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Emotions, Communities, and
Difference in Medieval Europe

This book of eleven essays by an international group of scholars in medi-

eval studies honors the work of Barbara H. Rosenwein, Professor emerita
of History at Loyola University Chicago. Part I, “Emotions and Communi-
ties,” comprises six chapters that make use of Rosenwein’s well-known and
widely influential work on the history of emotions and what Rosenwein
has called “emotional communities.” These chapters employ a wide vari-
ety of source material such as chronicles, monastic records, painting, music
theory, and religious practice to elucidate emotional commonalities among
the medieval people who experienced them. The five chapters in Part II,
“Communities and Difference,” explore different kinds of communities and
have difference as their primary theme: difference between the poor and the
unfree, between power as wielded by rulers or the clergy, between the west-
ern Mediterranean region and the rest of Europe, and between a supposedly
great king and lesser ones.

Maureen C. Miller is Professor of History at University of California,

Berkeley.

Edward Wheatley is Professor of English at Loyola University Chicago.

Barbara H. Rosenwein (photo: Valentina Atturo)
Emotions, Communities, and
Difference in Medieval Europe
Essays in Honor of
Barbara H. Rosenwein

Edited by Maureen C. Miller and

Edward Wheatley
First published 2017
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2017 selection and editorial matter, Maureen C. Miller and
Edward Wheatley; individual chapters, the contributors
The right of Maureen C. Miller and Edward Wheatley to be
identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors
for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book has been requested
ISBN: 978-1-4724-8422-2 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-57927-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Sabon
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Contents

List of figuresvii
List of contributorsix
Prefacexiii
Acknowledgmentsxv
List of abbreviationsxvii

1 A road to the history of emotions: Social, cultural, and

interdisciplinary approaches to the Middle Ages, c. 1966–2016 1
MAUREEN C. MILLER AND EDWARD WHEATLEY

2 Bibliography of the works of Barbara H. Rosenwein, 1974–2016 20

COMPILED BY EDWARD WHEATLEY

PART I
Emotions and communities27
Foreword to Part I: Emotions and communities 29
EDWARD WHEATLEY AND MAUREEN C. MILLER

3 Differing emotions in Luxeuil, Bobbio, and Faremoutiers 31

IAN N. WOOD

4 Softening the heart, eliciting desire: Experiencing music in a

Carolingian monastery 46
THOMAS ANTHONY GREENE

5 One site, many more meanings: The community of Saint-

Maurice d’Agaune and its relic collection 59
JULIA M. H. SMITH
vi Contents
6 Crusading without affect or effect: Emotion in Helmold of
Bosau’s Chronica Slavorum 77
JILANA ORDMAN

7 Partners in crime: Jewish–Christian cooperation in

thirteenth-century England 104
FRANCES H. MITILINEOS

8 Inciting despair 121

ELINA GERTSMAN

PART II
Communities and difference139
Foreword to Part II: Communities and difference 141
EDWARD WHEATLEY AND MAUREEN C. MILLER

9 The episcopate as ethnos: Strategies of distinction and

episcopal identity in Merovingian Francia 143
KIRSTEN M. DEVRIES

10 The divine king behind the funny stories of Notker the Stammerer 160
CONSTANCE B. BOUCHARD

11 Aristotelian politics and architectural science in France at

the end of the Middle Ages: A case study of Christine de Pizan 171
DOMINIQUE IOGNA-PRAT

12 Medieval attitudes to poverty: Amartya Sen and serfdom

without strings? 181
PAUL R. HYAMS

13 Famine, growth, and social inequality in the western

Mediterranean world c. 1300 207
MONIQUE BOURIN

Index219
Figures

Frontispiece Barbara H. Rosenwein (photo: Valentina Atturo)

