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 Math
for Pharmacy
Technicians

59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd i 8/20/09 9:42:35 PM

59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd ii 8/20/09 9:42:36 PM
 Math
for Pharmacy
Technicians

Lorraine C. Zentz, CPhT, PhD

Pharmacy Technician Program
ed2go/ GES

59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd iii 8/20/09 9:42:37 PM

 World Headquarters
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Zentz, Lorraine C.
Math for pharmacy technicians / Lorraine C. Zentz.
p. ; cm.
Includes index.
ISBN 978-0-7637-5961-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Pharmaceutical arithmetic. 2. Pharmacy technicians. I. Title.
[DNLM: 1. Drug Dosage Calculations. 2. Mathematics. 3. Pharmaceutical Preparations—
administration & dosage. QV 748 Z56m 2010]
RS57.Z46 2010
615'.1401513—dc22
2009025969
6048
Printed in the United States of America
13 12 11 10 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd iv 8/20/09 9:42:37 PM

 Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction ix

Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Math 1

Objectives 1
Arabic Numerals 1
Roman Numerals 2
Practice Problems 1.1 2
Metric System 3
Practice Problems 1.2 5
Practice Problems 1.3 6
Metric Conversions 6
Practice Problems 1.4 7
Apothecary System 7
Practice Problems 1.5 8
Chapter 1 Quiz 9

Chapter 2 Fractions and Decimals 11

Objectives 11
Fractions 11
Addition and Subtraction 12
Practice Problems 2.1 14
Multiplication and Division 14
Practice Problems 2.2 15
Decimals 16
Addition and Subtraction 16
Multiplication 16
Division 17
Rounding 17
Practice Problems 2.3 18
Significant Figures 18
Practice Problems 2.4 19
Chapter 2 Quiz 19

59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd v 8/20/09 9:42:37 PM

 vi Contents ■

Chapter 3 Ratio, Proportions, and Percents 21

Objectives 21
Ratios 21
Practice Problems 3.1 23
Proportions 23
Practice Problems 3.2 26
Percents 27
Conversions 28
Ratio to Percent 28
Decimal to Percent 28
Practice Problems 3.3 29
Chapter 3 Quiz 30

Chapter 4 Liquid Measures 33

Objectives 33
Introduction 33
Density 33
Specific Gravity 34
Chapter 4 Quiz 35

Chapter 5 Concentrations 37
Objectives 37
Weight/Weight 37
Volume/Volume 38
Weight/Volume 39
Practice Problems 5.1 40
Ratio Strength 40
Practice Problems 5.2 42
Chapter 5 Quiz 42

Chapter 6 Dilutions 45
Objectives 45
Stock Solutions/Solids 45
Liquid Dilutions 46
Solid Dilutions 47
Practice Problems 6.1 48
Alligations 48
Practice Problems 6.2 51
Chapter 6 Quiz 52

Chapter 7 Dosing 55
Objectives 55
Geriatrics 55

59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd vi 8/20/09 9:42:38 PM

 Contents vii

Pediatrics 56
Practice Problems 7.1 57
Chemotherapy 58
Practice Problems 7.2 59
Chapter 7 Quiz 59

Chapter 8 IV Admixture Calculations 61

Objectives 61
Intravenous Medications 61
Milliequivalents 61
Units 62
Practice Problems 8.1 63
TPN Solutions 63
IV Flow Rates 65
Drop Sets 66
Practice Problems 8.2 67
Chapter 8 Quiz 67

Chapter 9 Business Math 69

Objectives 69
Inventory 69
Profit 70
Practice Problems 9.1 70
Selling Price 70
Practice Problems 9.2 72
Insurance Reimbursement 72
Practice Problems 9.3 73
Chapter 9 Quiz 73

Appendix A Answer Keys 75

Appendix B Common Measures and Conversions 135

Index 137

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59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd viii 8/20/09 9:42:39 PM
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 Introduction

