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According to this approach, experts should try to understand the individual's

inner life and experiences rather than developing theories or predicting
behavior. In this way, they can reveal the meanings of events, objects and
situations by describing them in a holistic and versatile way and understand the
behavior of the individual.
The phenomenological approach regards the experimental method as an
extremely limited method that is far from the ability to see all aspects of the
individual. According to this approach, it is not possible to examine the most
important factors that affect and direct human behavior using experimental
methods.
The information obtained through the experimental method is fragmentary information
disconnected from the whole and does not provide an understanding of the whole
individual. In order to understand a person, what is meaningful in his life and what he
tries to achieve should be taken into consideration.

The phenomenological approach is used in many fields such as education

and learning. Experts based on the individual's personality characteristics
and phenomenological approach in terms of mental health are interested
in the individual's self-concept, feelings of self-worth and self-
consciousness.
 phenomenological method; "open "by being", "TRUE questions
can be defined by “being able to ask” and “characterizing experiences
as they are.”
The focus of the phenomenological approach is 'subjective experience'. This
The approach depends on the individual's personal worldview and interpretation of events; that is, it
deals with the 'phenomenology of the individual'.

events or phenomena, without any preconcepts or theoretical ideas.

It tries to handle it as it is experienced by the individual, without imposing
anything on it.
Psychologists who adopt the phenomenological approach
believe that more can be learned about individuals by
examining how they see themselves and their world, rather
than observing their actions.
In this context, phenomenology is the subjective experience of a person who perceives
himself and the outside world in a unique way. to this viewAccording to him, the
individual's behavior is determined neither by environmental conditions nor by the
biological impulses, desires and needs in the organism.
The most important factor that shapes an individual's behaviorIt is the way the individual interprets
himself and the environment at that moment, that is, the phenomenon of the individual at that
moment.

According to phenomenology, the individual looks at the phenomenon from

all perspectives using all his senses, and even the individual's thoughts and
emotions accompany this process. According to the phenomenological
method, phenomena 'talk to themselves; that is, they are so obvious that
they do not require proof.
 Therefore, according to the Humanistic view, the science of psychology should
deal with the fundamental problems of humanity, instead of examining human
behavior as units and elements in laboratory environments with experimental
methods.
Although it brings a different perspective to modern psychology, psychology
The phenomenological understanding of humanistic theory is criticized on the
point that it distances science from scientific understanding. Some experts argue
that experimental data can be collected without moving away from the
phenomenological approach.
 General Evaluation of the Humanistic View and
Concept of Education

Humanist psychology is accepted as psychology, which tends to completely break

away from philosophy, approaching philosophy again. Although the structure of
humanity is perceived differently by everyone, they play an important role in
people's lives and they emphasize that humans cannot be studied with an
understanding that ignores the value and importance of humans.
The main themes of humanistic psychology are:
1) Focus on conscious experiences
2) Believing in the integrity of human nature
3) Focus on free will, spontaneity and the creative power of the individual
4) Investigation of all factors related to human conditions
According to the humanistic view, which derives its source from the
existential view,The healthy individual rejects the image of "I" that is
perceived as "what it should be", presented to him by others and presented
by his environment. . People have the potential for self-realization, are
responsible for their lives, and are free. Only through this process can they
be healthy and happy. This process should bring about change and
development with a supportive educational approach.
Therefore, the understanding of humanistic education;

●Thoughts and feelings are more important than gaining knowledge.

●It attaches importance to the development of the sense of self and individual identity.

● It emphasizes effective human relations for the development of the individual and focuses
on issues such as honest interpersonal communication and constructive conflict resolution.

●It attaches importance to the recognition and development of individual values.

In this context, the humanistic understanding considers the individual as a self-
responsible and sufficient being who can learn how to learn, adapt and change.
The education of an individual with these qualifications should be of a nature
that supports change and development and is based on process, not static
knowledge. For this purpose, not only the mental development of the individual
but also his personal development is taken into consideration. He argues that
the individual can demonstrate his creativity with his own individual
responsibility by managing the process.
Just as the individual's own life purpose is "self-realization", the
education he receives in this direction should be designed to serve this
purpose. The meaning of education in an individual's life is continuous
positive change and development towards gaining competencies to
cope with crises in varying living conditions.
As a result, the main purpose of education should be to raise self-actualizing
individuals. For this reason, education should be aimed at supporting the
development of all human characteristics. It is necessary to try to improve the
quality of interpersonal communication by giving importance to the individual's
emotional and personal development.
HUMANISTIC THEORISTS AND THEIR OPINIONS

