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JOURNALISM AND TRUTH

AJC Group
 Medill School of Journalism
VISIONS of the AMERICAN PRESS

General Editor
David Abrahamson

Other titles in this series

Herbert J. Gans
Deciding What’s News: A Study of CBS Evening News, NBC Nightly
News, Newsweek, and Time
Maurine H. Beasley
First Ladies and the Press:The Unfinished Partnership of the Media Age
Patricia Bradley
Women and the Press:The Struggle for Equality
David A. Copeland
The Idea of a Free Press:The Enlightenment and Its Unruly Legacy
Michael Sweeney
The Military and the Press: An Uneasy Truce
Patrick S.Washburn
The African American Newspaper:Voice of Freedom
David R. Spencer
The Yellow Journalism:The Press and America’s Emergence as World Power
Karla Gower
Public Relations and the Press:The Troubled Embrace

AJC Group
 JOURNALISM
AND TRUTH
ST R A N G E B E D F E L LOWS

Tom Goldstein

Foreword by Howard H. Baker, Jr.

MEDILL SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM

Northwestern University Press

Evanston, Illinois

AJC Group
 Northwestern University Press
www.nupress.northwestern.edu

Copyright © 2007 by Tom Goldstein

Published 2007 by Northwestern University Press.
All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

ISBN 978-0-8101-2433-2

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Goldstein, Tom.
Journalism and truth : strange bedfellows / Tom Goldstein ;
foreword by Howard H. Baker, Jr.
p. cm. — (Visions of the American press)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-8101-2433-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-10: 0-8101-2433-5 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Journalism—United States. 2. Truth. 3.
Journalism—Objectivity—United States. I. Title. II. Series.
PN4888.O25G65 2007
071.3—dc22
2007007862

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum

requirements of the American National Standard for Information
Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials,
ansi z39.48-1992.

AJC Group
For Leslie, Max, and Blaze

AJC Group
AJC Group
 CONTENTS

Foreword by Howard H. Baker, Jr.

ix

Preface
xiii

One
Introduction
1

Two
Journalism as Nonrepresentative Truth
25

Three
Looking at the Law
47

Four
Truth in the Balance
63

Five
Eyewitness to History
77

AJC Group
 Six
Tabloid Truths
95

Seven
Misadventures in Fact-Checking
121

Eight
Janet Malcolm’s Special Truths
141

Nine
Looking Forward
161

Notes
169

Bibliography
187

Index
197

AJC Group
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 FOREWORD

Howard H. Baker, Jr.

The search for truth, as Tom Goldstein so ably demonstrates, is a

much more ambitious and profound pursuit than the mere
accumulation of facts, even when assembled with the most strin-
gent adherence to accuracy. Journalists, who produce what the
late Washington Post publisher Philip Graham called “the first
rough draft of history,” know better than anyone that their daily
reporting is incomplete, that the truth of a matter emerges more
slowly than a newspaper deadline demands, that it is best to avoid
the pretense of omniscience when so much remains obscured from
view. National leaders, too, know that the intelligence they re-
ceive from the agencies responsible for gathering and analyzing
information on which momentous decisions rest is almost always
incomplete and imperfect. But the leaders’ decisions, like the jour-
nalists’ deadlines, often cannot wait for the last question to be
asked and answered, for the final salient fact to be ascertained.
Historians looking through the rearview mirror at events often
convey a sense of inevitability about them, but decision makers
and journalists do not have that luxury. We see, as Saint Paul said,
“through a glass, darkly,” and do the best we can with the frag-
mentary knowledge available at the moment of decision or dead-
line. Because politicians and journalists share this perspective, this
frustration with the fragmentary, it has always been a mystery to
me why the two sides have so little apparent sympathy for the lim-
itations on one another’s grasp of a given situation. To be sure,

ix

AJC Group
x FO R E WO R D

some political leaders have been known to have their minds made
up on a course of action, with facts to the contrary being viewed
as “inconvenient truths.” And journalists are routinely criticized
for bringing a bias to their coverage that only accommodates facts
that fit their fixed point of view.
But in my experience, most politicians and journalists want to
get it right, to follow wherever the facts may lead, to draw con-
clusions based on the best information available. But this approach
is not without risk. When as vice chairman of the Senate Water-
gate Committee I announced that I would go where the facts led
me, I was denounced by many of my fellow Republicans for not
mounting a more vigorous (and blinkered) defense of President
Nixon. Nor did I endear myself to my party when, a few years
later, I decided to retain consultants on both sides of the Panama
Canal treaty issue and commission them to make the best cases for
and against ratification of the treaty to cede American control over
the canal to the government of Panama. But I reasoned that the
truth of the situation would emerge in this adversarial process—as
we have long presumed it to do in our courts of law, where I prac-
ticed for years before turning to politics—and I am satisfied that it
did.
Truth is not a prisoner of this bipolar process. There may well
be more than two sides to an issue, as anyone who has dealt with
the old Soviet Union (“a riddle wrapped in enigma inside a mys-
tery,” as Churchill described it) or the new Middle East would
attest. When as chief of staff for President Reagan I was respon-
sible for the preparation of his decision memoranda, I insisted
that only the hardest decisions reach him, the ones for which a
good case could be made for several options. In such cases, truth
was on many sides of a question, and wisdom and good judgment