An essential tool for all pharmacy technicians is a full grasp of the necessary math
Remember: skills needed on a daily basis in the pharmacy setting. Simply understanding the
Do not rely on math is not enough: technicians must have the confidence to arrive at an accurate
mental math answer. While drugs can be of great help to patients, they also are powerful and
skills—always potentially deadly chemicals that must be treated with the utmost respect; proper
write equations dosing is critical. Misplaced decimals, extra zeros, or “close enough” measuring
and conversions are unacceptable.
down! Time Utilizing a straightforward layout, Math for Pharmacy Technicians focuses on
should not be the crucial terminology (terms and abbreviations) pertaining to calculating medi-
an issue when cation dosages. This text provides more than just the final answer: easy-to-follow
accuracy is vital. explanations show how to complete math equations and conversions and boxed
text (featuring tips, key points, and reminders) help students comprehend the
material in a manner that will be beneficial when solving future problems both in
this book and on the job.
The basic math skills a pharmacy technician is required to understand include
Remember: fractions, decimals, and percentages. In Math for Pharmacy Technicians, different
A calculator methods are demonstrated so that technicians will feel confident in the skills they
can be a help- are learning. There may be several ways to reach a solution, but technicians must
ful tool, but understand the quickest and most accurate way to reach a solution. Practice, such
it is crucial to as focusing on the Practice Problems and Chapter Quizzes available in this text,
understand how will help to determine the method appropriate for each situation. After completing
to calculate the the examples and checking the answers against the Answer Key (see Appendix A),
old-fashioned technicians will be ready to tackle math in the pharmacy setting.
way—with pen-
cil and paper.
A calculator
may help to
double-check a
solution, which
can be beneficial
in multiple-step
calculations.

ix

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59612_FMxx_FINAL.indd x 8/20/09 9:42:39 PM
 Fundamentals of Math CHAPTER

1
OBJECTIVES
■ Understand the difference between the Arabic and Roman numeral systems
■ Translate Arabic numerals to Roman numerals
■ Translate Roman numerals to Arabic numerals
■ Understand the metric system
■ Understand the apothecary system
■ Be able to convert metric to apothecary
■ Be able to convert apothecary to metric

ARABIC NUMERALS
The Arabic number system uses the numerals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and zero (0).
It is also known as the decimal system. Depending on how these numbers are
arranged determines the value of the number. For example, digits 4, 7, and 2
placed together (472) represent the number four hundred seventy-two.
A decimal point (.) separates whole numbers, or units, from fractional num-
bers, or fractional units. All numbers on the left side of the decimal point are
considered whole numbers. All numbers placed on the right of the decimal point
are considered fractional units, or less than one whole unit. The following num-
ber line shows the relationship of Arabic numerals based on their position in a
number.

Ten-thousands hundreds ones tenths thousandths hundred-thousandths

-----5------8------2-----4-----3---- . ----6------7------9------3------2--------------

thousands tens hundredths ten-thousandths

The number 43.6 contains the numerals 4, 3, and 6. This represents forty-three
units of one and six-tenths of one unit. Decimals will be covered in more detail
in Chapter 2.

59612_CH01_FINAL.indd 1 8/20/09 7:38:45 PM

 2 Chapter 1 ■ Fundamentals of Math

ROMAN NUMERALS
The Roman numeral system does not utilize numerals. Instead, the putting
Remember: together of alpha characters that follow specific rules represent each number. The
Dates are always alpha characters used are c, d, i, l, m, s, v, and x. These letters can be small case or
capital letters capitalized—it does not matter. One exception is that dates (2009) always use capi-
MCMXC (1990). tal letters. Each letter represents a specific number.
ss = 12
I or i = 1
V or v = 5
X or x = 10
L or l = 50
C or c = 100
D or d = 500
M or m = 1000
The Roman numeral system is not used to do calculations. It is used to docu-
ment values or quantities only. In order to perform calculations, Roman numerals
have to be converted to Arabic numerals. Once you know the rules, this becomes
easy to do. When a number is represented by two letters, and the second letter
corresponds to a number with the same value or a smaller value than the fi rst
one, you add them together.
VI = 5 + 1 = 6
II = 1 + 1 = 2
XV = 10 + 5 = 15
When there are two letters and the second one represents a number with a greater
value than the fi rst letter, you subtract the fi rst from the second.
IX = I ‡ 1, X ‡ 10, 10 – 1 = 9
XL = X ‡ 10, L ‡ 50, 50 – 10 = 40
When there are more than two letters used to represent a number, you apply
the subtraction rule first. Remember, you subtract any smaller value letter from
a larger value letter that follows it. Once that is done, you add all the values
together to determine the number.
XLIV = X ‡ 10, L ‡ 50, 50 – 10 = 40; I ‡ 1, V ‡ 5, 5 – 1 = 4; 40 + 4 = 44
CXXIV = C ‡ 100, X ‡ 10, I ‡ 1, V ‡ 5; 100 + 10 + 10 + (5 – 1) = 124
CCXLIX = 100 + 100 + (50 – 10) + (10 – 1) = 249

Practice Problems 1.1

Convert the Arabic to the Roman.
1. 2010 6. 93 11. 400
2. 1949 7. 42 12. 231
3. 24 8. 375 13. 86
4. 520 9. 6 14. 66
5. 13 10. 787 15. 39

59612_CH01_FINAL.indd 2 8/20/09 7:38:46 PM

 Metric System 3

16. 161 20. 999 24. 77

17. 684 21. 315 25. 104
18. 57 22. 18
19. 1496 23. 540

Convert the Roman to the Arabic.

