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 Self-Assessment Color Review
Ornamental Fishes and
Aquatic Invertebrates
Second Edition
 Self-Assessment Color Review

Ornamental
Fishes and
Aquatic
Invertebrates
Second Edition

Gregory A. Lewbart
MS, VMD, DiplACZM
Professor of Aquatic Animal Medicine
North Carolina State University
College of Veterinary Medicine
Raleigh, NC, USA
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

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No claim to original U.S. Government works

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Version Date: 20160525

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Dedication
To all of our patients: past, present, and future. They give so much and deserve
our best.

v
Contents
Preface .........................................................................................................ix
Contributors ................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ..................................................................................... xiii
Picture acknowledgments ...........................................................................xv
Abbreviations............................................................................................xvii
Broad classification of cases .......................................................................xix

Questions ......................................................................................................1
Answers ......................................................................................................95

Index .........................................................................................................229
Also available in the Self-Assessment Color Review series ........................235

vii
Preface
There have been many exciting changes in ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate
medicine since I edited the 1998 version of this self-assessment guide. At that time
there were far fewer veterinarians practicing fish medicine than there are today.
Now virtually every major aquarium in the United States, and in many other
countries, has at least one full time veterinarian, with some employing three or
more. We have also witnessed an increased interest and awareness by traditional
zoo veterinarians of the fish and invertebrate animals at their institutions. In
addition to the International Association for Aquatic Animal Medicine (IAAAM),
we now have the World Aquatic Veterinary Medical Association (WAVMA) and
the American Association of Fish Veterinarians (AAFV). Veterinary participation
in annual continuing education opportunities, such as the Eastern Fish Health
Workshop, the Shark Reef Aquatic Medicine Seminar, and the Regional Aquatics
Workshop (RAW), to list a few, is on the rise. These changes have allowed for an
increased number of contributors to this edition while at the same time providing
cases with more diagnostic and therapeutic depth and understanding.
Ornamental fish medicine is now included in many if not most veterinary
curricula. This has sparked even more student interest in and awareness of fish and,
in some cases, invertebrate medicine. There are also many more textbooks on these
topics including at least two books on koi medicine alone. These factors combine
to make the appearance of a second edition of this book both prudent and timely.
All of the cases and questions in this book are new, as are many of the
contributors. Since this is a clinical work, the reader should keep in mind there can
be more than one ‘right’ answer to many of the questions contained in these pages.
In fact the reader may come across contradictory information and ideas when
comparing similar case scenarios. This can be a healthy and constructive exercise
and mimics what one sees in day-to-day veterinary practice.
I am indebted to the many knowledgeable contributors who so generously gave
of their time. Without their breadth of knowledge and experience, this would not
be the rich educational resource I hope the reader finds it to be.
Finally, as the editor of this work, I accept full responsibility for its content.
Please use this book as a clinical guide, learning tool, and tank side resource. But
do not rely on it as a stand-alone reference. Use your own clinical skills, intuition,
and consultation with experienced colleagues before making real life clinical
decisions on an unfamiliar case or medical challenge. And please take good notes
and secure quality images when possible in order to help further advance fish and
invertebrate medicine.
Good luck with all of your ornamental fish and aquatic invertebrate clinical
efforts!

Gregory A. Lewbart

ix
Contributors
Laura Adamovicz DVM Leigh Clayton DVM, DiplABVP
University of Illinois National Aquarium
Champagne, Illinois, USA Baltimore, Maryland, USA

Lance Adams DVM Daniel S. Dombrowski MS, DVM

Aquarium of the Pacific North Carolina Museum of
Long Beach, California, USA Natural Sciences
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Jeffrey R. Applegate Jr. DVM
North Carolina State University Cara Field DVM, PhD
College of Veterinary Medicine The Marine Mammal Center
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Sausalito, California, USA

Shane Boylan DVM Robert H. George DVM

South Carolina Aquarium Ripley’s Aquariums
Charleston, South Carolina, USA Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, and
Gatlinburg, Tennessee, USA
Terry W. Campbell MS, DVM, PhD
College of Veterinary Medicine Catherine Hadfield MA, VetMB,
Colorado State University MRCVS, DiplACVM, DiplECZM
Fort Collins, Colorado, USA National Aquarium
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
Julie M. Cavin DVM
New England Aquarium Craig A. Harms DVM, PhD, DiplACZM
Boston, Massachusetts, USA College of Veterinary Medicine
Center for Marine Sciences and
Larry S. Christian BS Technology
College of Veterinary Medicine North Carolina State University
North Carolina Museum of Natural Morehead City, North Carolina, USA
Sciences
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA Tara M. Harrison DVM, MPVM,
DiplACZM, DiplACVPM
Emily F. Christiansen DVM, MPH, College of Veterinary Medicine
DiplACZM North Carolina State University
North Carolina Aquariums Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Dan H. Johnson DVM, DiplABVP
Elsburgh O. Clarke III DVM Avian and Exotic Animal Care
Audubon Aquarium of the Americas Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
Rob Jones BVSc(Hons),
Tonya Clauss DVM, MS MACVSc(Aquatic Animal Health),
Georgia Aquarium M. Aquaculture
Atlanta, Georgia, USA “The Aquarium Vet”
Victoria, Australia

xi
 Lesanna L. Lahner DVM Ronald K. Passingham BS
School of Public Health College of Veterinary Medicine
University of Washington North Carolina State University
Seattle, Washington, USA Raleigh, North Carolina, USA

