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 Russell and Wittgenstein
on the Nature of Judgement

A
continuum
%
Russell and Wittgenstein on the
Nature of Judgement
Continuum Studies in British Philosophy
Series Editor: James Fieser, University of Tennessee at Martin

Berkeley and Irish Philosophy - David Berman

Bertrand Russell’s Ethics - Michael K Potter
Boyle on Fire - William Eaton
Coherence of Hobbes’s Leviathan - Eric Brandon
Doing Austin Justice - Wilfrid Rumble
The Early Wittgenstein on Religion-]. Mark Lazenby
Francis Bacon and the Limits of Scientific Knowledge - Dennis Desroches
Hume’s Theory of Causation - Angela Coventry 7

Idealist Political Philosophy - Colin Tyler

John Stuart Mill’s Political Philosophy - John Fitzpatrick
Popper, Objectivity and the Growth of Knowledge - John H. Sceski
Rethinking Mill’s Ethics - Colin Heydt
Russell and Wittgenstein on the Nature of Judgement - Rosalind Carey
Russell’s Theory of Perception - Sajahan Miah
Thomas Hobbes and the Politics of Natural Philosophy - Stephen J. Finn
Thomas Reid’s Ethics - William C. Davis
Wittgenstein and the Theory of Perception - Justin Good
Wittgenstein at His Word - Duncan Richter
Wittgenstein’s Religious Point of View - Tim Labron
Russell and Wittgenstein
on the
t

Nature ofJudgement

Rosalind Carey

A
continuum

LIBRARY
©RANT MaoEWAN
 Continuum International Publishing Group
The Tower Building, 11 York Road, London SE1 7NX
80 Maiden Lane, Suite 704, New York NY 10038

www.continuumbooks.com

© Rosalind Carey 2007

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in

anv form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission
in writing from the publishers.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN-10: HB: 0-8264-8811-0

ISBN-13: 978-0-8264-8811-4

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Carey, Rosalind.
Russell and Wittgenstein on the nature of judgement / by Rosalind Carey,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8264-8811-4
ISBN-10: 0-8264-8811-0
L Judgment 2. Russell, Bertrand, 1872-1970. 3. Wittgenstein, Ludwig,
1889-1951. I. Tide.

B1649.R94C38 2007
192-dc22

2006038316

Typeset by Kenneth Burnley, Wirral, Cheshire

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Biddles Ltd, King’s Lynn, Norfolk
 Contents

List of Figures vii

Introduction 1

1 The Origin and Development of the

Multiple Relation Theory of Judgement 11

2 The Nature of the Proposition 42

3 Analysis, Belief, Truth and Certainty 70

4 The Form of Belief 94

Appendix 115

Notes 121

Bibliography 137

Index 147
 Figures

1 Composing the Theory of Knowledge 5

2 Diagram of judgement (without form) 60

3 Diagram in Theory of Knowledge of understanding

(with form) 65

4 Early draft of the diagram of understanding 66

5 Diagram in ‘Props’ of understanding 103

6 Diagram in ‘Props’ of the bipolarity of judging 104

7 Wittgenstein’s diagram in ‘Notes on Logic’ of the

poles of a proposition 104

8 Russell’s 1918 diagram of bipolarity 105

*
 Introduction

[Wittgenstein’s criticism was] an event of first rate importance

in my life, and affected everything I have done since ... I saw
he was right, and I saw that I could not hope ever again to do
fundamental work in philosophy ... I had to produce lectures
for America, but I took a metaphysical subject although I was
and am convinced that all fundamental work in philosophy is
logical. My reason was that Wittgenstein persuaded me that
what wanted doing in logic was too difficult for me.1 (Russell to
Ottoline, 1916)

Introduction

In 1911, not long after Russell completes the Principia Mathematical

and begins to direct his energies to new projects, Wittgenstein and
Russell begin their brief but historically formative interchanges
about the nature of logic and cognition.3 Impressed by his student’s
character and strength of mind,4 Russell begins casting Wittgenstein
as the one to carry on the work of solving the remaining flaws in the
Principia,5 and his prediction that Wittgenstein will set right the flaws
in Principia begins to unfold in a devastating way in 1913.6 The
context is his work on a new book, the Theory of Knowledge, which
Russell hopes will lay out the epistemological doctrines sketched in
Principia. His work on the text begins on 7 May, and in between then
and early June he churns out chapters or portions of chapters onlv
to be periodically interrupted by Wittgenstein, who first appears to
express disapproval at the epistemological project in general,7 and
who then appears with a series of objections to a central doctrine in
the book. The focus of Wittgenstein’s attack is Russell’s so-called
multiple relation theory of judgement, a doctrine on which a subject
2 Russell and Wittgenstein on Judgement

