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The Palgrave Handbook of Disciplinary and Regional
Approaches to Peace
The Palgrave Handbook of
Disciplinary and Regional
Approaches to Peace
Edited by

Oliver P. Richmond
Research Professor, University of Manchester, UK, International Professor, Kyung Hee University,
Korea & Visiting Professor, University of Tromso, Norway

Sandra Pogodda
Lecturer, University of Manchester, UK

and

Jasmin Ramović
Doctoral Candidate, University of Manchester, UK
Editorial selection and content © Oliver P. Richmond, Sandra Pogodda and
Jasmin Ramović 2016
Individual chapters © Respective authors 2016
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2016 978-1-137-40759-7

All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this

publication may be made without written permission.
No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted
save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence
permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency,
Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication
may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The authors have asserted their rights to be identified as the authors of this
work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2016 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.

ISBN 978-1-137-40760-3 ISBN 978-1-137-40761-0 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-1-137-40761-0

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully
managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing
processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the
country of origin.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Richmond, Oliver P., editor.
Title: The Palgrave handbook of disciplinary and regional approaches to
peace / edited by Oliver P. Richmond, Research Professor, University of
Manchester, UK ; Sandra Pogodda, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of
Manchester, UK ; Jasmin Ramovic, University of Manchester, UK.
Other titles: Handbook of disciplinary and regional approaches to peace
Description: New York, NY : Palgrave Macmillan, 2016. | Includes
bibliographical references.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015033206 |
Subjects: LCSH: Peace-building—Case studies. | Peace-building—
International cooperation—Case studies.
Classification: LCC JZ5566.4 .P35 2016 | DDC 303.6/6—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015033206
Contents

List of Figures viii

Acknowledgements ix

Notes on the Editors x

Notes on the Contributors xi

Introduction 1
Oliver P. Richmond, Sandra Pogodda and Jasmin Ramović

Part I Disciplinary Perspectives

1 Peace in History 21
John Gittings

2 Politics and Governance: From Emergency to Emergence 32

David Chandler

3 The Philosophy of Peace 45

Nicholas Rengger

4 Peace in International Relations Theory 57

Oliver P. Richmond

5 Anthropology: Implications for Peace 69

Geneviève Souillac and Douglas P. Fry

6 Arts and Theatre for Peacebuilding 82

Nilanjana Premaratna and Roland Bleiker

7 Sociology: A Sociological Critique of Liberal Peace 95

Nicos Trimikliniotis

8 Economics: Neoliberal Peace and the Politics of Social Economics 110

Brendan Murtagh

9 Geography and Peace 123

Nick Megoran, Fiona McConnell and Philippa Williams

10 Peace and Development Studies 139

Caroline Hughes

11 Post-Colonialism: A Post-Colonial Perspective on Peacebuilding 154

Vivienne Jabri

v
vi Contents

12 Religion: Peace through Non-Violence in Four Religious

Traditions 168
Caron E. Gentry

13 Gender: The Missing Piece in the Peace Puzzle 181

Annika Björkdahl and Johanna Mannergren Selimovic

14 Education: Cultural Reproduction, Revolution and Peacebuilding

in Conflict-Affected Societies 193
Tejendra Pherali

15 Children and Peace 206

Bennett Collins and Alison Watson

16 Social Psychology and Peace 220

Shelley McKeown Jones and Daniel J. Christie

17 Humanitarianism and Peace 233

Jenny H. Peterson

18 International Law: To End the Scourge of War . . . and to Build a

Just Peace? 247
Wendy Lambourne

19 Indigeneity and Peace 259

Morgan Brigg and Polly O. Walker

20 Critical Security Studies and Alternative Dialogues for Peace:

Reconstructing ‘Language Barriers’ and ‘Talking Points’ 272
Faye Donnelly

Part II Regional Perspectives

21 South Africa’s Incomplete Peace 287
Andries Odendaal

22 Peace in West Africa 299

Patrick Tom

23 The Great Lakes Region of Africa: Local Perspectives on Liberal

Peacebuilding from the Democratic Republic of Congo 312
Josaphat Musamba Bussy and Carol Jean Gallo

