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Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and Vernon C. Polite, Michigan State
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American
Females
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
courageous conversations series
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
African
American
Females
addressing challenges and
nurturing the future
Edited by
Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher
and Vernon C. Polite
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
Copyright © 2013 by Michigan State University
p
Michigan State University Press
East Lansing, Michigan 48823-5245
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Michigan State University Press is a member of the Green Press Initiative and is
committed to developing and encouraging ecologically responsible publishing
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of recycled paper in book publishing, please visit www.greenpressinitiative.org.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
To our matriarchs
Annie, Johnnie Mae, Mary Ella, Fairy, Collene, Blanche,
Lorraine, Johnia, Roberta, and Beraline
To our sisters
Ayanna, Tanya, Phillis, Folake, Charlotte, Yolanda, Doris,
Patricia, Mercedes, Gail, Sandy, Candace, and Nicole
» E. M. Z. G. and V. C. P.
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
For Deena
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
Contents
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
viii ■ contents
103 Preparing for the Knowledge Society: Lessons from Detroit’s Early African
American Female Teachers
Linda G. Williams
235 Critical Race Theory and African Womanism: Theorizing Black Girls’
Education at the Local and Global Levels
Venus E. Evans-Winters
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
contents ■ ix
279 Legacies of Shame and Blood: Intimate Partner Violence among African
American Women
Devika Dibya Choudhuri
367 Improving General Health Care for African American Women: Michigan
and Beyond
Phillis Cherie Mims-Gillum
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
Foreword
A
frican American Females: Addressing Challenges and Nurtur-
ing the Future is a volume long overdue. In societies all
across the globe, men and women lead very different lives.
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
Gender, defined as the biological traits that are linked to being male or female, is
also linked to gender stratification, which is the unequal distribution of wealth,
power, and privilege between men and women. Race intersects with both gender
and class to create multiple disadvantages. It is at this intersect of race, gender,
and class that this text enters. Far too often, the challenges confronting women of
color, in general, and African American women, in particular, have been subsumed
under strategies and programs, which have largely accommodated and benefited
White women. While White women are not treated equally in our society with
white men, what they do enjoy is institutional access to information, knowledge,
and informal contact with power brokers, those tangible and intangible factors that
facilitate social mobility in the larger society. African American women, because
of their distinctive identities, coupled with crippling historical stereotypes, have
no such access. As far too many recent events in U.S. society remind us, race still
matters.
■ xi
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
xii ■ foreword
■ Despite the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act (2009), pay equity is far from a reality.
Women are more likely to live in poverty than men, and the economic inequities
for women of color are even greater.
■ In 2009, the median income for non-Latino White women working full time
was $39,010. However, African American women earned $31,933, or 82 percent
as much, and Latino women earned $27,268, or 70 percent as much.
■ Within racial and ethnic categories, in 2009, African American women earned
85 percent as much as African American men, and Latino women earned 86
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
This digest provides a lens by which to view the multifaceted ways in which
African American females confront, with pride, the pain and yet the promise of the
challenges that serve as obstructions and barriers in their quest for social mobility
and advance. Often as the sole head of households and the primary breadwinners in
their families, their struggle(s) for equal access and equal opportunity have profound
consequence on the future social mobility of generations of African American
youth. One would think that in an advanced society such as ours, the fight against
structural and institutional inequalities would be a battle long won. However, our
current political climate vividly portrays how the status of women and their rights,
and those of lower-status persons, are the subject of intense contemporary debate. In
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
foreword ■ xiii
the twenty-first century, the fact that women and persons of color are still fighting
historic wars for equality of opportunity as well as equality of results should be
alarming to all who favor the full and equitable development of all humankind.
African American Females: Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future seeks to
analyze, to understand, yet never excuse, from multiple disciplinary perspectives,
the often-daunting challenges affecting African American females. The volume as
constructed has tremendous applicability for other women of color in the United
States and lower-status women across the globe. The issues that the chapters
analyze and discuss are multifaceted and embedded within other social, political,
and economic variables, which the authors carefully and skillfully craft. The
editors of the book and the authors deserve tremendous praise for compiling such
an intellectually exciting work that will have broad appeal for multiple audiences
who care about the struggle to achieve real equality between the sexes. This book
breaks the structured silence of very painful slights, debilitating stereotypes, and
degrading experiences, as a vehicle to understand and confront the intransigence
of a developed society as it confronts the interrelated issues of sexism, racism, and
classism for African American women. Do read this gripping, yet illuminating,
volume and become better informed. Then, I challenge you to act, to assist in
eradicating the social, political, and economic barriers, which subvert the advance-
ment of African American women and all lower-status women. All of society and
her children will be the beneficiaries.
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
reference
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
Preface
O
n September 26, 2008, Eastern Michigan University’s College
of Education, the McGregor Fund, and the Office of Urban
Education and Educational Equity sponsored a conference
Copyright © 2013. Michigan State University Press. All rights reserved.
focused on African American females. The meeting was the second in the Coura-
geous Conversations series, a follow-up to a 2006 summit that focused on African
American males and that framed the development of the monograph The State of
the African American Male. This educational conference provided an opportunity
for k–12, postsecondary, healthcare, and community leaders to exchange ideas
regarding programs, policies, and practices that shape the lives of African American
females. One focus of the meeting was an effort to assemble key commentaries on
social issues affecting Black girls and women. More than 500 participants joined
in this one-day dialogue that offered insight, recommendations, and best practices
for facilitating self-actualization among African American females across genera-
tions. African American Females: Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future is
the product of this conference.
The following chapters illustrate the contributions of leading scholars with
expertise in the areas of k–12 education, higher education, health, family, and
■ xv
African American Females : Addressing Challenges and Nurturing the Future, edited by Eboni M. Zamani-Gallaher, and
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