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Women of the Wall
Women of
the Wall
Navigating Religion in
Sacred Sites
z
YUVAL JOBANI
NAHSHON PEREZ
1
1
Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers
the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education
by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University
Press in the UK and certain other countries.
1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2
Printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America
To Keren,
without whom this book would have been completed much earlier
but would not have been necessary.
Y.J.
To Alma,
with love.
N.P.
Contents
Acknowledgments xi
Introduction—Drama in Jerusalem: Who Are the Women of the
Wall and Why Does Their Struggle Matter? xv
I.1. Overview of Women of the Wall: Navigating Religion
in Sacred Sites xix
3. The Dominant Culture View and the Women of the Wall: Competing
Significances, Elusive Tradition, and Inegalitarianism 56
3.1. Challenging “Shared Understandings”: On the Competing
Significances of the Western Wall 60
3.1.1. The Archaeological Significance of the Western Wall 61
3.1.2. The Orthodox Significance 63
3.1.3. Non-Orthodox Significance 66
3.1.4. National Significance 68
3.2. The Elusive Traditions of the Wall: A Subversive Historical Survey of
Prayer Practices at the Western Wall 75
3.3. The DCV and Egalitarianism: The Democratic Challenge 80
3.3.1. The DCV as an Instrumental Good 81
3.3.2. DCV as an Expression of the Wish of the Majority 85
3.3.2.1. Violation of Rights 88
3.3.2.2. Procedural Aspects: Duress, Monopoly, and
Sour Grapes 88
3.3.2.3. Irreversibility 91
3.3.2.4. Concluding Remarks on the DCV 94
3.4. DCV and the Management of Contested Sacred Sites 96
3.5. Conclusion 100
Appendix: Thick Sites, “Gag Solutions,” and the Ayodhya Dispute 183
A.1. A Brief Methodological Explanation 184
A.2. The Ayodhya Dispute: The Details of the Case 186
A.2.1. The Hindu Narrative 186
A.2.2. The Muslim Narrative 187
A.2.3. The Historical and Legal Dispute 187
A.3. G
ag Solutions and the Ayodhya Dispute: Returning to
the Models 192
A.3.1. Ayodhya: Restricting Access and Worship,
“Gag Solutions,” and Thick Sites 193
x Contents
References 201
Index 233
Acknowledgments
Lahav, Pnina Lahav, Hannah Lerner, Assaf Likhovski, Wendy Lochner, Patrick
Loobuyck, Menachem Lorberbaum, Ron Margolin, Yehudah Mirsky, Darrel
Moellendorf, Víctor M. Muniz-Fraticelli, David Myers, Amikam Nachmani, Glen
Newey, Vered Noam, Alan Patten, Derek Penslar, Oren Perez, Roland Pierik,
Meital Pinto, Frances Raday, Shalom Ratzaby, Itzhak Reiter, Elisheva Rosman-
Stollman, Aviad Rubin, Andy Sabl, Maxime St-Hilaire, Gidi Sapir, Jeff Spinner-
Halev, Geetanjali A. Srikantan, Bernard Susser, Simon Thompson, Michael
Walzer, Daniel Weinstock, Melissa Williams, and Ami Wolansky. Jonathan
Rynhold and Richard A. Shweder devoted a great deal of time to discussing the
thesis developed in this book. Their comments and criticisms were invaluable.
At Oxford University Press, we especially would like to thank Cynthia Read for
her sage advice at various stages of this project. Jeremy Fogel and David Larson
carefully read the manuscript and very much contributed to its final shape. Our
research assistants, Hanit Ben-Glass (Tel Aviv University), Ruth Klein (Bar-Ilan
University), and Yarin Raban (Tel Aviv University), provided highly valuable and
professional support.
We would like to thank the organizers and participants of the conferences
and workshops at which we presented various parts of this research project. The
stimulating conversations we engaged in and the feedback we received in these
venues were challenging and helped to greatly improve this monograph: Pavia
Permanent Political Theory Seminar at the University of Pavia (2013); the 16th
World Congress of Jewish Studies, in Jerusalem (2013); the 5th German-Israeli
Frontiers of Humanities Symposium, organized by the Israel Academy of Sciences
and Humanities and the Alexander Von Humboldt Foundation in Kibbutz Tzuba
(2013); the British-Jewish Educational Charity Limmud, in Modi’in (2014);
the ASPP (Association for Social and Political Philosophy) conference at the
University of Amsterdam (2015); the 31st Association for Israel Studies Annual
Conference at Concordia University Montreal (2015); the ASPP conference at
the London School of Economics and Political Science (2016); the European
Consortium for Political Research General Conference, in Prague (2016); the
Colloquium of Political Theory at the Goethe-Universitat Frankfurt (2015); and
the School for Interdisciplinary Area Studies at Oxford University (2016).