24 Peace in the Horn of Africa 325

Christopher Clapham

25 Peace through Retribution or Reconciliation? Some Insights and

Evidence from South-East Asia 336
Sorpong Peou
 Contents vii

26 East Asia: Understanding the Broken Harmony in Confucian Asia 350

Ching-Chang Chen

27 Human Development and Minority Empowerment: Exploring

Regional Perspectives on Peace in South Asia 363
Florian Krampe and Ashok Swain

28 Peace and the Emerging Countries: India, Brazil, South Africa 376
Kai Michael Kenkel

29 Central Asia: Contested Peace 387

David Lewis

30 Middle East and North Africa: Hegemonic Modes of Pacification

in Crisis 398
Sandra Pogodda

31 Peace in Europe 411

Roberto Belloni

32 Peace in the Balkans: (En)countering the European Other 424

Jasmin Ramović

33 Peacebuilding in South America 438

Roddy Brett and Diana Florez

34 Central America: From War to Violence 450

Jenny Pearce

35 North America: Peace Studies versus the Hegemony of Realist and

Liberal Methods 463
Henry F. Carey

36 Peace in the Pacific: Grounded in Local Custom, Adapting to

Change 476
Volker Boege

Bibliography 489

Index 555
Figures

8.1 SRRP social impact analysis 119

viii
Acknowledgements

The editors would like to thank the hard-pressed authors who contributed to
this handbook. They have all tolerated difficult scheduling demands on their
time, in a very good-natured and supportive manner. We also thank the review-
ers, whose comments proved invaluable. The result is a handbook we all feel
proud of.

ix
Editors

Oliver P. Richmond is Research Professor of IR, Peace and Conflict Studies in

the Humanitarian and Conflict Response Institute, University of Manchester,
UK. He is also international professor, College of International Studies, Kyung
Hee University, Korea, and a visiting professor at the Centre for Peace Stud-
ies, University of Tromso, Norway. His publications include Failed Statebuilding
(2014), A Very Short Introduction to Peace (2014), A Post Liberal Peace (2011),
Liberal Peace Transitions (with Jason Franks, 2009), Peace in IR (2008) and The
Transformation of Peace (Palgrave Macmillan, 2005/7). He is the editor of the
Palgrave book series Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies and co-editor of the
journal Peacebuilding.

Sandra Pogodda is Lecturer in Peace and Conflict Studies in the Humanitarian

and Conflict Response Institute at the University of Manchester. She com-
pleted her PhD in international relations at the University of Cambridge as a
Marie Curie Fellow. Subsequently, she worked at Johns Hopkins University, the
US Institute of Peace and the University of St Andrews. Her research focuses on
state-formation processes in the revolutionary societies of the Arab region; resis-
tance movements; (post-)revolutionary challenges to peace and conflict studies;
and critical development studies.

Jasmin Ramović is a doctoral candidate at the Humanitarian and Conflict

Response Institute, University of Manchester. His research focuses on the role
of local agency in peacebuilding in the Balkans. Previously, he worked as a
lecturer, teaching undergraduate courses in political science and international
relations. As a UK Government Chevening scholar, he holds a master’s in inter-
national security studies from the University of St Andrews. He completed his
degree in political science at the University of Sarajevo. He has extensive expe-
rience working with various international organizations, including the United
Nations and the European Union missions to Bosnia and Herzegovina.

x
Contributors

Roberto Belloni is Associate Professor of International Relations at the Univer-

sity of Trento, Italy. Previously, he held research and teaching positions at the
University of Denver, Harvard, Johns Hopkins and Queens Belfast. His main
research interest is in post-conflict international intervention in deeply divided
societies, with particular reference to South-Eastern Europe. His publications
include Statebuilding and International Intervention in Bosnia (2008) as well as
more than 40 journal articles and book chapters.