26. MMVII 35. dc 44. CCL
27. dxxiv 36. MCDLVI 45. mv
28. cix 37. vi 46. XXI
29. LIII 38. xxxvi 47. xliii
30. XLIX 39. iii 48. MCMLXXXII
31. iv 40. LXXV 49. xxviii
32. viii 41. ccxxiv 50. MDCCXCVI
33. CCCXXIV 42. mmmcccxxix
34. LXI 43. dxliv

METRIC SYSTEM
The measurement systems in place for pharmacy are:
■ Metric
■ Avoirdupois
■ Apothecary
The avoirdupois system is based on British standards and states that 1 pound
is equivalent to 16 ounces. Apothecary systems used the base of grains and min-
ims. They are still seen in pharmacy calculations today. Other units you will see
in the apothecary system are drams, ounces, and pounds.
The most common system is metric. The three basic units of measure are meter,
gram, and liter. The two most common units in pharmacy are grams (weight) and
liters (volume). The liter is based on the volume of 1000 cubic centimeters (cc) of
Remember: water. One cubic centimeter is equivalent to 1 milliliter (ml), so 1000 mL equals 1
It takes lots of liter. The gram is based on the weight of 1 cubic centimeter of distilled water at 4°C.
small parts to The metric system was developed in the late 18th century in France. The
equal one large United States adopted this system in the late 1800s and made it our standard of
part! measure in 1893. It is the accepted system of measure for scientists all around the
world because of its simplicity.
The liter is the base unit for measuring liquid volumes in the metric system.
It represents the volume of a cube that is one-tenth of a meter on each side. The
Remember: most common units used for volume in pharmacy are the liter, milliliter, and
It only takes microliter. Table 1.1 displays the measures of metric volume.
a portion of a Use the liter as your homebase. Kilo- and milli- represent 1000. Multiplying by
large part to 1000 will get you to kilo- (small to large) and dividing by 1000 will get you to milli-
equal a smaller (large to small). Hecto- and centi- represent 100. Deka- and deci- represent 10.
part. When doing calculations with metric measures, you must be sure all your
values are in the same measure. If your final answer needs to be in milligrams (mg)

59612_CH01_FINAL.indd 3 8/20/09 7:38:49 PM

 4 Chapter 1 ■ Fundamentals of Math

TABLE 1.1 Metric Volumes

Volume Label Abbreviation Liters Comparison to a Liter

Kiloliter kL 1000 0.001 kL
Hectoliter hL 100 0.01 hL
Dekaliter dkL 10 0.1 dkL
Liter L 1 1.0 L
Deciliter dL 0.1 10 dL
Centiliter cL 0.01 100 cL
Milliliter mL 0.001 1000 mL
Microliter mcL (μL) 0.000001 1,000,000 mcL

and you are dealing with grams (g), you need to convert your values into the
desired measure. You can do this before you begin, or once the calculations are
completed. If you are dealing with multiple measures, you need to convert them
all into one common measure. To convert from a large measure to a smaller one,
you need to multiply. To convert from small measures to large measures, division
is the tool to use.

EXAMPLE 1 You have a 3 L bottle of cough syrup. How many milliliters are in this container?
3L
(1 L = 1000 mL)
3 L × 1000 = 3000 mL

EXAMPLE 2 You have an IV bag that contains 600 mL. How many liters is this?
1. 1 L
(1 L = 1000 mL)
1 × 1000 mL = 1000 mL
2. 600 mL ÷ 1000 mL = 0.6 L
(1000 mL = 1 L)

EXAMPLE 3 A 5 L bag of fluid contains how many microliters?

1. 5 L
(1 L = 1000 mL)
5 × 1000 mL = 5000 mL (milliliters)
2. 5000 mL
(1 mL = 1000 mcL)
5000 × 1000 = 5,000,000 mcL (microliters)

59612_CH01_FINAL.indd 4 8/20/09 7:38:53 PM

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