8.1 Hieronymus Bosch, Christ Carrying the Cross, c. 1490–1510,

oil on panel, H: 76.7 cm, W: 83.5 cm, Museum voor Schone
Kunsten, Ghent (The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY)
8.2 Hieronymus Bosch, Christ Carrying the Cross, 1505–1507,
Palacio Real, Madrid (Erich Lessing / Art Resource, NY)
8.3 Hans Memling, Saint Veronica [obverse], c. 1470–1475,
oil on panel, painted surface: 30.3 x 22.8 cm / 11 15/16 x
9 inches, overall panel: 31.2 x 24.4 cm / 12 5/16 x 9 5/8
inches, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Samuel
H. Kress Collection 1952.5.46.a (Art Resource, NY)
8.4 Gerard David, The Nativity, c. 1485–1490, oil on wood
panel, unframed: 85.20 x 59.70 cm (33 1/2 x 23 1/2 inches)
The Cleveland Museum of Art, Leonard C. Hanna, Jr. Fund
1958.320 (© The Cleveland Museum of Art)
8.5 Master of Heiligenkreuz, Death of the Virgin, c. 1400,
tempera and oil with gold on panel, image: 66.00 x
53.30 cm (25 15/16 x 20 15/16 inches), unframed: 71.00 x
54.00 cm (27 15/16 x 21 1/4 inches) The Cleveland
Museum of Art, Gift of the Friends of The Cleveland
Museum of Art in memory of John Long Severance
1936.496 (© The Cleveland Museum of Art)
8.6 Hieronymus Bosch, Christ Bearing the Cross, c. 1480s (?),
oil on panel, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna (Erich
Lessing / Art Resource, NY)
8.7 Doug Auld, Rebecca and Louise, diptych, oil on linen,
80 x 50 inches, 2005 (© dougauld 2005, photo courtesy
Doug Auld)
8.8 Garden of Vices, engraving, late fifteenth century, Venice?
(public domain)
viii Figures
8.9 The Tree of Vices, from the Speculum virginum,
Himmerode, Germany, first quarter of the thirteenth
century, Walters Ms. W.72, fol. 25v (Photo: The Walters
Art Museum)
8.10 Desperatio and Luxuria [or, Despair], 1125–1140, detail
of demon from nave capital (south face), north aisle,
second pier, French Romanesque, Church
of Sainte-Madeleine, Vézelay, France (Foto Marburg /
Art Resource, NY)
8.11 Giovanni Canavesio and Giovanni Baleison, Judas
Ischariot Hanged Himself [or, Suicide of Judas], 1492,
fresco, Chapelle Notre-Dame-des-Fontaines, La Brigue,
France (© François Guenet / Art Resource, NY)
8.12 Temptation to Despair, Ars Moriendi, Germany, c. 1466,
The Library of Congress, Rosenwald 20 (Photo: courtesy
of the Lessing Rosenwald Collection, Rare Book division,
the Library of Congress)
8.13 Hope for Forgiveness, Ars Moriendi, Germany, c. 1466,
The Library of Congress, Rosenwald 20 (Photo: courtesy
of the Lessing Rosenwald Collection, Rare Book division,
the Library of Congress)
8.14 Hieronymus Bosch, Death and the Miser, c. 1485–1490,
oil on panel, overall: 93 x 31 / 36 5/8 x 12 3/16 inches,
National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, Samuel H.
Kress Collection, 1952.5.33 (Art Resource, NY)
8.15a Temptation to Lose Faith, detail, Ars Moriendi, Germany,
c. 1466, The Library of Congress, Rosenwald 20 (Photo:
courtesy of the Lessing Rosenwald Collection, Rare Book
division, the Library of Congress)
8.15b Hieronymus Bosch, Christ Carrying the Cross, c. 1490–1510,
detail, Museum voor Schone Kunsten Ghent (Gianni Dagli
Orti / The Art Archive at Art Resource, NY)
Contributors

