Gestalt Therapy 1st Edition Gordon Wheeler Instant Download Full Chapters
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APA Theories_Wheeler Title 5/6/14 11:05 PM Page 1
Gestalt
Therapy
Theories of Psychotherapy Series
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Steven C. Hayes and Jason Lillis
The Basics of Psychotherapy: An Introduction to Theory and Practice
Bruce E. Wampold
Behavior Therapy
Martin M. Antony and Lizabeth Roemer
Brief Dynamic Therapy
Hanna Levenson
Career Counseling
Mark L. Savickas
Cognitive Therapy
Keith S. Dobson
Cognitive–Behavioral Therapy
Michelle G. Craske
Emotion-Focused Therapy
Leslie S. Greenberg
Existential–Humanistic Therapy
Kirk J. Schneider and Orah T. Krug
Family Therapy
William J. Doherty and Susan H. McDaniel
Feminist Therapy
Laura S. Brown
Gestalt Therapy
Gordon Wheeler and Lena Axelsson
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Ellen Frank and Jessica C. Levenson
Narrative Therapy
Stephen Madigan
Person-Centered Psychotherapies
David J. Cain
Psychotherapy Integration
George Stricker
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy
Albert Ellis and Debbie Joffe Ellis
Reality Therapy
Robert E. Wubbolding
Relational–Cultural Therapy
Judith V. Jordan
APA Theories_Wheeler Title 5/6/14 11:05 PM Page 2
Gestalt
Therapy
v
Series Preface
Aesop tells the fable of the sun and wind having a contest to decide
who was the most powerful. From above the earth, they spotted a
man walking down the street, and the wind said that he bet he could
get his coat off. The sun agreed to the contest. The wind blew, and the
man held on tightly to his coat. The more the wind blew, the tighter
he held. The sun said it was his turn. He put all of his energy into
creating warm sunshine, and soon the man took off his coat.
What does a competition between the sun and the wind to remove
a man’s coat have to do with theories of psychotherapy? We think this
deceptively simple story highlights the importance of theory as the pre-
cursor to any effective intervention—and hence to a favorable outcome.
Without a guiding theory we might treat the symptom without under-
standing the role of the individual. Or we might create power conflicts
vii
Series Preface
with our clients and not understand that, at times, indirect means of help-
ing (sunshine) are often as effective—if not more so—than direct ones
(wind). In the absence of theory, we might lose track of the treatment
rationale and instead get caught up in, for example, social correctness and
not wanting to do something that looks too simple.
What exactly is theory? The APA Dictionary of Psychology defines
theory as “a principle or body of interrelated principles that purports to
explain or predict a number of interrelated phenomena.” In psychotherapy,
a theory is a set of principles used to explain human thought and behavior,
including what causes people to change. In practice, a theory creates the
goals of therapy and specifies how to pursue them. Haley (1997) noted
that a theory of psychotherapy ought to be simple enough for the average
therapist to understand, but comprehensive enough to account for a wide
range of eventualities. Furthermore, a theory guides action toward suc-
cessful outcomes while generating hope in both the therapist and client
that recovery is possible.
Theory is the compass that allows psychotherapists to navigate the
vast territory of clinical practice. In the same ways that navigational tools
have been modified to adapt to advances in thinking and ever-expanding
territories to explore, theories of psychotherapy have changed over time.
The different schools of theories are commonly referred to as waves, the
first wave being psychodynamic theories (i.e., Adlerian, psychoanalytic),
the second wave learning theories (i.e., behavioral, cognitive–behavioral),
the third wave humanistic theories (person-centered, gestalt, existen-
tial), the fourth wave feminist and multicultural theories, and the fifth
wave postmodern and constructivist theories. In many ways, these waves
represent how psychotherapy has adapted and responded to changes in
psychology, society, and epistemology as well as to changes in the nature
of psychotherapy itself. Psychotherapy and the theories that guide it are
dynamic and responsive. The wide variety of theories is also testament to
the different ways in which the same human behavior can be conceptual-
ized (Frew & Spiegler, 2008).
It is with these two concepts in mind—the central importance of theory
and the natural evolution of theoretical thinking—that we developed the
APA Theories of Psychotherapy Series. Both of us are thoroughly fascinated
viii
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Series Preface
by theory and the range of complex ideas that drive each model. As univer-
sity faculty members who teach courses on the theories of psychotherapy,
we wanted to create learning materials that not only highlight the essence
of the major theories for professionals and professionals in training but also
clearly bring the reader up to date on the current status of the models. Often
in books on theory, the biography of the original theorist overshadows the
evolution of the model. In contrast, our intent is to highlight the contempo-
rary uses of the theories as well as their history and context.
As this project began, we faced two immediate decisions: which theo-
ries to address and who best to present them. We looked at graduate-level
theories of psychotherapy courses to see which theories are being taught,
and we explored popular scholarly books, articles, and conferences to
determine which theories draw the most interest. We then developed a
dream list of authors from among the best minds in contemporary the-
oretical practice. Each author is one of the leading proponents of that
approach as well as a knowledgeable practitioner. We asked each author to
review the core constructs of the theory, bring the theory into the modern
sphere of clinical practice by looking at it through a context of evidence-
based practice, and clearly illustrate how the theory looks in action.
There are 24 titles planned for the series. Each title can stand alone
or can be put together with a few other titles to create materials for a
course in psychotherapy theories. This option allows instructors to create
a course featuring the approaches they believe are the most salient today.
To support this end, APA Books has also developed a DVD for each of the
approaches that demonstrates the theory in practice with a real client.
Many of the DVDs show therapy over six sessions. Contact APA Books
for a complete list of available DVD programs (http://www.apa.org/pubs/
videos).
Gestalt therapy is an experiential and existential form of psycho-
therapy that highlights the present moment and personal responsibility
with the goal of helping clients become more alive. Many contemporary
theories utilize Gestalt therapy techniques; however, few clinicians under-
stand the theoretical roots of this approach and these interventions. In this
book, Gordon Wheeler and Lena Axelsson share their thorough knowl-
edge of the theoretical underpinnings of this complete contemporary
ix
Series Preface
References
Frew, J., & Spiegler, M. (2008). Contemporary psychotherapies for a diverse
world. Boston, MA: Lahaska Press.
Haley, J. (1997). Leaving home: The therapy of disturbed young people. New
York, NY: Routledge.
x
How to Use This Book With APA
Psychotherapy Videos
77 Many DVDs contain six full sessions of psychotherapy over time, giving
viewers a chance to see how clients respond to the application of the
theory over the course of several sessions.
77 Each DVD has a brief introductory discussion recapping the basic
features of the theory behind the approach demonstrated. This allows
viewers to review the key aspects of the approach about which they
have just read.
77 DVDs feature actual clients in unedited psychotherapy sessions. This
provides a unique opportunity to get a sense of the look and feel of real
psychotherapy, something that written case examples and transcripts
sometimes cannot convey.
77 There is a therapist commentary track that viewers may choose to play
during the psychotherapy sessions. This track gives unique insight into
why therapists do what they do in a session. Further it provides an
xi
How to Use This Book With APA Psychotherapy Videos
in vivo opportunity to see how the therapist uses the model to concep-
tualize the client.
The books and DVDs together make a powerful teaching tool for show-
ing how theoretical principles affect practice. In the case of this book,
the DVD Gestalt Therapy, which features Dr. Wheeler as the guest expert,
provides a vivid example of how this approach looks in practice.
xii
Acknowledgments
xiii
Acknowledgments
xiv
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