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 5G Radio Access Networks:
Centralized RAN, Cloud-RAN,
and Virtualization of Small Cells
 5G Radio Access Networks:
Centralized RAN, Cloud-RAN,
and Virtualization of Small Cells

By
Hrishikesh Venkatarman and Ramona Trestian
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2017 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-4710-3 (paperback)

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Venkatarman, Hrishikesh, author. | Trestian, Ramona, 1983- author.

Title: 5G radio access networks : centralized RAN, cloud-RAN, and
virtualization of small cells / Hrishikesh Venkatarman and Ramona Trestian.
Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, CRC Press, 2017. | Includes
bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2016039396| ISBN 9781498747103 (hardback : alk. paper) |
ISBN 9781315230870 (electronic)
Subjects: LCSH: Wireless LANs. | Cell phone systems. | Cloud computing.
Classification: LCC TK5105.78 .V46 2017 | DDC 621.3845/6--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016039396

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Contents

Preface...................................................................................................................................... vii
Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................xi
Editors ..................................................................................................................................... xiii
Contributors ..............................................................................................................................xv

Section I   5G RAN ARCHITECTURES AND APPLICATIONS

1 Frameless Network Architecture for User-Centric 5G Radio Access Networks............3
XIAODONG XU, ZHAO SUN, AND JIAXIANG LIU

2 Distributed Architecture of 5G Mobile Networks for Efficient Computation

Management in Mobile Edge Computing...................................................................29
ZDENEK BECVAR, MATEJ ROHLIK, PAVEL MACH, MICHAL VONDRA, TOMAS
VANEK, MIGUEL A. PUENTE, AND FELICIA LOBILLO

3 Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access Schemes for Next-Generation 5G Networks:

A Survey......................................................................................................................51
NAMADEV BHUVANASUNDARAM, HUAN X. NGUYEN, RAMONA TRESTIAN,
AND QUOC-TUAN VIEN

4 Performance Evaluation of NOMA under Wireless Downlink Cloud Radio

Access Networks Environments...................................................................................67
QUOC-TUAN VIEN, NGOZI OGBONNA, HUAN X. NGUYEN, RAMONA TRESTIAN,
AND PURAV SHAH

5 Cloud Computing: The Flexible Future......................................................................85

JOANNA KUSZNIER, XUAN THUY DANG, AND MANZOOR AHMED KHAN

Section II    5G RAN VIRTUALIZATION SOLUTIONS

6 Software-Defined Networking and Network Function Virtualization for
C-RAN Systems......................................................................................................... 117
MASSIMO CONDOLUCI, TOKTAM MAHMOODI, AND GIUSEPPE ARANITI

7 Software-Defined Networking in the World of C-RAN............................................135

BOLAGALA SRAV YA AND HRISHIKESH VENKATARAMAN

8 Managing Mobility with SDN: A Practical Walkthrough........................................145

XUAN THUY DANG AND MANZOOR AHMED KHAN

v
vi ◾ Contents

9 Autonomic Network Management............................................................................185

MANZOOR AHMED KHAN

10 Distributed Data Aggregation and Compression for 5G Virtual RAN IoT

Sensor Applications...................................................................................................227
NIKOS DELIGIANNIS AND SPYRIDON LOUVROS

11 5G C-RAN Uplink Cross-Layer Optimization to Support Massive Traffic

Sensor Network Services...........................................................................................263
SPYRIDON LOUVROS AND NIKOS DELIGIANNIS

Index..................................................................................................................................287
Preface