A is related to the objects (a, R, b) of her belief by a polyadic relation

judging. Though Russell seems to have suspected, if not fully
grasped, the seriousness of the difficulties facing him soon after
Wittgenstein began voicing them, he doesn’t immediately abandon
the manuscript. But in mid-June, two days after a meeting with
Wittgenstein that comes on the heels of a letter in which Wittgen¬
stein states objections to Russell’s theory of judgement,8 Russell
confides to Ottoline that Wittgenstein has made his work ‘impossi¬
ble for years to come’.9 Not long after, Wittgenstein writes to express
sympathy for the fact that his objections have ‘paralysed’ Russell.10
The ideas contained in the 1913 manuscript are never mentioned
in Russell’s later work. Indeed, his silence concerning the 1913 man¬
uscript was so complete that the manuscript’s existence remained
unknown until 1967. Then, to raise money for the International War
Crimes Tribunal, the 95-year-old Bertrand Russell sold a bundle of
manuscripts, including one large, unfamiliar one, to the Russell
Archives at McMaster University. The archivists wrote back to Russell
concerning the large manuscript dating from 1913 and clearly of
some importance, but Russell did not reply to their queries, dying
soon after at the age of 97.

The Nature of the Question and the Evidence

Though Russell abandons the manuscript, he continues to defend

and develop new versions of the multiple relation theory long after¬
wards, and hence the present text asks: what objections to his theory
of judgement could have allowed Russell to think his theory of
judgement was still viable but sufficed to cause him to abandon the
manuscript? To find an answer to this question is the goal of the
present text, but to understand the objections, Russell’s way of con¬
struing them, and his attempts to accommodate them in the texts we
would like to be privy to a first-hand discussion of the conversadons,
and given Russell’s silence on the matter for the most part we are
not. A great deal of the information we have on the events of this
period is in the form of private letters; that we possess any informa¬
tion at all is largely due to Russell’s habit of writing daily to his
companion Ottoline Morrell. The letters provide data on the
 Introduction 3

sequence of Russell’s work on the Theory of Knowledge, i.e. which

chapter he is completing, what he plans to turn to next, and so on;
and they also indicate in some cases down to the hour when Wittgen¬
stein visits his chambers to deliver objections and criticisms to the
emerging manuscript.
Besides the above information, the letters provide a general sense
of Wittgenstein’s objections and Russell’s reaction to them; as noted
above, Wittgenstein appears to have focused on flaws in Russell’s
theory of belief (judgement) and his analysis of propositions. Yet
what the letters don’t provide is a clear sense of what exactly
Wittgenstein found so distressing in Russell’s analysis of belief and to
what extent and in what way Russell plans to accommodate those
objections in the pages he subsequendy drafts. The lack of clarity is
only partly because Russell’s letters to Ottoline are personal and his
references to Wittgenstein’s objections are correspondingly brief
and general. The difficulty of discerning Wittgenstein’s objections
from Russell’s letters is equally due to Wittgenstein’s inarticulateness
- Russell objects to this himself - and it is worth keeping in mind
that Russell’s letters (and the Theory of Knowledge itself) record both
Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s struggle to understand Wittgenstein’s
objections.11
The obscurity of many of Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s letters may
seem to present an insurmountable obstacle to achieving a good
picture of the events leading up to the collapse of Russell’s new
project. But the situation is not as grim as might at first seem.
Besides Russell’s and Wittgenstein’s letters we possess the Theory of
Knowledge, numerous notes and diagrams Russell composed while
drafting the text, as well as Russell’s earlier and later writings and
Wittgenstein’s notes. The manuscript and notes exhibit Russell’s
responses to Wittgenstein’s objections. In addition, Russell’s work
after 1913 provides further evidence. In that later work Russell
explicitly acknowledges his student’s ideas as informing his own
thought (how well Russell understands them is another matter) and
continues to grapple with the problems Wittgenstein poses in 1913.
Though it is open to debate how long Wittgenstein sets the
questions for Russell, there can be little doubt that Russell’s later
attributions to Wittgenstein as well as the nature of the tasks he sets
4 Russell and Wittgenstein on Judgement

himself shed light on the dark period of the Theory of Knowledge

when read alongside the documents from that period.
The present text aims to use the above sources to reconstruct the
events in this period of Russell’s life, to address what Wittgenstein
found objectionable in Russell’s text and how, in composing the
Theory of Knowledge, Russell attempts to accommodate what he thinks
are Wittgenstein’s criticisms. The reconstruction will, I hope, also
help to clarify Russell’s doctrines and concerns in his work following
1913, showing how they emerge from his conversation with Wittgen¬
stein in 1913.

Which Chapters Show Signs of

Wittgenstein’s Impact?