Constance B. Bouchard is Distinguished Professor of History at the Uni-

versity of Akron. Author of seven monographs – most notably, Sword,
Miter, and Cloister: Nobility and the Church in Burgundy (1987), Holy
Entrepreneurs: Cistercians, Knights, and Economic Exchange in Twelfth-
Century Burgundy (1991), and Rewriting Saints and Ancestors: Memory
and Forgetting in France 500–1200 (2015) – Professor Bouchard has
also published editions of six medieval cartularies. She is the recipient
of numerous prestigious fellowships from the National Endowment for
the Humanities, the American Philosophical Society, the Institute for
Advanced Study, and the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation.
Monique Bourin is Professor emerita of Medieval History at the University
of Paris 1, Panthéon–Sorbonne. She directed several important research
groups, especially the project Genèse médiévale de l’anthroponymie mod-
erne which published six volumes on medieval naming practices, pros-
opography, and family history (1990–2002). Her 1987 study Villages
médiévaux en Bas-Languedoc: Genèse d’une sociabilité (Xème–XIVème
siècle) is a classic in medieval social and economic history. Named a
Chevalier du Mérite national in 2002, Professor Bourin is also winner of
the Prix Scientifique Philip Morris.
Kirsten M. DeVries is Associate Instructor of English at Virginia Western
Community College in Roanoke, Virginia. She studied with Barbara
Rosenwein at Loyola University Chicago, earning her Ph.D. in 2009 with
the submission of her dissertation “Episcopal Identity in Merovingian
Gaul, c. 397–700.” The winner of a Schmitt Dissertation Fellowship,
Dr. DeVries pursued her research at the Institut für Mittelalterforschung
of the Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften in Vienna, Austria.
She has presented her research internationally at Wassenaar in the Neth-
erlands, Leeds in the UK, and University College, Dublin as well as at
Kalamazoo and Harvard University in the US.
Elina Gertsman is Professor of Art History at Case Western Reserve Uni-
versity. A specialist in Gothic and late medieval art, Professor Gertsman
x Contributors
is author of The Dance of Death in the Middle Ages: Image, Text, Per-
formance (2010), which won the Medieval Academy of America’s John
Nicholas Brown Prize in 2014 for the best first book in medieval studies.
Among her edited volumes are Visualizing Medieval Performance: Perspec-
tives, Histories, Contexts (2008), Crying in the Middle Ages: Tears of His-
tory (2011), and Myth and Mystique: Cleveland’s Gothic Table Fountain
(2016). Her latest monograph, shortlisted for the Charles Rufus Morey
Award, is Worlds Within: Opening the Medieval Shrine Madonna (2015).
Thomas Anthony Greene is Lecturer of History at Texas A&M University –
San Antonio. He completed his Ph.D. in 2012 with Barbara Rosenwein
overseeing his dissertation “Liturgical Celebrations with Emotional
Expectations in Auxerre, 840–908.” The winner of the Birgit Baldwin
Fellowship of the Medieval Academy of America in 2010–2011, Profes-
sor Greene has already published his research on medieval emotions in
Medieval Perspectives and in Des cris et des larmes du Moyen – Âge à
nos jours (Paris, 2014), a volume that grew out of a conference at the
University of Paris 1, Panthéon–Sorbonne.
Paul R. Hyams is Professor emeritus of History at Cornell University and
now happily returned to Oxford where he took all his degrees. He is the
author of Kings, Lords and Peasants in Medieval England: The Common
Law of Villeinage in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries (1980) and
Rancor and Reconciliation in Medieval England (2003). A specialist in
medieval law and social history, he has also published seminal articles on
feudalism in The Journal of British Studies and The Journal of Interdis-
ciplinary History.
Dominique Iogna-Prat is Director of Studies in the Ecole des Hautes Etudes
en Sciences Sociales at the Centre d’études en Sciences Sociales du Reli-
gieux (CeSor) in Paris. In addition to two fundamental monographs on
Cluny – Agni immaculati: recherches sur les sources hagiographiques
relatives à Saint Maieul de Cluny, 954–994 and Ordonner et exclure:
Cluny et la société chrétienne face à l’hérésie, au judaïsme et à l’islam,
1000–1150 – Professor Iogna-Prat is also author of La maison Dieu: une
histoire monumentale de l’église au moyen âge, v800–v1200.
Lester K. Little is the Dwight W. Morrow Professor emeritus and a senior
fellow of the Kahn Liberal Arts Institute at Smith College. A former direc-
tor of the American Academy in Rome and past president of the Medie-
val Academy of America, Professor Little has published numerous books
and articles on the social history of religion and religious movements in
the European Middle Ages. Among his most notable publications are
Religious Poverty and the Profit Economy in Medieval Europe (1978),
Liberty, Charity, Fraternity: Lay Religious Confraternities at Bergamo in
