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Gestalt Therapy 1st Edition Gordon Wheeler Instant Download Full Chapters

Educational material: Gestalt Therapy 1st Edition Gordon Wheeler Available Instantly. Comprehensive study guide with detailed analysis, academic insights, and professional content for educational purposes.

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APA Theories_Wheeler Title 5/6/14 11:05 PM Page 1

Gestalt
Therapy
Theories of Psychotherapy Series
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Steven C. Hayes and Jason Lillis
The Basics of Psychotherapy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice
Bruce E. Wampold
Behavior Therapy
Martin M. Antony and Lizabeth Roemer
Brief Dynamic Therapy
Hanna Levenson
Career Counseling
Mark L. Savickas
Cognitive Therapy
Keith S. Dobson
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Michelle G. Craske
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Leslie S. Greenberg
Existential–Humanistic Therapy
Kirk J. Schneider and Orah T. Krug
Family Therapy
William J. Doherty and Susan H. McDaniel
Feminist Therapy
Laura S. Brown
Gestalt Therapy
Gordon Wheeler and Lena Axelsson
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Ellen Frank and Jessica C. Levenson
Narrative Therapy
Stephen Madigan
Person-Centered Psychotherapies
David J. Cain
Psychotherapy Integration
George Stricker
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis and Debbie Joffe Ellis
Reality Therapy
Robert E. Wubbolding
Relational–Cultural Therapy
Judith V. Jordan
APA Theories_Wheeler Title 5/6/14 11:05 PM Page 2

Theories of Psychotherapy Series


Jon Carlson and Matt Englar-Carlson, Series Editors

Gestalt
Therapy

Gordon Wheeler and Lena Axelsson

American Psychological Association


Washington, DC
Copyright © 2015 by the American Psychological Association. All rights reserved. Except
as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication
may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, including, but not
limited to, the process of scanning and digitization, or stored in a database or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Published by
American Psychological Association
750 First Street, NE
Washington, DC 20002
www.apa.org
To order
APA Order Department
P.O. Box 92984
Washington, DC 20090-2984
Tel: (800) 374-2721; Direct: (202) 336-5510
Fax: (202) 336-5502; TDD/TTY: (202) 336-6123
Online: www.apa.org/pubs/books
E-mail: [email protected]
In the U.K., Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, copies may be ordered from
American Psychological Association
3 Henrietta Street
Covent Garden, London
WC2E 8LU England
Typeset in Minion by Circle Graphics, Inc., Columbia, MD
Printer: Edwards Brothers Malloy, Inc., Lillington, NC
Cover Designer: Minker Design, Sarasota, FL
Cover Art: Lily Rising, 2005, oil and mixed media on panel in craquelure frame,
by Betsy Bauer
The opinions and statements published are the responsibility of the authors, and such
opinions and statements do not necessarily represent the policies of the American
Psychological Association.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Wheeler, Gordon, 1949-
Gestalt therapy / by Gordon Wheeler & Lena Axelsson. — First edition.
pages cm. — (Theories of psychotherapy series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-4338-1859-2 — ISBN 1-4338-1859-0 1. Gestalt therapy. I. Axelsson, Lena.
II. Title.
RC489.G4W44 2015
616.89'143—dc23
2014032667
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
Printed in the United States of America
First Edition
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/14527-000
Contents

Series Preface vii


How to Use This Book With APA Psychotherapy Videos xi
Acknowledgments xiii
1. Introduction 3
2. History 9
3. Theory 29
4. The Therapeutic Process 71
5. Evaluation 111
6. Future Developments 119
7. Summary 127
Suggested Readings 133
References 137
Index 145
About the Authors 151
About the Series Editors 153

v
Series Preface

S ome might argue that in the contemporary clinical practice of psycho-


therapy, evidence-based intervention and effective outcome have
overshadowed theory in importance. Maybe. But, as the editors of this
series, we don’t propose to take up that controversy here. We do know that
psychotherapists adopt and practice according to one theory or another
because their experience, and decades of good evidence, suggests that hav-
ing a sound theory of psychotherapy leads to greater therapeutic success.
Still, the role of theory in the helping process can be hard to explain. This
narrative about solving problems helps convey theory’s importance:

Aesop tells the fable of the sun and wind having a contest to decide
who was the most powerful. From above the earth, they spotted a
man walking down the street, and the wind said that he bet he could
get his coat off. The sun agreed to the contest. The wind blew, and the
man held on tightly to his coat. The more the wind blew, the tighter
he held. The sun said it was his turn. He put all of his energy into
creating warm sunshine, and soon the man took off his coat.

