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Learning React
Functional Web Development with React and
Redux
Boston
Learning React
by Alex Banks and Eve Porcello
Copyright © 2016-08-04 Alex Banks and Eve Porcello. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc. , 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
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also available for most titles ( http://safaribooksonline.com ). For more information, contact our corporate/
institutional sales department: 800-998-9938 or [email protected] .
The O’Reilly logo is a registered trademark of O’Reilly Media, Inc. Learning React, the cover image, and
related trade dress are trademarks of O’Reilly Media, Inc.
While the publisher and the author(s) have used good faith efforts to ensure that the information and
instructions contained in this work are accurate, the publisher and the author(s) disclaim all responsibil‐
ity for errors or omissions, including without limitation responsibility for damages resulting from the use
of or reliance on this work. Use of the information and instructions contained in this work is at your own
risk. If any code samples or other technology this work contains or describes is subject to open source
licenses or the intellectual property rights of others, it is your responsibility to ensure that your use
thereof complies with such licenses and/or rights.
978-1-491-95455-3
[FILL IN]
Table of Contents
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
1. Welcome to React. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
History 12
React is not a Framework 14
React and MVC 15
React Ecosystem 16
Keeping up with the Changes 18
Working with the Files 18
File Repository 18
React Developer Tools 19
Installing Node.js 20
2. Emerging JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Declaring Variables in ES6 22
Const 22
Let 22
Template Strings 24
Default Parameters 26
Arrow Functions 26
Transpiling ES6 30
ES6 Objects and Arrays 31
Destructuring Assignment 31
Object Literal Enhancement 33
Spread Operator 34
Module Imports and Exports 36
Promises 36
Classes 39
iii
3. Functional Programming with JavaScript. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
What it means to be Functional 44
Imperative vs Declarative 46
Functional Concepts 49
Immutability 49
Pure Functions 51
Data Transformations 53
Higher Order Functions 61
Recursion 62
Composition 65
Putting it all together 67
4. Pure React. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Page Setup 73
The Virtual DOM 74
React Elements 75
ReactDOM 77
Children 78
Constructing Elements with Data 80
React Components 82
React.createClass() 83
React.Component 86
Stateless Functional Components 87
DOM Rendering 88
Factories 91
iv | Table of Contents
Refs 131
Two-way Data Binding 133
Refs in Stateless Functional Components 134
React State Management 135
Introducing Component State 136
Initializing State from Properties 140
State within the component tree 142
Color Organizer App Overview 142
Passing properties down the component tree 144
Passing data back up the component tree 146
Table of Contents | v
Preface
vii
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Acknowledgments
Preface | ix
CHAPTER 1
Welcome to React
React is a popular library for creating user interfaces. It was created at Facebook to
address some of the challenges associated with large-scale, data-driven web‐
sites. When React was released in 2013, the project was initially viewed with some
skepticism because the conventions of React are quite unique.
In an attempt to not scare people off, the core React team wrote an article called Why
React that recommended that you “Give It [React] Five Minutes”. Their point was that
they wanted to encourage people to work with React first before thinking that their
approach was too crazy.
Yes, React is a small library that doesn’t come with everything you might need out of
the box to build your application. Give it five minutes.
Yes, in React, you write code that looks like HTML right in your JavaScript code. And
yes, those tags require pre-processing to run in a browser. And, you’ll probably need
a build tool like webpack or browserify for that. Give it five minutes.
Reading this book won’t take you five minutes, but we do invite you to dive into React
with an open mind.
A few companies that have given React more than five minutes, and use the library
for large parts of their web interfaces, include Airbnb, Khan Academy, and the New
York Times1. Many of Facebook’s features and all of Instagram2 are built on React and
1 These companies were early adopters of React and used it in production as early as 2014. https://face‐
book.github.io/react/blog/2014/05/29/one-year-of-open-source-react.html
2 “Why Did We Build React” by Pete Hunt, Facebook Blog: https://facebook.github.io/react/blog/2013/06/05/
why-react.html
11
associated tools to manage the messages and pictures of lunch that over a billion
users3post every day.
The widespread use of React on large websites shows that it is stable enough to use at
scale. React is ready, but nothing is set in stone. The unique opportunity we all have is
that since it’s so new, we can be part of building it. As the library and its tools evolve,
we can suggest enhancements. When ideas come to mind about how to work with
React more efficiently, we can build them. React is already great, but we can play an
active role in building its even better future.