Annika Björkdahl is Professor of Political Science at Lund University, Sweden.

Her research includes international and local peacebuilding, with a particular
focus on urban peacebuilding, and gender and transitional justice, and she is
currently directing three research projects on these themes. Among her recent
publications are the co-edited Rethinking Peacebuilding: The Quest for Just Peace
in the Middle East and the Western Balkans (2013) and the co-edited special issue
‘Precarious Peacebuilding: Friction in Global–Local Encounters’, Peacebuilding
1(3). Her articles have appeared in Peace and Change, Human Rights Review,
Journal of European Public Policy, International Peacekeeping and Security Dialogue.

Roland Bleiker is Professor of International Relations at the University of

Queensland. His books include Popular Dissent, Human Agency and Global Poli-
tics (2000), Divided Korea: Toward a Culture of Reconciliation (2005) and Aesthetics
and World Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2009). His most recent co-edited vol-
umes are Mediating across Difference: Pacific and Asian Approaches to Security and
Conflict (2010) and Emotions and World Politics (Forum in International Theory,
Fall 2014). He is currently working on a project that examines how images, and
the emotions they engender, shape responses to humanitarian crises.

Volker Boege is a research fellow at the School of Political Science and Interna-
tional Studies, University of Queensland, Australia. His fields of work include
post-conflict peacebuilding and state formation; non-Western approaches to
conflict transformation; and natural resources, environmental degradation and
conflict. His regional areas of expertise include the South Pacific, South-East
Asia and West Africa. He is currently working on a number of externally funded
projects. These projects address issues of peacebuilding, conflict resolution and
state formation in Pacific Island Countries and West Africa (Ghana and Liberia).
He has published numerous articles, papers and books in peace research and
contemporary history.

xi
xii Notes on the Contributors

Roddy Brett is a lecturer at the School of International Relations, University

of St Andrews, and Co-convenor of the M. Litt in Peace and Conflict Studies.
He has lived for over a decade in Latin America, principally in Guatemala and
Colombia, working as a scholar-practitioner in the fields of conflict and peace
studies, political and other forms of violence, genocide studies, social move-
ments, indigenous rights, democratization and transitions. He has published
and co-edited eight books and a series of articles on these subjects. He has acted
as advisor to the United Nations System in Latin America and to the Norwegian
Embassy in Guatemala.

Morgan Brigg is a senior lecturer at the School of Political Science and Inter-
national Studies, University of Queensland. His research examines questions
of culture, governance and selfhood in conflict resolution, peacebuilding and
development studies. In particular, he aims to develop ways of knowing across
cultural differences that work with local and Indigenous approaches to polit-
ical community and conflict management to advance conflict resolution and
peacebuilding efforts. His books include The New Politics of Conflict Resolution:
Responding to Difference, Mediating across Difference: Oceanic and Asian Approaches
to Conflict Resolution (co-edited with Roland Bleiker) and Unsettling the Settler
State: Creativity and Resistance in Indigenous Settler-State Governance (co-edited
with Sarah Maddison).

Josaphat Musamba Bussy is an instructor of graduate courses in international

relations and political science at the Free University of the Great Lakes and
at the University of Simon Kimbangu (USK) Bukavu, where he is also research
assistant to Professor Godefroid Muzalia of the study group on conflict. He has
a degree in international relations from USK Bukavu and is also a researcher
at the Centre of Research and Strategic Studies in Africa (CRESA), where his
research is focused on the dynamics of armed groups in the Great Lakes region;
post-conflict stabilization; and regional security.