ASSOCIATE PROF. DR. ELIF YÖYEN

 Abraham Maslow

Abraham H MaslowHe is a theorist who builds a bridge between the

behaviorist approach and humanistic psychology. Maslow was initially a
behavioral expert and thought that psychology with a mechanical natural
science approach could solve all the world's problems.
He was born on April 1, 1908 in New York. Maslow is the eldest of 7
children of a Jewish family who immigrated from Russia. He was severely
mistreated in his family, especially by his mother, and he expressed the
impact of his childhood years by saying, "My entire philosophy of life and
all my research and theories have their roots in the disgust and hatred I
feel for what my mother did to me."
This pressure caused Maslow to spend his childhood and adolescence
with loneliness, embarrassment and depression. In fact, he can be
considered as an example of Adler's views on "inferiority complex and
feeling of inadequacy". Maslow described himself as "the Jewish kid from
the non-Jewish neighborhood." He was also ostracized and unhappy, like
the first black child entering a white school. He first turned to law due to
his family's wishes, and then to psychology and philosophy by his own
choice.
 Abraham Maslow spent most of his professional life trying to complete
the shortcomings of other approaches that try to understand human
personality. He stated that people's weaknesses and shortcomings are
generally emphasized and that people's strengths are not adequately
understood.
Maslow explains how psychology contributes to the happy and healthy dimension of personality.
He thought he could find it.
He acknowledged the existence of unconscious drives, but he did not focus on personality.
concentrated on its conscious dimensions.
It states that human nature is never as bad as it is thought, and that
as we learn about man's natural tendencies, we can tell how he can
be better, happier, more productive, and how he can use his
abilities in the best way. 'Improving individual health is one of the
ways to create a better world. Freud showed us the sick side of
psychology, now we need to reveal the healthy side as well.”
Maslow often defines personality problems as a rebellion against the
psychological wounds a person receives and the attacks on his true
inner nature, and explains that the diseased thing is not to rebel
against such attacks, therefore development and self-realization
cannot be without pain, sadness, turmoil and sorrow, and can only be
achieved through pain and conflict. .
It investigates the characteristics that are inherent in humans and without which they would not be
defined as human.
According to Maslow, the dynamics that guide behavior are
internal impulses or motivations. Maslow's theory tries to show
how a healthy personality develops over time, grows, and
reveals itself in motivated behavior. Maslow states that needs
direct human behavior.
Maslow says that the real measure of motivation used by all
people except behaviorists is subjective, and that we are
motivated when we feel desire, desire or longing, or when we
feel a lack.
It states that an objective observable condition that would be a suitable
response to this subjective discourse has not yet been found, and that
naturally we must continue to search for objective equivalents and symptoms
of subjective situations, but we cannot ignore the subjective data we have.
 Adopting the view that neurosis arises at its core and beginning
as a deficiency disorder, Maslow determines that in many
neuroses lies an unsatisfied longing for security, belonging,
identification, intense love relationships, dignity and esteem,
among other complex determinants.
His data come from his twelve-year study of psychotherapy and
It derives from research and clinical studies conducted over twenty
years.
He lists the characteristics of long-term deficiency of a basic or instinctive need
as follows:
1. Its absence causes disease.
2. Its presence prevents disease.

3. Its replacement cures the disease.

4. It is preferred to other satisfactions by the deprived person in certain
situations of free choice.
5. The healthy person is passive, withdrawn, or functionally inactive.
Maslow lists the objectively descriptive and measurable
characteristics of healthy samples of the human species as follows:
1) Perception of reality more clearly and effectively

2) Becoming more open to experience

3) The person is in a higher integrity, completeness and unity

4) Spontaneity, self-expression, full use of functions, increased
vitality
5) A true self, a solid identity, autonomy, originality
6) Increased objectivity, independence, transcendence of self

