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Empire and Globalisation
Gary B. Magee
and
Andrew S. Thompson
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521898898
© Gary B. Magee and Andrew S. Thompson 2010
Introduction 1
1 Reconfiguring empire: the British World 22
2 Networks and the British World 45
3 Overseas migration 64
4 Markets and consumer cultures 117
5 Information and investment 170
Conclusion 232
Bibliography 245
Index 284
vii
Figures
viii
Tables
ix
Preface
1
For the different phases of modern migration, see D. S. Massey, J. Arango, G. Hugo,
A. Kouaouci, A. Pellegrino and J. Edward Taylor (eds.), Worlds in Motion: Understanding
International Migration at the End of the Millennium (Oxford: Oxford University Press,
1998), pp. 1–7 (quotation from p. 1).
2
At least 52 million migrants left Europe for overseas destinations between 1815 and
1930; see D. Baines, Emigration from Europe, 1815–1930 (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1995), pp. 9–11.
3
For a history of land-taking and its repercussions across the so-called ‘neo-Europes’,
see for example J. C. Weaver, The Great Land Rush and the Making of the Modern World,
1650–1900 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2003).
xi
xii Preface
4
The most chronologically wide-ranging overview is provided by A. G. Hopkins
(ed.), Globalization in World History (London: Pimlico, 2002). For further theoret-
ical reflections, see G. Eley, ‘Historicizing the Global, Politicizing Capital: Giving
the Present a Name’, HWJ 63 (2007), 154–88. For a key study of the international
economy in the pre-First World War era, albeit weighted towards the western world,
see K. O’Rourke and J. G. Williamson, Globalization and History: The Evolution of
a Nineteenth-Century Atlantic Economy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,
1999). For a sophisticated, global history of the ‘long’ nineteenth century, which
pays greater attention to the extra-European world, see C. A. Bayly, The Birth of
the Modern World, 1780–1914: Global Connections and Comparisons (Oxford: Oxford
University Press, 2004).
5
Ibid.
6
A. G. Hopkins, ‘Introduction: Interactions between the Universal and the Local’,
in Hopkins (ed.), Global History: Interactions between the Universal and the Local
(Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 4. For a good example of this revival, see
the Global Economic History Network (including its ‘imperialism and colonialism’
theme) led by the London School of Economics: www.lse.ac.uk/collections/economic_
History/GEHN.
Preface xiii
the economic integration of the British World. Across the empire’s set-
tler societies, there were non-white and indigenous elite groups who
were attracted to the vision of moral and material progress promised
by British imperialism. Yet, over the period in question, we show how
it became more and more apparent that Victorian notions of free wage
labour, secure property rights, equality before the law and a non-racial
franchise were not, in fact, open to all. On racial, ethnic and religious
grounds, there were those who were wholly or partly excluded from this
greater British community, and its economic possibilities were always
circumscribed therefore.
In Chapter 2 we turn to the literature on ‘social capital’, and what it
reveals about the impact of trans-national networks upon global eco-
nomic behaviour. Here we argue that the networks forged by migrants
created economic value, with specific benefits flowing from the trust
and reciprocity they built; people were therefore prepared to ‘invest’
in these networks, and this social investment was, in itself, an import-
ant determinant of economic activity. Locating these networks at
the heart of the British World economy, we then explore their role
in improving the quality and quantity of information flows, and in
fostering co-operative, collaborative and remunerative forms of eco-
nomic exchange.
Chapters 3, 4 and 5 consider in turn three key spheres of economic
activity: migration, trade and investment. After surveying the main
flows of migration, within and beyond the empire, Chapter 3 seeks to
show that what drew people to the colonies was not just the forces of
industrialisation and demography – important as they were – but the
sense of trust and hope that ‘over there’ was recognisably similar to
‘over here’, and, indeed, that the two were somehow comparable and
there to be compared. In particular, we highlight how a variety of social
networks oiled the wheels of imperial migration and shaped migrants’
responses to the world around them, drawing particular attention to
a hitherto neglected yet fundamental aspect of the migrant’s experi-
ence – the sending of monies (or ‘remittances’) home. Newly discov-
ered data from the Post Office Archives have enabled us to reconstruct
remittance patterns across the English-speaking world, and to assess
the impact and importance of these monetary flows. Chapter 3 also
considers how British migrant networks co-existed, yet also came into
conflict with, other ethnically based migrant networks, especially those
forged by Chinese and Indian contract labourers, and by the merchants
and middlemen who recruited and resettled them. In South Africa,
Australia and Canada the presence of these ‘foreign’ workers increasingly
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