Henry F. (Chip) Carey is Associate Professor of Political Science at Georgia

State University, where he has been based since 1998. He has published many
books and articles on international law, human rights and comparative democ-
ratization. He holds a PhD from Columbia University. His books include
Understanding International Law through Moot Courts: Genocide, Torture, Habeas
Corpus, Chemical Weapons and the Responsibility to Protect (2014), European Insti-
tutions, Democratization, and Human Rights Protection in the European Periphery
(2014), Trials and Tribulations of International Prosecution (2013), Privatizing the
Democratic Peace: Policy Dilemmas of NGO Peacebuilding (2012) and Reaping What
You Sow: A Comparative Examination of Torture Reform in the United States, France,
Argentina, and Israel (2012). His forthcoming edited volume is provisionally
 Notes on the Contributors xiii

titled European Governance in Turmoil but Not Tatters? He is the editor of United
Nations Law Reports, currently in its fiftieth year of publication.

David Chandler is Professor of International Relations and Director of the

Centre for the Study of Democracy, University of Westminster. His research
focuses on new forms of international intervention and regulation. He is the
founding editor of the journal Resilience: International Policies, Practices and Dis-
courses. He is the author of a number of monographs, including Resilience: The
Governance of Complexity (2014), Freedom vs Necessity in International Relations
(2013), International Statebuilding: The Rise of Neoliberal Governance (2010) and
Hollow Hegemony: Rethinking Global Politics, Power and Resistance (2009).

Ching-Chang Chen is an associate professor in the Department of Global

Studies, Ryukoku University, Japan. Before joining Ryukoku, he taught at
Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University (2009–15), including various field study
programmes in China, Korea and Taiwan. His current research focuses on crit-
ical security studies with reference to East Asia and non-Western international
relations theory. He has appeared in the media, including Al Jazeera and NHK,
and published articles in Issues & Studies, Journal of Chinese Political Science, Inter-
national Relations in the Asia-Pacific, Asian Perspective and Perceptions. His latest,
co-edited volume is Regional Responses to the North Korea Problem (2015). He
graduated from National Taiwan University and holds a PhD in international
politics from Aberystwyth University, Wales.

Daniel Christie is professor emeritus at Ohio State University, Visiting

Researcher at the University of South Africa and Fulbright Specialist in Peace
and Conflict Studies. His research and writing are focused on harmony and
equity in relationships and systems. He is the editor and founder of the Peace
Psychology Book Series, which currently includes more than 20 books, and The
Encyclopedia of Peace Psychology, a three-volume set. As a Fulbright Specialist, he
develops Peace and Conflict Studies programmes around the world.

Christopher Clapham is based at the Centre of African Studies, Cambridge

University, and has recently retired after 15 years as editor of The Journal of
Modern African Studies. Until December 2002, he was Professor of Politics and
International Relations at Lancaster University, England. He is a specialist in the
politics of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa, and his books include Transforma-
tion and Continuity in Revolutionary Ethiopia (1988), Africa and the International
System: The Politics of State Survival (1996) and African Guerrillas (1998).

Bennett Collins is a research fellow with the Centre for Global

Constitutionalism at the School of International Relations, University of St
xiv Notes on the Contributors

Andrews, Scotland. His research interests focus on the fields of genocide stud-
ies, post-colonial studies, peacebuilding and transitional justice, particularly
with regard to minority and indigenous peoples. He is the editor of the spe-
cial issue for Peacebuilding, ‘Moving Forward in the Eastern Congo: Roles to Be
Played by the International Community’ (2014), and recently contributed to
the edited volume Indigenous Peoples’ Access to Justice, Including Truth and Rec-
onciliation Commissions (2014), edited by Elsa Stamatopoulou and Chief Wilton
Littlechild. He is currently leading and developing projects documenting and
examining truth and reconciliation commissions in North America and East
Africa.

Faye Donnelly is a lecturer in the School of International Relations at the

University of St Andrews. She is the author of Securitization and the Iraq
War: The Rules of Engagement (2013). Her most recent article, ‘The Queen’s
Speech: Desecuritizing the Past, Present and Future of Anglo-Irish Relations’,
has appeared in EJIR (2015). Currently, her research interests cut across the
fields of critical security, securitization and border studies, and coalesce around
an interest in the emergence of different lexicons and modalities of security.
In particular, she is exploring how security is communicated, expressed and
understood in non-verbal media.