Gregory A. Lewbart MS, VMD, B. Denise Petty DVM

DiplACZM North Florida Aquatic Veterinary
College of Veterinary Medicine Services
North Carolina State University Fort White, Florida, USA
Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
Lysa Pam Posner DVM, DiplACVAA
Richmond Loh DipProjMgt, College of Veterinary Medicine
BSc, BVMS, MPhil(Pathology) North Carolina State University
Murdoch, MANZCVS(Aquatics Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
& Pathobiology), CertAqV, NATA
Komsin Sahatrakul DVM (Hons),
Signatory
CertAqV
The Fish Vet
Resorts World at Sentosa Pte. Ltd.
Perth, Western Australia
Singapore
Barbara Mangold DVM Johnny Shelley MS, DVM, CertAqV
Mount Pleasant Hospital for 5-D Tropical Inc.
Animals Plant City, Florida, USA
Newtown, Connecticut, USA
Donald Stremme VMD
Stuart E. May BA AQUAVET®
North Carolina Aquarium at Pine College of Veterinary Medicine
Knoll Shores Cornell University
Pine Knoll Shores, North Ithaca, New York, USA
Carolina, USA
Helen Sweeney DVM
Alexa McDermott DVM Elma Animal Hospital
Georgia Aquarium Aquatic Veterinary Services of WNY
Atlanta, Georgia, USA West Seneca, New York, USA

Blayk Michaels William H. Wildgoose BVMS,

Bass Pro Shops Base Camp CertFHP, MRCVS
Springfield, Missouri, USA Midland Veterinary Surgery
Leyton, London, UK
Christine Molter BS, DVM
Houston Zoo, Inc. Roy P. E. Yanong VMD
Houston, Texas, USA Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Program
Brian Palmeiro DVM, DiplACVD School of Forest Resources and
Pet Fish Doctor Conservation
Lehigh Valley Veterinary Dermatology IFAS/University of Florida
Allentown, Pennsylvania, USA Ruskin, Florida, USA
xii
Acknowledgments
I would first like to acknowledge the many individuals who have been a source
of inspiration, support, and guidance. I thank all of my mentors and professors,
but, in particular, Donald Abt, Robert Barnes, Philip Bookman, Dale Dickey, John
Gratzek, Louis Leibovitz, William Medway, Trish Morse, Nathan “Doc” Riser,
Ralph Sorensen, and Richard Wolke. I am fortunate to be associated with the
North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine (NCSU-CVM), a
fine, progressive institution of higher learning. I am grateful to all of my NCSU-
CVM friends and colleagues. Elizabeth Hardie, Craig Harms, Paul Lunn, Kent
Passingham, and Michael Stoskopf have been especially supportive.
I collectively thank the veterinary students and house officers I have worked
with, both at the NCSU-CVM and those from other colleges of veterinary medicine.
These young people are the bright future of our profession, and on many days they
teach me more than I teach them.
I am very grateful to the talented group of contributors who generously gave of
their time and expertise to share their cases with you. I take full responsibility for
any errors or omissions.
The folks at CRC Press have been exceptional through this entire process.
I specifically acknowledge Jill Northcott, Commissioning Editor; Alice Oven,
Senior Editor; Nikola Streak, who helped in the early stages; Julia Molloy, who was
been patient, flexible, and responsive to queries; Helen Stanley and Peter Beynon,
copy-editors extraordinaire; and Paul Bennett, Project Manager. I am fortunate
and honored to have worked with Paul and Peter on both editions of this book.
Finally, I am grateful for the love, support, and wise insight provided by my
wife, Diane Deresienski. She is always there to catch an idea or thought and toss
back a strike, right down the middle.

xiii
Picture acknowledgments
The editor is grateful to the following for contributing figures to this book:

Alaska Sealife Center 73 T. Miller-Morgan 182b

S. Christian 194a, 194b K. Passingham 217
K. Hadfield 184b, 193 D. Petty 5b, 139a, 139b, 154a–d, 170b,
S. Hammer 206 175, 185, 191a, 191b, 192a
C. Harms 159, 192b, 196a, 196b B. Phillips 177a, 177b, 220
K. Hartman 171a, 171b F. Scharf 160a
L. Loh 184a J. Shelly 3
S. May 167 R. Vassallo 174c
M. Mehalick 216a, 216b, 221 L. Warren cover photo

xv
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