7) Renewal of creativity
8) Ability to melt abstract and concrete in one pot

9) Democratic character structure

10) The ability to love

 Hierarchy of Needs

According to Maslow, a person's personality goes through a maturation

process. He suggested that hierarchically ordered, interrelated needs play a
role in this process. In other words, the individual's personality development
is structured by the nature of the need category that is dominant at that
moment.
Hierarchy of needs theoryis perhaps the most widely recognized
theory of motivation in the world in relation to motivation and needs.
The theory entered the psychology literature with an article written by
Maslow in 1943.
 According to Maslow's work, people have some innate needs.
People direct their behavior in order to meet their needs. These
needs are reflected in their behavior over time.
Maslow ranks people's needs in order of importance putting
addressed the requirements in a hierarchical order.
Maslow identified two types of motivations. One is a needed object
due to inadequacydeficiency motivation Stop. Basic needs such as hunger
and thirst fall into this class. When the needed object is obtained,
deficiency motives are satisfied.
The other is needs such as loving without expecting anything in return
and self-realization. These toodevelopmental needs defined as. These are
not satisfied when the needed object is found. The feeling of satisfaction
is experienced by expressing the motivation.
In Maslow theory, human needs are in a hierarchical order from
the most basic to the most advanced level. According to this
hierarchical order, it is not possible for the upper level needs to
direct the individual's behavior unless the lower level needs are
met. Satisfied needs have no effect on the individual's behavior.
 Maslow's basic human needs are divided into three basic assumptions.
is based on:

Humans are wanting beings, and needs influence their

behavior. However, it is the unsatisfied needs that influence
behavior. While unsatisfied needs are motivating and
mobilizing, satisfied needs cannot be motivating.

Requirements are ranked according to their importance. It is limited

from simple to complex ones.
In order for a person to rise from one level of need to another,
the lowest need must be at least minimally satisfied.
While creating this theory, Maslow actually made important
determinations about human nature. According to Maslow, if a
person is thirsty, the primary need for that person will be to quench
his thirst. Maslow called this the “strongest need”. If this person also
becomes breathless, then the priorities will change and the need to
breathe, which is a more basic physiological need, will take its place
in the system as the "strongest need".
 Therefore, the hierarchy of needs shows an individual's life
priorities.
The logic of Maslow's pyramid is quite simple. Accordingly, the individual
It meets its needs in an order starting from the bottom and
moving up. If the individual cannot satisfy the needs at the
lower level at a certain level, he cannot move to the upper
level. The individual does not perceive upper level needs when
lower level needs are not met.
 Maslow suggested that the average individual may have
satisfied 85% of their physiological needs, 70% of their safety
needs, 50% of their belongingness needs, 40% of their self-
esteem needs, and 10% of their self-actualization needs.
In general, the emergence of a need
depends on satisfaction. Unless the needs in the lower order are satisfied
to a certain extent, the needs above this level do not make themselves felt
and do not motivate the human organism. However, it should not be
assumed that this order follows an invariable order.
 There may be some exceptions to this situation. Just as the ranking may
change in those whose self-esteem needs are more important than the need
for love, whose motivation to create is superior to all impulsive determinants,
and whose motivation to achieve is consistently low, the fact that a need has
been satisfied for a long time may also change the value and therefore the
ranking of the need.
The values of the family environment and culture in which he grew up, at what level
may determine which motives will play a dominant role. Although Maslow
said that the hierarchy of needs is universal, he also acknowledged that
the means of meeting a particular need will vary depending on culture.
 Self-Actualization According to Maslow

According to Maslow, the last step a person can reach is self-

actualization. 10% of people can achieve this. The unconditional
happiness felt when we help someone else in a difficult situation
without expecting anything in return, when we can love someone
without expecting anything in return or without being jealous, when
we admire a work of art, or when we become parents are examples
of peak experiences.
Anyone who sees their life as extremely meaningful and lives every minute to the
fullest can be considered self-actualized.
Characteristics of the Self-Actualized Individual:

●They are realistic.

● They accept themselves, other people, the environment and nature as they are.

● They are problem-centered. In other words, they are not self-centered but problem-oriented.

●They take pleasure in people and objects.

● Many have had supernatural or mystical experiences.

● They identified themselves with human beings.

● He has very deep and meaningful relationships with a small number of people.
● Their values and attitudes are democratic.

● They separated the relationship between the result and the means that lead to the result.

● They have a sense of humor.

● They are highly creative.

