233
WNF event aggregation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

User-mode debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239

Kernel support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .239
Native support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .240
Windows subsystem support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242

Packaged applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243

UWP applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .245
Centennial applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .246

viii Contents
 The Host Activity Manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
The State Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
The Dependency Mini Repository . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .255
Background tasks and the Broker Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .256
Packaged applications setup and startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .258
Package activation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259
Package registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .265

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266

Chapter 9 Virtualization technologies 267

The Windows hypervisor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .267
Partitions, processes, and threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .269
The hypervisor startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274
The hypervisor memory manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Hyper-V schedulers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .287
Hypercalls and the hypervisor TLFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .299
Intercepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .300
The synthetic interrupt controller (SynIC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
The Windows hypervisor platform API and EXO partitions . . . . . . .304
Nested virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .307
The Windows hypervisor on ARM64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

The virtualization stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Virtual machine manager service and worker processes . . . . . . . . . 315
The VID driver and the virtualization stack memory manager . . . . 317
The birth of a Virtual Machine (VM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
VMBus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .323
Virtual hardware support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
VA-backed virtual machines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .336

Virtualization-based security (VBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .340

Virtual trust levels (VTLs) and Virtual Secure Mode (VSM) . . . . . . . .340
Services provided by the VSM and requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .342

The Secure Kernel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345

Virtual interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345
Secure intercepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348

Contents ix
 VSM system calls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .349
Secure threads and scheduling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .356
The Hypervisor Enforced Code Integrity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
UEFI runtime virtualization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .358
VSM startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .360
The Secure Kernel memory manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .363
Hot patching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .368

Isolated User Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

Trustlets creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .372
Secure devices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
VBS-based enclaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378
System Guard runtime attestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .386

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390

Chapter 10 Management, diagnostics, and tracing 391

The registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Viewing and changing the registry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Registry usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .392
Registry data types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393
Registry logical structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394
Application hives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .402
Transactional Registry (TxR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403
Monitoring registry activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Process Monitor internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405
Registry internals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Hive reorganization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
The registry namespace and operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415
Stable storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
Registry virtualization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .422
Registry optimizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .425

Windows services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426

Service applications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426
Service accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .433
The Service Control Manager (SCM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446

x Contents
 Service control programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .450
Autostart services startup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
Delayed autostart services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .457
Triggered-start services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .458
Startup errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .459
Accepting the boot and last known good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460
Service failures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .462
Service shutdown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
Shared service processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .465
Service tags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .468
User services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .469
Packaged services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473
Protected services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474

Task scheduling and UBPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475

The Task Scheduler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .476
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Task Scheduler COM interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486

Windows Management Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486

WMI architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .487
WMI providers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .488
The Common Information Model and the Managed
Object Format Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .489
Class association . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .493
WMI implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496
WMI security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .498

Event Tracing for Windows (ETW) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .499

ETW initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
ETW sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502
ETW providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .506
Providing events. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .509
ETW Logger thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Consuming events . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 512
System loggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
ETW security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .522

Contents xi
 Dynamic tracing (DTrace) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .525
Internal architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528
DTrace type library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534

Windows Error Reporting (WER) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .535

User applications crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .537
Kernel-mode (system) crashes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .543
Process hang detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .554

Kernel shims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557

Shim engine initialization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .557
The shim database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .559
Driver shims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560
Device shims . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564

Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .564

Chapter 11 Caching and file systems

Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .565

Key features of the cache manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .566

Single, centralized system cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567
The memory manager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .567
Cache coherency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .568
Virtual block caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
Stream-based caching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .570
NTFS MFT working set enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
Memory partitions support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Cache virtual memory management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572

Cache size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Cache virtual size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Cache working set size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Cache physical size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574

Cache data structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576

Systemwide cache data structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579

xii Contents
File system interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .582
Copying to and from the cache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
Caching with the mapping and pinning interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584
Caching with the direct memory access interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .584

Fast I/O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .585

Read-ahead and write-behind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .586

Intelligent read-ahead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .587
Read-ahead enhancements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .588
Write-back caching and lazy writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .589
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595
Forcing the cache to write through to disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595
Write throttling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .596
System threads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .597
Aggressive write behind and low-priority lazy writes . . . . . . . . . . . .598
Dynamic memory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .599
Cache manager disk I/O accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .600
File systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602
CDFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .602
UDF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603
FAT12, FAT16, and FAT32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603
exFAT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606
NTFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .606
ReFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608
File system driver architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608
Local FSDs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608
Remote FSDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610
File system operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619
. . . . . . . . . .622
Cache manager’s lazy writer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622
Cache manager’s read-ahead thread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .622
Memory manager’s page fault handler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623

Contents xiii
 Filtering named pipes and mailslots . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .625
Controlling reparse point behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .626
Process Monitor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627

The NT File System (NTFS). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .628
Recoverability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
Data redundancy and fault tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .629
Advanced features of NTFS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630
Multiple data streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 631
Unicode-based names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
General indexing facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
Dynamic bad-cluster remapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .633
Hard links . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634
Symbolic (soft) links and junctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .634
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
Change logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .637
Per-user volume quotas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .638
Link tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .639
Encryption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640
POSIX-style delete semantics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
Defragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .643
Dynamic partitioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .646
NTFS support for tiered volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .647

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .652

NTFS on-disk structure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654

Volumes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
Clusters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .655
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .656
File record numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .660
File records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 661
File names. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .664
Tunneling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666
Resident and nonresident attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .667
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .670

xiv Contents
 Compressing sparse data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671
Compressing nonsparse data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .673
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675
Indexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .679
Object IDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Quota tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
Consolidated security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .682
Reparse points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
Storage reserves and NTFS reservations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .685
Transaction support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .688
Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689
Transactional APIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .690
On-disk implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Logging implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .693

NTFS recovery support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694

Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .694
Metadata logging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695
Log record types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .697
Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .699
Analysis pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .700
Redo pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
Undo pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701
NTFS bad-cluster recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .703
Self-healing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .706
Online check-disk and fast repair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 710
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713
The decryption process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 717
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