AJC Group
 FO R E WO R D xi

were required to find our highest national interests in a jungle of

competing truths.
Journalists, too, typically have a strong sense of serving the pub-
lic interest. They consider themselves public servants just as those
of us in politics do, and so they should. They ferret out truth when
the political impulse may be to conceal it, and they hold the
political class accountable to the public between elections. This
watchdog role lies at the heart of the First Amendment guarantee-
ing a free press, and it remains the role the public most wants jour-
nalists to play in our society.
The twenty-first century, young as it is, has already produced
an entirely new form of journalism—the web log, or “blog”—
which actually harkens back to America’s colonial days when the
lonely pamphleteer could have a significant impact on public de-
bate. As in those earlier days, the modern blogger generally makes
no pretense of fairness or scrupulous accuracy, but rather makes a
case laden more with opinion than fact, expecting the reader to
find “the truth” in the cacophony of contending arguments. This
was the modus operandi of American journalism until the last years
of the nineteenth century, when my fellow Tennessean Adolph
Ochs bought the NewYork Times and promised to present the news
“without fear or favor” and with a then-novel fidelity to fact.
Other newspapers and magazines, followed later by radio and tel-
evision, would emulate the Times’s example for generations.
Today the Times itself, like many other prominent newspapers,
is often accused of bias, and worse, in its news pages. And the
modern consumer of news—particularly the younger consumer—
seems willing to accept the notion that a distinct point of view is
not a bad thing, that a well-informed opinion may serve the cause
of truth more effectively than a dispassionate fact. This may even

AJC Group
xii FO R E WO R D

be right, but the challenge in this modern age of both journalism

and politics is to ensure that opinion is, in fact, well informed and
tested by reason. Bloggers have no filters as traditional journalists
do, no editors to question their assertions and conclusions, and
they run the risk of sacrificing credibility in the information mar-
ketplace when they detach opinion from fact altogether. Politi-
cians, too, imperil their claim on the public’s trust when they
advocate policies that appear altogether untethered to reality.
President Reagan was fond of saying that “facts are stubborn
things.” Former Vice President Gore has made a useful new career
of citing “an inconvenient truth” about global warming. Free so-
cieties like ours thrive on truth, inconvenient or not, and cannot
be free without it. The Bible goes further, arguing that it is the
truth itself that makes us free. In all cases, as this thoughtful book
by Professor Goldstein so clearly explicates, truth is indispensable.
As a self-governing people, we take it lightly, disregard it, or ig-
nore it at our peril.

AJC Group
 PREFACE

I spent the summer after my senior year in college working at my

hometown newspaper, the Buffalo Evening News. It was an idiosyn-
cratic place. On one hand, the paper was suffused in the old news-
room ethos. It was relentless about getting subscribers’ names in
the paper, whether they had just graduated from elementary
school or high school, celebrated a big anniversary—or died. Peo-
ple, or their survivors, would pay to see their names in print, the
theory went. On the other hand, the paper was intermittently pro-
gressive. For instance, it was one of the first papers to ban cigarette
smoking in the newsroom—as a result, there were usually re-
porters puffing away in the lavatories or on the front sidewalk. I
liked the job and thought journalism would be a wonderful way
to spend a lifetime. But I was headed for law school at Columbia.
Just before my time was up at the paper, the gruff city editor,
Bud Wacker, an ex-marine who was quite the stereotype, asked
to meet with me. He had a shaved head and barely spoke to his re-
porters. Wacker took me aside and told me that instead of going
to law school, I should pursue a graduate degree in journalism at
Columbia. I was flattered that he spoke to me, but told him it was
too late. No, he insisted, I had to reconsider. He arranged an in-
terview with the dean of admissions at Columbia University’s
Graduate School of Journalism, Chris Trump. First, Trump told
me that I was right. It was too late for that year. The class of 1968
had been chosen, and school was about to start. Then we talked.
I recited my limited job experience. After my first year in college,

xiii

AJC Group
xiv P R E FAC E

I could not get a salaried job and had signed up selling Fuller
Brushes door to door on commission. Surprising my bosses, my
parents, and myself, I had done very well knocking on strangers’
doors, and, relatively speaking, I made a lot of money doing it.
Now I had found a sympathetic ear. Trump had sold Fuller
Brushes when he was in college too. (As I later found out, many
reporters have had early experiences selling door to door, and for
those who, like me, were naturally shy, it was a worthwhile expe-
rience.) Trump and I swapped stories about the best strategies for
selling Fuller Brushes for an hour, never really talking about jour-
nalism. When it was time for me to go, Trump assured me that I
was just the kind of person cut out for Columbia, and he invited
me to attend after I spent a year in law school.
I found law school intimidating. I did not like the large classes
or the almost total absence of feedback. I was sufficiently afraid of
failure that I studied hard, and slowly I began to do what genera-
tions before and after me have done: I began to “think like a
lawyer.” At the time I did not make much of the logical tool I had
added to my arsenal, but my law training has been invaluable to
me in my career—and in a very direct way served as the impetus
for this book. As planned, after my first year of law school I en-
rolled in the journalism school, which I loved. It was the tumul-
tuous fall of 1968, and I could not imagine a better place to be
than Columbia, or a better thing to be doing there than studying
journalism. Not as planned, I returned to law school after my year
as a journalism student. My journalism teachers persuaded me that
was a wise move, and it was, even though I have never actually
practiced law. A few years after I graduated from law school, I got
hired by the New York Times. It was my law degree, not my
journalism credential, that the editors were most interested in. At
the Times, I covered legal issues, and I spent a lot of time with

AJC Group
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