● They do not strive to fit into culture or society.
In short, Maslow approached humans with a holistic approach, believed
in the hierarchical interaction of basic needs in behavior, and accepted
the role of environmental relations in the motivation for self-actualization.
 He believed in the fundamental nature of human health. He
considered normality as the ideal human condition.
The enriching aspect of peak experiences in human life
has examined.
 Carl Rogers

Rogers' approach to the phenomenon of examining humans in his theoretical approach

PhenomenologicalAndidiographic (observed measurement
), his view on human behavior is “exquisitely rational”It is
accepted as.
 According to Rogers, “human beings are naturally good and positive by nature”
and are a “trustworthy” organism.
Being human, as defined by Rogers: “Inner and outer situations
"To be sufficient for development, to perceive oneself in the world one
has created, to make permanent choices to take steps in the future life,
and to act appropriately in these choices."
In addition, people can improve themselves through rational and logical behavior.
He argued that it is a being that sustains its life by working consciously and
actively for its own sake.
Therefore, Rogers believes that people should not live their lives
based on others and their influences. According to him, a person
should shape his life according to his own way of interpreting and
evaluating it.
The concepts that Rogers developed in line with these views are:
one-Tendency to Exist or Self-Actualization:Rogers stated in 1959
that the reason for human existence lies in the effort to maintain its
own development and autonomy. For this purpose, he emphasized
the importance of continuing to develop all of one's competencies.
2-Being Himself:He called the "moment" in which a person lives, the place
where he carries his experiences in the period of time, consciously or
unconsciously, as the phenomenological field, that is, the extraordinary field.
There may be developments in this area, there will be changes in some parts of
this area, and then this is the person's "self". “Being oneself” is the central
structure of Rogers' views.
3- Tendency to Exist in Oneself:The consistency that a person creates with
himself is the awareness of what he is through his conscious observations about
himself and the experiences he gains thanks to the triggering force.
 4-Value and Valuation Condition of the Organism:The people
who are decisive in a person's world are; These are usually parents,
and they tend to give conditional positive value rather than
unconditional value. The person chooses the values he desires,
appropriates them and creates "conditions of worth".

These concepts form the general framework of Rogers' phenomenological approach.

is drawing.
 Self Theory
Rogers developed his theory by working with people with emotional agitation
disorder. The most basic concept of Rogers' approach is “ego” concept.
According to RogersSelf is the perception that is organized, consistent, and
within a holistic structure consisting of characteristic identity perceptions, thus
distinguishing the individual from others, and being able to see different aspects
of life and live in relationships with others. ”.
In other wordsself is what characterizes the individual
all thoughts, perceptions and values . Therefore, it includes the
individual's awareness of "what I am" and "what I can do" about
himself.
 According to Rogers, the individual has a unique world with his feelings and
thoughts in his experiences. "The center of this world"IHe is the one who
finds expression with ".
Throughout his life, the individual is able to maintain his identity by adding new aspects to it.
strives for development and self-realization. An individual
reacts to situations in the same way he perceives himself and
his world.
Reality is interpreted as the individual perceives it, and this interpretation
It is done in accordance with the concept. According to Rogers, the individual evaluates
every experience in relation to the concept of self.
 If the ego senses the approach of danger, it becomes defensive, perception
narrows and hardens, effort-oriented behaviors and defensive mechanisms
emerge.
In addition, a person with a strong and positive self-concept perceives the world weakly.
sees quite differently from the person with a self-concept.

The self-concept need not reflect reality; by society a lot

A person who is perceived as respectable may find himself a failure. Rogers
stated that the way a person perceives himself will affect his relationships
with other people and his entire life.
Another important concept that Rogers emphasizes isideal self/
transpersonalis.The ideal self expresses the individual's thoughts
about what kind of person he wants to be. It is the self-construct that
the individual wants to achieve and that he will find himself more
valuable if he has it.
People want to behave in ways that are consistent with their self-image;
Inconsistent experiences and feelings are threatening and may not be accepted
into consciousness. When this type of disharmony occurs, the person will feel
tense, confused and anxious.
 The greater the discrepancy between a person's self-image
and behavior, the more areas of life the person denies. In this
case, as the difference between self and reality increases, the
positive feelings he has developed about himself begin to be
damaged.
Rogers' concepts:
“The Need for Positive Attention:Every person needs to be
respected and valued by others.
“The Need for Self-Worth:Every individual needs to feel
valuable.
“Conditions of Value:While some of the behaviors of a person give
positive results and create satisfaction, some of the behaviors give
negative results and create dissatisfaction.
Therefore, the more harmony there is between the individual's self-perception
and experience, the more consistent his thoughts and behaviors will be, and his
self-perception will not be damaged.
 Self Realization
Rogers personality believes that the most important motivating force is
innate.drive for self-actualizationHe stated that it was. This drive can be
supported or inhibited through childhood experiences and learning. He
emphasized the importance of the mother-child relationship in the
development of the child's sense of self. If the mother has met the child's
need for love, which Rogersunconditional loveHe named it and saw it as the
basic condition of being a healthy individual.
If the mother gives her love to her child only in return for appropriate
behavior (this is also calledconditional love(said), the child internalizes
this attitude of his mother and develops appropriate value conditions.
In this case, the child feels valuable only under certain conditions and
avoids behavior that would cause his mother's displeasure. As a result,
the child's self cannot develop as a whole, and the child cannot reveal
all aspects of his self for fear that some of it will be rejected.
During this period, the mother should show her love and acceptance to
her child, regardless of the child's behavior. The child who receives
unconditional love in this way will not develop value conditions and will
not repress any part of his emerging self. Only in this way can the
individual achieve self-realization.
Self-actualization is the highest level of psychological health.
Rogers' concept is very similar in principle to Maslow's self-
actualization. These two theories differ slightly in terms of the
characteristics of the psychologically healthy person.
According to Rogers, the characteristics of a psychologically healthy or fully self-
expressing person are as follows:
● Openness to all experiences