the Age of the Commune (1988), Benedictine Maledictions: Liturgical
 Contributors xi
Cursing in Romanesque France (1993), and Indispensable Immigrants:
The Wine Porters of Northern Italy and Their Saint (2015). He collabo-
rated with Barbara H. Rosenwein on Debating the Middle Ages: Issues
and Readings (1998).
Maureen C. Miller is Professor of History at the University of California,
Berkeley. A historian of medieval Europe with a particular interest in
Italy, she has published three monographs. Her first, The Formation of
a Medieval Church: Ecclesiastical Change in Verona, 950–1150 (1993),
and third, Clothing the Clergy: Virtue and Power in Medieval Europe,
c. 800–1200 (2014), both won the American Catholic Historical Asso-
ciation’s John Gilmary Shea prize for the best book on Catholic history.
Her second book, The Bishop’s Palace: Architecture and Authority in
Medieval Italy (2000), was awarded the 2001 Helen and Howard R.
Marraro Prize of the Society for Italian Historical Studies for the best
book in Italian history.
Frances H. Mitilineos has been teaching history at Oakton Community Col-
lege in Des Plaines, Illinois, since 2005. She earned her Ph.D. at Loy-
ola University Chicago in 2009 with Barbara Rosenwein, completing
her dissertation “English Convivencia: Jewish-Christian Cooperation in
Thirteenth-Century England, 1189–1290.” Professor Mitilineos has pre-
sented her research at Leeds, Kalamazoo, and the Sewanee Medieval Col-
loquium. She won a National Endowment for the Humanities grant in
2014 to participate in a summer seminar at the Oxford University Centre
for Hebrew and Jewish Studies.
Jilana Ordman is a Lecturer in History at Lake Forest College in Lake For-
est, IL, and an adjunct instructor at Benedictine University in Lisle, IL. She
completed her Ph.D. under Barbara Rosenwein in 2013, with a disserta-
tion titled “Feeling Like a Holy Warrior: Western Authors’ Attributions of
Emotion as Proof of Motives for Violence.” Professor Ordman has pre-
sented her research at international conferences focused on crusading in
2006, 2008 and 2011, as well as a number of regional and national Medi-
eval and Renaissance Studies conferences from 2002–2016. Some of her
continued research on emotions and their use in the judgment of motives
has been published in an article entitled “Was it an Embarrassment of
Rewards? Possible Relationships between Religious Devotion among Par-
ticipants in the Second Crusade, 1145–1149 and their Losses in the Field,”
in the Illinois Medieval Association’s Essays in Medieval Studies 30 (2014).
Julia M. H. Smith has held the Chichele Professor of Medieval History at the
University of Oxford since 2016, having previously taught at St Andrews
and Glasgow. She is the author of Province and Empire: Brittany and
the Carolingians (1992) and Europe After Rome: A New Cultural His-
tory 500–1000 (2005). She has also edited three influential collections of
xii Contributors
essays: Early Medieval Rome and the Christian West (2000); Gender in
the Early Medieval World: East and West, 300–900 (co-ed. with Leslie
Brubaker, 2004), and The Cambridge History of Christianity, volume III:
Early Medieval Christianities AD 600–1100, (co-ed. with Thomas F. X.
Noble, 2008). The winner of fellowships at the Institute for Advanced
Study at Princeton and the Netherlands Institute of Advanced Study, she
also was awarded a Leverhulme Trust Major Research Fellowship 2013–
16 for a book on saints’ relics entitled Christianity in Fragments.
Edward Wheatley is Professor of English at Loyola University Chicago,
where he was the inaugural Edward Surtz, S.J., Professor of Medieval
Literature. He has been an Andrew W. Mellon Faculty Fellow in the
Humanities at Harvard University and has held fellowships from the
National Endowment for the Humanities and the American Council of
Learned Societies. He has published two monographs, Mastering Aesop:
Medieval Education, Chaucer, and His Followers (2000), and Stumbling
Blocks before the Blind: Medieval Constructions of a Disability (2010).
Ian N. Wood is Professor emeritus of Early Medieval History at the Univer-
sity of Leeds. He has published over a dozen volumes in the field, among
the most notable The Merovingian Kingdoms (1994), The Missionary
Life: Saints and the Evangelisation of Europe, 400–1050 (2001), and
The Modern Origins of the Early Middle Ages (2013). From 1992–1998
he coordinated the European Science Foundation project “The Transfor-
mation of the Roman World.” In addition to visiting professorships at
the universities of Vienna and Århus, he has held fellowships at the Neth-
erlands Institute for Advanced Study, the British School at Rome, and
the Collegium Budapest. Professor Wood just concluded a project with
Rosamond McKitterick and Mayke de Jong, “Cultural Memory and the
Resources of the Past, 400–1000,” that was funded by the Humanities in
the European Research Area.
Preface

