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NOVEL DAIRY PROCESSING
TECHNOLOGIES
Techniques, Management, and Energy Conservation
Innovations in Agricultural and Biological Engineering
Edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD
Anit Kumar, MTech
Anil K. Gupta, PhD
Apple Academic Press Inc. Apple Academic Press Inc.
3333 Mistwell Crescent 9 Spinnaker Way
Oakville, ON L6L 0A2 Canada Waretown, NJ 08758 USA
© 2018 by Apple Academic Press, Inc.
Exclusive worldwide distribution by CRC Press, a member of Taylor & Francis Group
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-77188-612-3 (Hardcover)
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-315-16712-1 (eBook)
All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any
electric, mechanical or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and re-
cording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publish-
er or its distributor, except in the case of brief excerpts or quotations for use in reviews or critical articles.
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted material
is quoted with permission and sources are indicated. Copyright for individual articles remains with the
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the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors, editors, and the publisher have
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Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication
Novel dairy processing technologies : techniques, management, and energy conservation / edited by
Megh R. Goyal, PhD, Anit Kumar, MTech, Anil K. Gupta, PhD.
(Innovations in agricultural and biological engineering)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN 978-1-77188-612-3 (hardcover).--ISBN 978-1-315-16712-1 (PDF)
1. Dairy products industry--Technological innovations. 2. Dairy processing. 3. Milk--Pasteurization. I.
Goyal, Megh Raj, editor II. Kumar, Anit, editor III. Gupta, Anil K., 1966- editor IV. Series: Innovations
in agricultural and biological engineering
SF250.5.N68 2017 637 C2017-907441-5 C2017-907442-3
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Goyal, Megh Raj, editor. | Kumar, Anit, editor. | Gupta, Anil K. (Anil Kumar), 1966- editor.
Title: Novel dairy processing technologies : techniques, management, and energy conservation / editors:
Megh R. Goyal, Anit Kumar, Anil K. Gupta.
Description: Waretown, NJ : Apple Academic Press, 2017. | Series: Innovations in agricultural & biological
engineering ; volume 17 | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2017055545 (print) | LCCN 2017056542 (ebook) | ISBN 9781315167121 (ebook) |
ISBN 9781771886123 (hardcover : alk. paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Dairy processing. | Dairying.
Classification: LCC SF250.5 (ebook) | LCC SF250.5 .N684 2017 (print) | DDC 338.4/7637--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017055545
Apple Academic Press also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic format. For information about Apple Academic Press products,
visit our website at www.appleacademicpress.com and the CRC Press website at www.crcpress.com
CONTENTS
12. Refrigeration Principles and Applications in the Dairy Industry ...... 253
A. G. Bhadania
13. Energy Audits and Its Potential as a Tool for Energy Conservation
in the Dairy Industry .............................................................................. 269
A. G. Bhadania
Index.................................................................................................................. 291
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Adarsh M. Kalla
Department of Dairy Engineering, Dairy Science College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and
Fisheries Sciences University, Mahagoan Cross, Kalaburagi 585316, Karnataka India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Ajay Kumar Kashyap
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, National Institute of Food Technology
Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India
Amit Juneja
National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028
Haryana, India
Angadi Viswanatha
Department of Food Microbiology, Agriculture College Hassan, University of Agricultural Sciences
(UAS), Bangalore 573225, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Anil K. Gupta
Department of Agricultural Economics, College of Agriculture, CCS Haryana Agricultural
University, Hisar 125004, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected] [email protected]
Anit Kumar
Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology
Entrepreneurship and Management, Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli,
Sonipat 131028, Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Ashok K. Agrawal
Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Chhattisgarh
Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya (CGKV), Raipur 492012 India, E-mail: [email protected]
Ashutosh Upadhyay
National Institute of Food Tech. Entrepreneurship & Management (NIFTEM), Plot No. 97, Sector
56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate Kundli, Sonipat 131028, Haryana India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Bhavesh B. Chavhan
Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Technology Maharashtra Animal and Fisheries
Sciences University, Udgir, Nagpur 413517, India. E-mail: [email protected];
[email protected]
C. Ram Kumar
Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Hassan, University of
Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore 573225, India
viii List of Contributors
C. Sahu
Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Science and Food Technology, Chhattisgarh
Kamdhenu Vishwa Vidyalaya (CGKV), Raipur 492012, India
Chandan Solanki
ICAR-Central Institute of Post-Harvest Engineering and Technology, Ludhiana 141001, Punjab,
India. E-mail: [email protected]
D. C. Saxena
Sant Longowal Institute of Engineering & Technology, Longowal, 148106, Sangrur Punjab, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
Devaraju Rajanna
Department of Dairy Engineering, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University,
Dairy Science College, Mahagoan Cross, Kalaburagi 585316, Karnataka, India
Durga Shankar Bunkar
Centre of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Banaras Hindu
University, Varanasi 221005, India
G. Bhadania
Department of Dairy Engineering, Sheth M. C. College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural
University, Anand 388110, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Ghassan F. Mohsin
Vocational School, Maysan City, Iraq. E-mail: [email protected]
Gurdeep Rattu
Department of Basic and Applied Science, National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship
and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India
Haider I. Ali
Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, University of Basrah, Basra City, Iraq.
Hitesh Patel
Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
Jayeeta Mitra
Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur,
Kharagpur 721302, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Kumaresh Halder
National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management, Kundli, Sonepat 131028
Haryana, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Megh R. Goyal
Retired Faculty in Agricultural and Biomedical Engineering from General Engineering Department,
University of Puerto Rico – Mayaguez Campus; and Senior Technical Editor-in-Chief in Agriculture
Sciences and Biological Engineering, Apple Academic Press Inc., USA.
E-mail: [email protected]
Mohammed Nayeem
Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology
Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India.
E-mail: [email protected]
List of Contributors ix
Nishant Kumar
Department of Agricultural and Environmental Science, National Institute of Food Technology
Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM), Kundli, Haryana, India
P. P. Sutar
Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008,
Odisha, India. E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]
Raman Seth
Dairy Chemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, Haryana, India
Rohant Dhaka
Department of Food Science and Technology, National Institute of Food Technology
Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) Kundli, Haryana, India
S. S. Roopa
Britannia Industries Ltd., Plot # 23, Bidadi Industrial Area, Bidadi Hobli, Ramanagara 562109
Karnataka, India
S. S. Shirkole
Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008,
Odisha, India
Santosh S. Chopde
Department of Dairy Engineering, College of Dairy Technology at Udgir, COVAS Campus,
Kavalkhed Road, Udgir 413517 (MS), India
Shilpi Singh
Food Process Engineering, Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Subrota Hati
SMC College of Dairy Science, Anand Agricultural University (AAU), Anand 388001, Gujarat,
India
Vijendra Mishra
Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, National Institute of Food Tech. Entrepreneurship &
Management (NIFTEM), Plot No. 97, Sector 56, HSIIDC Industrial Estate, Kundli, Sonipat 131028,
Haryana, India
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Ab antibody
ALP associated alkaline phosphatase
ASHARE American Society of Heating, Air Conditioning and
Refrigerating Engineers
ATP adenosine tri phosphate
AU American unit
BEE Bureau of Energy Efficiency
BSA bovine serum albumin
bST bovine somatotropin
CCL critical control limit
CCP critical control point
CFU colony forming units
CGKV Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya
CGR compound growth rate
CIP clean-in-place
CMA cow’s milk allergy
CO2 carbon dioxide
COD chemically oxygen demand
COP coefficient of performance
CRI color rendition index
CRIE crossed radio-immuno electrophoresis
CV coefficient of variation
D diffusion coefficient of water from homogeneous
material during osmotic dehydration
D1 diffusion coefficients of water from the core of the
material to the dehydration front
D2 diffusion coefficients of water from the core of the
material to across the front
D3 diffusion coefficients of water from the core of the
material through the osmotically treated material into the
osmotic solution
DM dry matter
EpiPen epinephrine
xii List of Abbreviations
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