In the ever-evolving telecommunication industry, smart mobile computing devices have become
increasingly affordable and powerful, leading to a significant growth in the number of advanced
mobile users and their bandwidth demands. According to Cisco, high-end devices such as smart-
phones, iPhones, netbooks, and laptops will account for 24.3 EB per month of data traffic by
2019. In order to achieve this, alternate solutions are required wherein traditional base stations can
be replaced by more generic, simple, and small-sized nodes that can carry out minimal tasks such
as radiofrequency operations, while moving other computationally intensive tasks such as resource
allocation, baseband processing, and so on to a centralized location. In this context, a centralized
or cloud radio access network (C-RAN) offers many advantages over a traditional radio access net-
work and the architectural design and techniques offered by C-RAN make it a strong candidate
to be incorporated into the 5G wireless network standard. C-RAN would enable joint scheduling
and processing between multiple cells, which would eventually enable a collaborative radio envi-
ronment. Notably, C-RAN would enable a seamless integration between multiple operators and
a multiproduct vendor design. On similar lines, small cells have also been looked at, for moving
the computation from the user terminal/device to the network; either to the small cell node itself
or to the core network. In this regard, the functionality of small cells resembles that offered by
the C-RAN. In fact, with the rapid development of network function virtualization (NFV) in the
telecommunication world, communication service providers and product vendors have been look-
ing to offer virtualized small cells.

Organization of the Book

Being at a very nascent stage, C-RAN and virtualized small cell technology poses several major
research challenges. This book aims to provide a deeper insight into the next generation of RAN
architecture; especially in the presence of virtualization and the cloud environment. The book will
present a survey of the coexistence of software-defined networking (SDN), C-RAN, and small cell
solutions proposed in the literature at different levels, for example, physical characteristics, open
access, dynamic resource allocation, technology neutrality, coverage obligations, the minimiza-
tion of interference problems, and so on.
The book is structured into two main sections. The first section on 5G RAN Architectures
and Applications, describes the current challenges in the radio access network environment,
which leads to the next generation of wireless networks. It includes important chapters written by
researchers from prestigious laboratories in China, the Czech Republic, Germany, Spain, and the
United Kingdom, which each present what is currently state of the art in the area of next-gener-
ation 5G networks, including possible architectures and solutions, performance evaluation and

vii
viii ◾ Preface

interference mitigation, resource allocation management, energy efficiency and cloud computing,
and so on. The 5G RAN Architectures and Applications section consists of five chapters. The fol-
lowing offers a brief description of each of the chapters in this section:
Chapter 1 discusses a new kind of user-centric network architecture for the next generation of
mobile systems (5G), referred to as a Frameless Network Architecture (FNA). The proposed FNA
decomposes the functionality of the traditional base station into a centralized processing entity
(CPE) and an antenna element (AE), such that the CPE will maintain the networking, implement
the signal processing, handle the control plane and user place, manage the radio resources, and
construct on-demand user-centric serving sets.
Chapter 2 identifies the need for a distributed architecture in 5G networks for efficient compu-
tation management in mobile edge computing. Importantly, it introduces two options for newly
distributed deployments of the management unit. The chapter also discusses the integration of the
proposed solution into 5G mobile networks based on C-RAN. Through an analysis and simula-
tions of the proposed architectures, we prove that both signaling delay and signaling load could be
significantly reduced compared with centralized solutions.
Chapter 3 provides a comprehensive survey of the latest developments and the use of nonor-
thogonal multiple access (NOMA) schemes for next-generation 5G networks. The survey first
provides a comparison between orthogonal multiple access schemes and NOMA schemes, iden-
tifying the advantages and disadvantages of each of the technologies. The solutions offered by
NOMA schemes for the uplink and downlink transmissions are discussed with an emphasis on
the NOMA-based solutions for downlink transmissions.
Chapter 4 looks into the performance evaluation of a NOMA-based mechanism used within
the wireless downlink cloud radio access network (WD-CRAN) environment. The mechanism
makes use of successive interference cancellation (SIC) receivers in order to enhance the reception
and to lay multiple base stations over each other in the power domain.
Chapter 5 begins with a detailed background and terminologies to set a common understand-
ing of cloud computing, toward a flexible networking future. The chapter will detail future network
clouds and the need for efficient frameworks for cloud management and control. Furthermore, the
chapter will outline OpenStack in order to offer the reader the tools for experimenting.
The second section, entitled 5G RAN Virtualization Solutions, presents various solutions
proposed by world-known researchers in different areas of software-defined networks and vir-
tualization. It includes important chapters written by researchers from prestigious laboratories
in Belgium, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, and the United Kingdom, presenting results in the
areas of software-defined networks, mobility management, the Internet of things (IoT), sensor
applications, and so on. The 5G RAN virtualization solutions section consists of six chapters; the
following offers a brief description of each of these.
Chapter 6 discusses two enabling technologies for C-RAN that allow decoupling beyond
baseband and radio, that is, SDN and NFV. Importantly, the pros and cons of these enabling
technologies are thoroughly discussed.
Chapter 7 begins with an introduction on the need for SDN. The new SDN paradigm is then
briefly explained and compared with traditional networks. Furthermore, following a bottom-up
approach, an in-depth overview of SDN architecture is provided.
Chapter 8 is a detailed chapter that provides a comprehensive yet practical walkthrough for
managing the mobility of next-generation wireless networks with SDN.
Chapter 9 provides a detailed description of self-x network management, beginning with auto-
nomic and cognitive networking and then goes on to describe in detail the proposed next-genera-
tion self-configurable and self-optimized framework.
 Preface ◾ ix