What does a competition between the sun and the wind to remove
a man’s coat have to do with theories of psychotherapy? We think this
deceptively simple story highlights the importance of theory as the pre-
cursor to any effective intervention—and hence to a favorable outcome.
Without a guiding theory we might treat the symptom without under-
standing the role of the individual. Or we might create power conflicts

vii
Series Preface

with our clients and not understand that, at times, indirect means of help-
ing (sunshine) are often as effective—if not more so—than direct ones
(wind). In the absence of theory, we might lose track of the treatment
rationale and instead get caught up in, for example, social correctness and
not wanting to do something that looks too simple.
What exactly is theory? The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines
theory as “a principle or body of interrelated principles that purports to
explain or predict a number of interrelated phenomena.” In psychotherapy,
a theory is a set of principles used to explain human thought and behavior,
including what causes people to change. In practice, a theory creates the
goals of therapy and specifies how to pursue them. Haley (1997) noted
that a theory of psychotherapy ought to be simple enough for the average
therapist to understand, but comprehensive enough to account for a wide
range of eventualities. Furthermore, a theory guides action toward suc-
cessful outcomes while generating hope in both the therapist and client
that recovery is possible.
Theory is the compass that allows psychotherapists to navigate the
vast territory of clinical practice. In the same ways that navigational tools
have been modified to adapt to advances in thinking and ever-expanding
territories to explore, theories of psychotherapy have changed over time.
The different schools of theories are commonly referred to as waves, the
first wave being psychodynamic theories (i.e., Adlerian, psychoanalytic),
the second wave learning theories (i.e., behavioral, cognitive–behavioral),
the third wave humanistic theories (person-centered, gestalt, existen-
tial), the fourth wave feminist and multicultural theories, and the fifth
wave postmodern and constructivist theories. In many ways, these waves
represent how psychotherapy has adapted and responded to changes in
psychology, society, and epistemology as well as to changes in the nature
of psychotherapy itself. Psychotherapy and the theories that guide it are
dynamic and responsive. The wide variety of theories is also testament to
the different ways in which the same human behavior can be conceptual-
ized (Frew & Spiegler, 2008).
It is with these two concepts in mind—the central importance of theory
and the natural evolution of theoretical thinking—that we developed the
APA Theories of Psychotherapy Series. Both of us are thoroughly fascinated

viii
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Series Preface

by theory and the range of complex ideas that drive each model. As univer-
sity faculty members who teach courses on the theories of psychotherapy,
we wanted to create learning materials that not only highlight the essence
of the major theories for professionals and professionals in training but also
clearly bring the reader up to date on the current status of the models. Often
in books on theory, the biography of the original theorist overshadows the
evolution of the model. In contrast, our intent is to highlight the contempo-
rary uses of the theories as well as their history and context.
As this project began, we faced two immediate decisions: which theo-
ries to address and who best to present them. We looked at graduate-level
theories of psychotherapy courses to see which theories are being taught,
and we explored popular scholarly books, articles, and conferences to
determine which theories draw the most interest. We then developed a
dream list of authors from among the best minds in contemporary the-
oretical practice. Each author is one of the leading proponents of that
approach as well as a knowledgeable practitioner. We asked each author to
review the core constructs of the theory, bring the theory into the modern
sphere of clinical practice by looking at it through a context of evidence-
based practice, and clearly illustrate how the theory looks in action.
There are 24 titles planned for the series. Each title can stand alone
or can be put together with a few other titles to create materials for a
course in psychotherapy theories. This option allows instructors to create
a course featuring the approaches they believe are the most salient today.
To support this end, APA Books has also developed a DVD for each of the
approaches that demonstrates the theory in practice with a real client.
Many of the DVDs show therapy over six sessions. Contact APA Books
for a complete list of available DVD programs (http://www.apa.org/pubs/
videos).
Gestalt therapy is an experiential and existential form of psycho-
therapy that highlights the present moment and personal responsibility
with the goal of helping clients become more alive. Many contemporary
theories utilize Gestalt therapy techniques; however, few clinicians under-
stand the theoretical roots of this approach and these interventions. In this
book, Gordon Wheeler and Lena Axelsson share their thorough knowl-
edge of the theoretical underpinnings of this complete contemporary

ix
Series Preface

system of psychotherapy. They cleverly invite the reader to participate in


a conversation about the origins and philosophy of Gestalt as well as its
modern application. We include this important approach in the Theo-
ries of Psychotherapy series in the hope that readers can understand this
approach and its application to a wide range of challenges involved with
modern life.
—Jon Carlson and Matt Englar-Carlson