While writing we were fortunate to receive the generous support of various
institutions and foundations, for which we are grateful (in alphabetical order):
Alexander von Humboldt Foundation; EU Marie Curie Re-Integration Grants
(2012–2016, no. 321680 and no. 276694); Israel Science Foundation Grant (ISF,
760/15); Publication Grant, School of Education, Tel Aviv University (2016);
Schnizter Fund, the Dean of Social Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 2014, 2016;
2016–2017 Fellowship from the Katz Center for Advanced Judaic Studies at
University of Pennsylvania; grant from the Unit of Sociology of Education and
Acknowledgments xiii
the Community at Tel Aviv University (2014, 2015); and Publication Grant,
Faculty of Humanities, Tel Aviv University (2015, 2016).
It is customary to end acknowledgments by thanking one’s family, and for
good reason. Sharing one’s life with someone who is writing a book, especially an
academic one, is sometimes harder than actually writing it.
Yuval Jobani: I am grateful to my parents, Moshe and Miriam, and my brother
Itamar for their unconditional support and love throughout the years. To their
loving encouragement I owe more than I can say. Thanks also to my beloved
Keren and our wonderful children, Yonatan, Tom, and Uriah for reminding me
repeatedly that writing academic books and articles is not the most important
thing in life.
Nahshon Perez: I dedicate this book to Alma Gadot-Perez, who has been the
best companion I could ask for, in so many ways (intellectual and others), in
the near impossible mission of raising two kids, writing this book, and handling
thousands of other obligations; I am grateful to my parents, Nurit and Ran, and
my brothers, Oren and Gilad, for always providing me with the rich intellectual
environment where precise critical thinking thrives; and to Eyal and Alon, my
two marvelous, beloved sons, may they grow in a society in which the govern-
ment is kept at the right, rather far, distance from the religious belief and practice
(or lack thereof ) of each autonomous individual.
Introduction—Drama in Jerusalem: Who
Are the Women of the Wall and Why Does
Their Struggle Matter?
Sasha Lutt, a twelve-year-old girl from Be`er Sheva in the south of Israel,
made history in October 2014 when she became the first female person to read
from a Torah scroll at the Western Wall in Jerusalem. It was a culmination of a
quarter-century-long struggle in which the Women of the Wall (WoW), a multi-
denominational Jewish feminist group, sought legal permission to perform at
the women’s section practices reserved solely for men under the current arrange-
ments at the Western Wall—namely, to pray collectively and read aloud from a
Torah scroll while wearing fringed prayer shawls.
With police assistance, the rabbinical authorities at the Western Wall bar the
members of the WoW from bringing a Torah scroll into the women’s section of
the Western Wall or from using one of the over one hundred scrolls available in
the men’s section. This policy continues well into 2016, in defiance of a 2013 deci-
sion by the Jerusalem District court that effectively canceled the prevailing ban
on the WoW’s manner of prayer at the Western Wall. However, early on Friday
morning, on October 24, 2014, the WoW’s monthly prayer service on the first
day of the Jewish month—a habitual custom since 1988—took an unusual turn.
The WoW were prevented, as expected, from entering the Western Wall plaza
with a normal-sized Torah scroll by security guards and the police. Subsequently,
the members of the WoW demanded to meet with ultra-Orthodox rabbi Shmuel
Rabinowitz, the Rabbi of the Western Wall and the chairman of the Western
Wall Heritage Foundation, in order to ask for his permission to read from one
of the Torah scrolls available in the men’s section (a request he was expected to
reject). As he was not present at that time, they seemingly accepted the ban and
entered the Women’s section without the Torah scroll that they had brought.
However, one of the members of the WoW smuggled a tiny Torah scroll, measur-
ing just twenty-eight centimeters, into the women’s section. During their service,
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