History
React was built at Facebook and Instagram, released initially in March 2013, then
open-sourced on May 29, 2013. React is for your user interfaces or the view layer of
your application. It was designed as a view-only library where you create user inter‐
face components that display data.
When it was released, React built steam quickly, and the community quickly con‐
tributed code and got involved in community events.
With all of the growth, Facebook decided to build and release a framework for build‐
ing native applications in 20154 : React Native. You can build apps for iOS, Android,
and Windows platforms using React Native. Unlike other platforms, React uses the
native phone and tablet UI elements. The aim of React Native is to use the same pro‐
gramming language to build many types of apps - not necessarily the same codebase.
A design architecture that emerged around the same time as React from the Facebook
team is Flux. Flux was built to deal with a problem in the Facebook messaging app.
Users complained that when they read a message, they would still see a notification
that they had an unread message5. To deal with these data inconsistencies, Flux intro‐
duced a new design where data flowed one way. This data flow works particularly well
with React.
Building upon Flux’s ideas, Redux was developed to simplify the process of managing
data in React apps. It was released in 2015 and has picked up a lot of momentum as a
less complex but similarly solid implementation of Flux. In addition, Falcor and Relay
have also emerged to tackle data handling challenges.
3 There are over 1.65 billion monthly active Facebook users as of 04/27/16. https://zephoria.com/top-15-
valuable-facebook-statistics/
4 Tom Occhino introduces React Native in 2015 at the React Conference. https://code.facebook.com/videos/
786462671439502/react-js-conf-2015-keynote-introducing-react-native-/
5 Facebook engineer Jing Chen discusses this in her 2014 talk, “Rethinking Web App Development at Face‐
book”. https://facebook.github.io/flux/docs/overview.html#content
Figure 1-1.
Web Searches for JavaScript Frameworks & Libraries (Google Trends)
You’ve probably heard React described as the hot new library that everyone in the
organization should learn to replace whatever everyone learned last month. Being
popular isn’t the reason to use React. Popularity is a side effect of being useful and
time saving.
The influence of React is even felt in other MVC frameworks. Angular and Ember
have been inspired by React’s approach in newer versions of those frameworks. It’s
interesting to observe where there are overlaps and how the individual communities
approach this work.
So, what does React do next? Perhaps we’ll use React to build desktop apps. We might
build console apps. We might use React to build robots or to make up the screens of
our self-driving cars.
What will happen? None of us know, but you can join us. And, we need you to join
us!
History | 13
React is not a Framework
React is a library not a framework. A lot of people call it a framework or compare it
to frameworks. We even compared it to frameworks in the previous section.
The reason is React is commonly mistaken as a framework is because it feels like
frameworks are React’s competitors. Most blog articles set up a classic bout between
React vs. Angular or React vs. Ember. You can use React with Angular. You can use
React with Ember. Although, for the most part, we typically do not combine Angular
with React, you could.
Frameworks are bigger than libraries. They include everything that you may need to
build applications. Think about the .NET framework. Not only Not only does it have
everything you need to build any type of Microsoft application, but there are specific
design patterns in .NET that you would follow to construct applications. The .NET
framework even comes with its own IDE6, Visual Studio.
Angular is a JavaScript framework that you can use to build large scale single page
web applications. Angular comes with most everything you need to get some web
development done. There are even design patterns to follow, primarily patterns based
in MVC7 . The Angular 2 JavaScript file that loads in the browser is 764k, but it is rich
with functionality.
By comparison, the JavaScript file that is used to load React in the browser is 151k.
React is small because it is simply a view library. It has some robust tools for manag‐
ing views. It even has some tools to build full applications, but React relies a lot on
pure JavaScript and other JavaScript libraries.
React does not come with any REST tools for making HTTP requests. React does not
come with any tools to handle client-side routing. It is simply a library that helps you
build efficient user interfaces.
React does not impose any restrictions on your data architecture. You can use React
with MVC. You can use React with jQuery. You can use React with Flux or Redux.
You can even build your own client data management library or design pattern and
use React with that.
The reason that it is important to understand that React is only a library is because
calling it a framework generates confusion about how to learn React. If you set out to
learn Angular, the framework has everything you need to learn already included. It
6 IDE is an acronym for Integrated Development Environment and is a tool that you use to write code.
7 MVC is an object-oriented design pattern that can be used in any object-oriented language. MVC stands for
Model View Controller. The model is the data, the view is the presentation layer, and the controller is the busi‐
ness logic.
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