Diana Florez is a practitioner who works at the United Nations Development

Programme in Colombia. She is a technical assistant in the UNDP office in
Norte de Santander, Colombia. Her research analyses issues of peacebuilding,
transitional justice and human rights.

Douglas P. Fry is a professor and chair of the Anthropology Department at

the University of Alabama at Birmingham, US, and concurrently Docent in the
Developmental Psychology Program at Åbo Akademi University in Finland. Fry
holds a doctorate in anthropology from Indiana University. He is the author
of Beyond War (2007) and The Human Potential for Peace (2006) and co-editor
of Keeping the Peace: Conflict Resolution and Peaceful Societies around the World
(2004) and Cultural Variation in Conflict Resolution: Alternatives to Violence (1997).
His most recent edited book is War, Peace and Human Nature (2013/15), which
brings together contributions from peace studies, evolutionary ecology, prima-
tology, forager studies, cultural anthropology, psychology and related fields to
explore the latest findings relevant to a peaceful view of human nature.

Carol Jean Gallo is a PhD student at Cambridge University. Her disserta-

tion is on Congolese peacebuilding actors’ perspectives on the disarmament,
demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants in the Congo, and in par-
ticular on the World Bank’s Multi-Country Demobilization and Reintegration
 Notes on the Contributors xv

Program (MDRP). She spent most of 2013 in Bukavu, where she interned with
the Life & Peace Institute. She has an MA in African Studies from Yale, where
she had a fellowship to study Swahili.

Caron E. Gentry is a lecturer in the School of International Relations at the

University of St Andrews. Her work has focused on gender and terrorism for
over a decade. She has written on women’s involvement in politically violent
groups with articles in various journals, and her publications also include (with
Laura Sjoberg) Mothers, Monsters, Whores: Women’s Violence in Global Politics
(2007) and the edited volume Women, Gender, and Terrorism (2011). She has also
published in political theology, with a focus on the just war tradition and its
relationship with marginalized persons in international affairs. Her most recent
book is Offering Hospitality: Questioning Christian Approaches to War (2013).

John Gittings has specialized in Cold War studies and in the history of mod-
ern China, and was on the staff of The Guardian for 20 years as East Asia editor
and foreign leader writer. He was active in the early years of the Campaign
for Nuclear Disarmament, and in the International Confederation for Disarma-
ment and Peace. He left The Guardian in 2003 to return to the field of peace
studies, joining the editorial team of the Oxford International Encyclopedia of
Peace (2010). He is the author of The Glorious Art of Peace: From the Iliad to Iraq
(2012), The Changing Face of China (2005), Superpowers in Collision (with Noam
Chomsky and Jonathan Steele, 1982) and The World and China (1974). He is a
research associate at the China Institute, School of Oriental and African Studies,
London University.

Caroline Hughes is Professor of Conflict Resolution and Peace at the Univer-

sity of Bradford. She is the author of Dependent Communities: Aid and Politics in
Cambodia and East Timor (2009) and The Political Economy of Cambodia’s Tran-
sition (2003) and the co-author of The Politics of Accountability in South East
Asia (2014). She has also edited several collections on Asian politics, and has
written more than 50 articles, reports and chapters on aid and development
in post-conflict countries. She was previously the Director of the Asia Research
Centre at Murdoch University in Australia, and has a long-standing position
as an external advisor to the Cambodia Development Resource Institute in
Phnom Penh, Cambodia. She has been a faculty member at the universities
of Birmingham and Nottingham in the UK, and has held visiting positions at
the Australian National University and the University of Melbourne.

Vivienne Jabri is Professor of International Politics in the Department of War

Studies, King’s College London, Coordinator of the Research Centre for Inter-
national Relations and Director of the King’s Interdisciplinary Social Science
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