When Barbara Rosenwein was an undergraduate at the University of Chi-

cago in the mid-1960s, she brought to her earliest encounters with the Mid-
dle Ages much of the best of what that institution had to offer. Still more or
less intact were the “College courses” instituted in the 1930s by Robert M.
Hutchins, year-long courses that included among others one called simply
“Humanities,” another called “Social Sciences,” and a third, “Natural Sci-
ences”; “Western Civilization” was one of a few later additions to the list.
Works by Aristotle came at or near the start of the reading list of each of
these courses. The Social Sciences course, for example, was not a combi-
nation of the standard introductory courses in contemporary economics,
sociology, psychology, and so on, but rather a series of inquiries into differ-
ent approaches to and manifestations of social phenomena as revealed over
the course of several centuries in influential books by major writers (“Great
Books” being the term that Hutchins and Mortimer Adler used for the even-
ing courses they co-taught for adults). The Western Civilization course was
dominated by a brilliant and charismatic former Gymnasium professor and
to a lesser extent by one of his disciples, also a German immigrant, who
happened to be Barbara’s section leader. This legendary course was basically
an intellectual history of the West from the Greeks to 1914, which had a
notable seven-century gap between Augustine and Anselm, shortly followed
by Aquinas and then a triumphantly Burckhardtian Renaissance.
Barbara was curious to know about that gap, and not just what took
place during it but why the gap itself existed. From the start, then, perhaps
even without realizing it at the time, she was a historiographer as well as
a historian. Given her lycée- or Gymnasium-type general education, which
Hutchins had intended that Chicago students have before moving on to
more specialized studies, she was at ease in discussing and writing about
vast stretches of time, as in her history-major special studies paper on the
Faust legend, which incorporated more than a millennium and a half of
antecedents. It seemed natural for her to draw upon apt insights from Cic-
ero or Petrarch or Locke or Rousseau or Durkheim or Freud or Weber that
might shed light on whatever historical problem she was thinking through
at a given moment. How difficult it would be to imagine, let alone find, a
xiv Preface
third-year college student better prepared to begin the study of medieval
history, as Barbara did, through the lens of the French annaliste approach.
This recollection of Barbara the apprentice serves as a preface to the edi-
tors’ introductory chapter reflecting upon the accomplishments of Barbara
the mature scholar, extraordinary in themselves but rendered in particularly
sharp focus by being placed within the full range of innovative scholarship
in medieval studies during the past half century. Reflections of another sort
are found in that chapter as well as in all those that constitute the main
body of this volume, namely reflections of the influences that Barbara has
had on all of the contributors to this Festschrift, former students and col-
leagues alike. All of them – or if I may join in – all of us, in addition to
being citizens of the large international community of appreciative readers
of Barbara’s writings, are also part of that more select but still by no means
small community of those who are personally indebted to her for generous
criticism, advice, and encouragement. How fortunate we all are that she
was curious about the gap.
Lester K. Little
Acknowledgments

This volume emerged out of a conference held at the Newberry Library in

Chicago on February 28, 2014: At the Intersection of Medieval History and
the Social Sciences: A Symposium Honoring Barbara H. Rosenwein. We
owe a deep debt of thanks to The Newberry Center for Renaissance Studies
of the Newberry Library for hosting the event and especially to then act-
ing director Karen Christianson and her staff for their enthusiastic support.
Other key sponsors were the Illinois Medieval Association and its executive
director Mark D. Johnson; the Medieval Studies Center at Loyola Univer-
sity Chicago and its director Theresa Gross-Diaz; Dean Frank Fennell of the
College of Arts and Sciences of Loyola University Chicago; and the Depart-
ments of History at both Loyola and the University of California, Berkeley.
It was a memorable day, and we are grateful to all these individuals and
institutions for making it happen.
All the scholars who contributed chapters have provided the most cru-
cial support to the development of this volume: their intellectual generosity,
consummate collegiality, and gracious patience with two first-time editors
were deeply appreciated. We are grateful to Lester K. Little for his encour-
agement throughout the project, his sage comments on the introduction,
and his preface. Special thanks are owed to Tom Gray, who initially signed
the volume for Ashgate and carried it with him to Routledge, as well as to
his worthy successor, Max Novick. Key financial support for illustrations,
editing, and indexing were provided by the Illinois Medieval Association
(thanks again to Mark Johnson); Father Thomas J. Regan, Dean of the Col-
lege of Arts and Sciences; Dr. Robert O. Bucholz, Chair of the Department
of History at Loyola; and both Carla Hesse, Executive Dean for the Col-
lege of Letters and Science, and the Abigail Reynolds Hodgen Publication
Fund at the University of California, Berkeley. Clara Leon translated the
chapters of Dominique Iogna-Prat and Monique Bourin with care and copy-
edited the entire volume. Her gracious and meticulous assistance made all
the difference as the volume came together; we are deeply grateful for her
collaboration.
We thank, above all, Barbara H. Rosenwein. The celebration of her career
at the Newberry was memorable not only for the intellectual testaments to
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