● Tendency to live every moment to the fullest

● The ability to act on one's own instincts rather than the

thoughts or logic of others
● A sense of freedom in thought and behavior

● High level of creativity

Rogers defined the individual who fully accepts himself not as
self-actualized, but as self-actualizing. So the development of
the self continues forward.
Rogers was highly influential in the human potential movement, and his
work was an important part of the trend towards the humanization of
psychology.
COGNITIVE THEORY

ASSOCIATE PROF. DR. ELIF YÖYEN

 Cognitive Psychology

Founders of Cognitive Psychology: George Miller and Ulric Neisser

cognition,The human mind's ability to understand the world and the events around it
sensation, perception, imagination, memory, problem solving, thinking, etc.
all transactions.
In other wordsMental processes consist of perceiving external
stimuli, comparing them with previous information, creating new
information, storing and remembering the obtained information
in memory, and evaluating mental products in terms of quality
and logic.
 The word cognition is approximately synonymous with thinking.
Therefore processes by which sensory data are transformed, reduced,
elaborated, stored, remembered and used is.
Cognitive psychology, on the other hand, tries to explain the behavior of the
individual by dealing with all these processes.
In Neisser's words, cognitive psychology; “The term cognition refers to sensory input
It refers to all the processes by which it is transformed, reduced, reviewed,
stored and used. Clearly, cognition includes everything that human beings
can do, and every psychological phenomenon is a cognitive phenomenon.
Cognitive psychology must deal with the perception of information, thinking,
and the production and formulation of the response».
In this context, cognitive psychology:

* How people pay attention to, perceive and acquire information about the
environment,
*How this information is processed and stored by the human brain,
* He is interested in how people solve problems, how they think, and
how they formulate linguistically.
 ● Cognitive psychology; It covers all psychological processes such as sensation,
perception, attention, learning, memory, concept formation, thinking, visualization,
remembering, language, intelligence, emotions and development.

Therefore, experts with cognitive understanding understand all the complex aspects of human beings.
examines behavior within the framework of mental dynamics.
 Cognitive psychology;

“How is information received, stored, transformed and used?, What is

consciousness?,

What are the sources of conscious ideas?, What are the

functioning principles of memory and perception?, What is

thinking?,

How do these competencies develop? human behavior by asking questions such as

It offers insights into the definition and, accordingly, the prediction-
control processes of psychology.
 Basic Assumptions of Cognitive Theory

1. The basic function of the human brain is information processing;

2. The human brain has limited capacity in terms of both structure and
resource use;
3. Information processing is active

The main idea of cognitive theory is that the subject of psychology“internal

processes” is. In this regard, its basic assumption is the existence of the mind, which
is an abstract quality in humans, and the mind's ability to think symbolically.
 Basic Concepts of Cognitive Theory