What Russell wanted to achieve in the Theory of Knowledge and how

far he actually gets provide important clues as to the nature of his
dialogue with Wittgenstein. The book focuses on an analysis of expe¬
rience into such data as a particular patch of colour or one sound
following another, classifying data in terms of the kinds of (direct or
complex) relationships subjects have to what they experience. As we
know from notes found with the manuscript and laying out his an¬
ticipated chapters, the book was to contain an analytic section and a
constructive section.12 The third and final section of the analytic half
of the book and the entire constructive half are never written. In the
analytic half of the book, Russell defends a Cartesian dualism of
mind and matter by means of an analysis of the kind of one-on-one,
unmediated relation the mind has to objects in perceiving and
attending to them. He then shows how his dualism, whose founda¬
tion is the defence of simple, direct relations between minds and
things, is consistent with an account of relations between the mind
and the world that are not direct or ‘dual’. That is, he explains how
a mind, in understanding, believing, or willing, stands in a complex
relation to a complex of things.
The analytic part of the Theory of Knowledge was supposed to give a
complete analysis of experience by moving from simple forms of
experience to more complex kinds, that is, by moving from acquain¬
tance to belief and then to inference. In fact, after completing the
 Introduction 5

section on acquaintance, Russell revises his outline so as to move

from acquaintance to atomic propositions and then to molecular
ones. He completes only the analysis of acquaintance and atomic
proposidonal thought (parts I and II), and abandons his manuscript
at the point of transition to the analysis of molecular propositions.
Some discussion of themes belonging to the section on molecular
propositions is anticipated in his treatment of earlier themes, and it
is in part his sense of the difficulties Wittgenstein has stirred up for
an analysis of these topics that, I believe, led Russell to believe that
completion of the project to be out of reach.
Figure 1 displays the book’s chapters and the dates they were
drafted; the dates on which Wittgenstein levelled his objections are
shown in bold.

Part I On the Nature of Acquaintance

Chapter 1 Preliminary Description of Experience 7 May
Chapter 2 Neutral Monism 9 May
Chapter 3 Analysis of Experience 11-13 May
Chapter 4 Definitions and Method. Principles . . .
Chapter 5 Sensation and . . . 14 May
Chapter 6 On the Experience of Time 17-19 May
[Russell takes a day off: 20 May]
Chapter 7 On the Acquaintance ... of Relations 21 May
Chapter 8 Acquaintance . . . Predicates 23 May
Chapter 9 Logical Data

Part II Atomic Propositional Thought

Chapter 1 The Understanding of Propositions 24-26 May
Chapter 2 Analysis and Synthesis 27 May
Chapter 3 Various Examples of Understanding 28-29 May
Chapter 4 Belief, Disbelief, and Doubt 30 May
Chapter 5 Truth and Falsehood 31 May
Chapter 6 Self-Evidence 5 June
Chapter 7 Degrees of Certainty 6 June

Figure 1. Composing the Theory of Knowledge

What follows the demise of the Theory of Knowledge is outside the

scope of the present book, at least as a matter for direct inquiry.
Months after the demise of the book, Russell begins to prepare
6 Russell and Wittgenstein on Judgement

chapters 1—6 of the Theory of Knowledge for publication, revising only

chapter 4. Though an exact date is unknown, the revision may
coincide with the transcription of Wittgenstein’s Notes on Logic in
early October 1913. The revised chapter contains Russell’s first
footnote to Wittgenstein.13
After recording the Notes on Logic, Wittgenstein moves to Norway
to write. Despite the fact that the onset of World War I severs his
communication with Wittgenstein,14 Russell continues to respond to
Wittgenstein’s objections, articulating influential doctrines that are
increasingly scientific in orientation but have their origin in his 1913
conversations with Wittgenstein.

The Contents of the Chapters in this Text

Wittgenstein’s objections to Russell’s theory of judgement come in
three waves: the first occurs on 20 May, the second on 26 May, and
the third and final one in mid-June, as recorded in his letter to
Russell. The nature of his objections as well as the nature of
Russell’s response forms the core of three of the four chapters of
this study. The topic of Chapter 1 prefaces the issues dealt with in
those chapters by looking back to the origin and development of
the theory of judgement and focusing on Russell’s epistemological
and logical doctrines in the transitional period between 1903 and
1910. My point in so doing is not simply to present Russell’s theory
of belief and perception prior to Wittgenstein’s impact, to make his
influence on the theory easier to detect; rather, my aim is to show
how the multiple relation theory of judgement emerges from and
is influenced by a number of problems and doctrines that con¬
tribute to his eventual paralysis in the face of Wittgenstein’s addi¬
tional objections. Russell’s study of Meinong’s theory of mind, his
attempts to overcome the Liar paradox and his invention of the
theory of incomplete symbols are perhaps the most important
doctrines to influence and shape his theory of judgement. In dis¬
cussing how these strands are interwoven I draw attention to the
fact that in this period Russell employs the concept of belief in
several different ways, all of which contribute to and inform the
mature (1910 and later) multiple relation theory. How Russell
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