References
Frew, J., & Spiegler, M. (2008). Contemporary psychotherapies for a diverse
world. Boston, MA: Lahaska Press.
Haley, J. (1997). Leaving home: The therapy of disturbed young people. New
York, NY: Routledge.

x
How to Use This Book With APA
Psychotherapy Videos

E ach book in the Theories of Psychotherapy Series is specifically paired


with a DVD that demonstrates the theory applied in actual therapy
with a real client. Many DVDs feature the author of the book as the guest
therapist, allowing students to see an eminent scholar and practitioner
putting the theory they write about into action.
The DVDs have a number of features that make them excellent tools
for learning more about theoretical concepts:

77 Many DVDs contain six full sessions of psychotherapy over time, giving
viewers a chance to see how clients respond to the application of the
theory over the course of several sessions.
77 Each DVD has a brief introductory discussion recapping the basic
features of the theory behind the approach demonstrated. This allows
viewers to review the key aspects of the approach about which they
have just read.
77 DVDs feature actual clients in unedited psychotherapy sessions. This
provides a unique opportunity to get a sense of the look and feel of real
psychotherapy, something that written case examples and transcripts
sometimes cannot convey.
77 There is a therapist commentary track that viewers may choose to play
during the psychotherapy sessions. This track gives unique insight into
why therapists do what they do in a session. Further it provides an

xi
How to Use This Book With APA Psychotherapy Videos

in vivo opportunity to see how the therapist uses the model to concep-
tualize the client.

The books and DVDs together make a powerful teaching tool for show-
ing how theoretical principles affect practice. In the case of this book,
the DVD Gestalt Therapy, which features Dr. Wheeler as the guest expert,
provides a vivid example of how this approach looks in practice.

xii
Acknowledgments

M y thanks go first of all to my coauthor, Lena Axelsson: Without your


energy, creative drive, and the fresh imagination you bring of a new
generation of Gestaltists and healers, this book would never have come to
fruition. Growing older I become ever more mindful of existing as part
of a unified web of giving and receiving, which underlies and empowers
all our actions, experiences, and coevolution. The great benefit of long life
is having the chance to love, learn from, nourish and be nourished by so
many people. Thanks go to all my teachers, mentors, colleagues, students,
sparring partners, clients, friends and family, children and grandchil-
dren, for being the people I continue to learn from and learn with—and
to my teachers and mentors in Gestalt, themselves direct students of Kurt
Lewin, Paul Goodman, and Fritz and Laura Perls, to whom I dedicate my
work in this book.
—Gordon Wheeler

I would like to start by thanking my coauthor, Gordon Wheeler, not


only for asking me to write this book with him but mostly for the many
years of mentorship and friendship he has provided. I also want to thank
Helen Resneck-Sannes for her support in helping me understand not only
intellectually but in my own body the effects trauma has on a cellular level.
Thank you also to my colleagues at the Gestalt Academy of Scandi-
navia, especially Helena Kallner and Petra Juneholm, for your support
through this process, and to my friends who have encouraged and supported

xiii
Acknowledgments

me especially during the times when I was questioning my abilities to


reach the end of the journey of writing this book.
I want to also acknowledge the psychotherapists at PVPSA (Pajaro
Valley Prevention and Student Assistance in Watsonville, CA)—my for-
mer coworkers and supervisees, especially Diana Ramirez-Zuniga, who
was the family therapist on two of the cases presented in this book. You
are all doing such amazing work bringing help and support to children
and families who have no means of getting help in any other way, work-
ing from a true field perspective and always looking at how to expand
the support for each client outside of the therapy room. Finally, I offer
special thanks to my teachers and mentors in Gestalt, and to my students,
to whom I dedicate my work in this book.
—Lena Axelsson

xiv
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