1- Attention:Although there are many stimuli within the organism's

sensory thresholds, the organism may not be able to select each
stimulus among others.Attention is the capacity to isolate and
concentrate on one or more stimuli that enter the threshold of
sensation. In other words, it is the concentration of psycho-physical
energy on a point. It is the state of readiness of the organism to solve a
situation, an object or a problem.
2- Detection:It is the process of understanding what the attention stimulus is
and interpreting and giving meaning to the stimulus. . It begins with a
person establishing a relationship with abstract/concrete objects in the
outside world, making some judgments about them, exhibiting a certain
behavior regarding these objects, and perceiving these objects. Perception is
the sensory information we receive regarding abstract/concrete objects in
our external world.
3- Learning:According to cognitive theories, learning is directly
It is a mental process that cannot be observed. Cognitive theorists focus
more on concepts such as understanding, perceiving, thinking, feeling and
creating. According to cognitive theories, learningIt is the individual's
attribution of meaning to what is happening around him.
4- Remember:According to cognitive expertsIt is the coding of information in the
wrong way or in the wrong places in the mind. As a result of making a mistake in the
process of organizing the information, the information cannot be recalled to the
mind again or may be recalled in a corrupted form.

5- Language:The result of man's capacity to symbolize information

is to express and use information through symbols.
 6- Thinking and Problem Solving:DThinking is a function of the mind or the process
of processing information. It is an internal process in which information is processed
and directed, enables problem solving, and causes the formation of a new mental
representation at the structural level.
general thinking,It is the ability of a person to think about some
events, reason and solve problems by using symbols, images and
concepts.
The problem is a problem for the individual to learn, think about and analyze and come to a conclusion.
is the condition that needs to be connected.

Problem solving is the individual's ability to understand the elements of the problem when encountering an obstacle.
finding a solution by seeing the connections between them.
 7- Memory:Some of the information coming to the organism needs to
be stored so that it can be remembered when needed after being
noticed and perceived;the process of storing information and the parts
where it is stored in the mindmemoryis called .
Memory is the perception, organization, storage and storage of stimuli.
It is the process of remembering and using when necessary, and it is a
decision-making process influenced by the individual's own abilities,
motivations, beliefs, attitudes and experiences.
 Model of the Theory: Information Processing Model

In the information processing model, the individual is active in the learning

process. Individual It selectively receives some of the environmental stimuli, not
all of them, and interprets and gives meaning to the stimuli it interacts with. . In
acquiring behaviorsThere is interaction of old information and new information.
Thanks to old information, new stimuli can be given meaning and new
information is stored by associating it with old information.
The Information Processing Model explains the production of human behavior
with three basic structures that interact with each other:Information stores,
cognitive processes, and cognitive knowledge It consists of three main
components:
Information stores are memories where information is stored, including
sensory memory, working memory and long-term memory.These are also stages
of the information processing process.
Sensory registration/processing/memory:It is the part of the mental
processing units that receives and stores all information temporarily or
permanently.Stimuli received from the environment first enter and are recorded
in sensory memory through the sense organs. Some receptor cells in human
sensory organs receive external energy and transform it into certain messages
for the brain. Correct perception of information at this stage is very important for
other stages. If the external stimulus has interesting properties or activates an
existing prototype, a valid response is generated.
Short-term working record/memory:Raw information in working memory
They are made meaningful by thinking about them and combining them with
information in long-term memory. At this stage, the raw information coming from
the sensory record is processed.
 Becauseshort-term memory, working memory It is also called. Very little
information can be kept in working memory (7+/-2 units, that is, at least 5
and at most 9 units of information can be stored) for a period of
approximately 20 seconds, that is, for a very short time.
“Repetition” to prolong the time information stays in working memory
processes are used.
There are two types of operations in short-term memory. One of them is raw
Immediately after the information, the information is transformed into behavior
(reacting to the stimulus), and the other is transferred to long-term memory for
storage by meaningful coding.
• Long-term memory:It is the warehouse where information is constantly
stored. The limits of long-term memory capacity are unknown. Information
can be kept here until it is needed for a long time, called from here when
needed, and then sent here again with new variants.
 Information Processing Processes

1. Perception of environmental stimuli through receptors

2. Recording information through sensory recording

3. Selecting information and transferring it to short-term memory

4. Mental repetition in short-term memory.

5. Meaningful coding
6. Encoding the encoded information in long-term memory

7. Bringing back to working memory

8. Sending information (response generator)

9. Response generator sends information to muscles

10. The individual shows his performance in his environment

11. Control of all these processes by executive control

In long-term memory, information is stored in different parts according to its
characteristics: semantic memory (memories), episodic memory (theoretical
knowledge) and procedural memory (methods of doing a job).
cognitive processes,mental activities that enable the transfer of information
from one memory to another . These,attention, perception, repetition, encoding
and retrieval is.