Chapter 10 discusses different distributed data aggregation mechanisms and compression

techniques for the 5G virtual RAN IoT-based sensor applications. It shows the mechanism for
combining a centralized C-RAN architecture for the mobile cloud and a cluster head– based archi-
tecture for the wireless sensor network. Also, it demonstrates the importance of their approach in
two application domains— the distributed aggregation of temperature measurements and distributed
video coding of visual data obtained with wireless visual sensors.
Chapter 11 explains the 5G C-RAN uplink cross-layer optimization mechanism to support
massive traffic in sensor network services. Importantly, the chapter investigates and studies the
planning difficulties and restrictions that are related to interference, throughput, accessibility, and
uplink connectivity, proposing solutions and rules to be followed. Furthermore, it explains why
C-RAN planners should fulfill the proposed recommendations when optimizing the 5G IoT’ s
network performance.
The prospective audiences for this book are mainly undergraduate students, postgraduate stu-
dents, and researchers who are interested in learning more about the latest developments in the
areas of mobile and wireless communications. It also targets industry professionals who are work-
ing or are interested in this area, providing them with a reference to the latest efforts that advance
the research further by addressing some of the shortcomings of the existing solutions.
The editors wish you a pleasant reading.

Hrishikesh Venkataraman
Indian Institute of Information Technology  , India

Ramona Trestian
Middlesex University, United Kingdom

MATLAB® is a registered trademark of The MathWorks, Inc. For product information, please
contact:

The MathWorks, Inc.

3 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA 01760-2098 USA
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Web: www.mathworks.com
Acknowledgments

5G Radio Access Networks: Centralized RAN, Cloud-RAN , and Virtualization of Small Cells would
not exist without the efforts of many people whose names may not appear on the cover of the
book. However, their hard work, cooperation, friendship, and understanding were very important
to the preparation and production of the book. The editors would like to sincerely thank the entire
team at CRC Press for their support and help in the publication of this book. As in general, the
work associated with the chapter review is underestimated and forgotten, the editors would like
to thank the team of reviewers for the generous commitment of time and effort that they have
put into the reviewing process and for providing their expertise to ensure a high-quality review
process. Last but not least, the editors would like to thank their families for their continuous sup-
port along the way.
In particular, Hrishikesh Venkataraman would like to thank both of his parents for instill-
ing a confidence in learning new topics and the ability to produce the learning in proper form
to an audience. Also, he would like to thank his wife and his mother-in-law for their patience
and dedication to other aspects of personal life while writing the chapters and editing this book.
Importantly, he would like to thank his institution for their support for allowing him to focus on
his research and allowing him to write/edit the book.
Furthermore, Ramona Trestian would like to thank her wonderful and loving parents, Maria
and Vasile, for their unconditional love and care and for being an immense source of inspiration
throughout her life. Her special gratitude goes toward her husband Kumar, for his immense love
and continual patience and support, both of which were essential to this project, as well as toward
her little bundle of joy, Noah Anthony, for making her life worth living.

xi
Editors

Hrishikesh Venkataraman completed his M.Tech at the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur,
from 2002 to 2004 and his PhD at Jacobs University, Bremen, Germany, from 2004 to 2007. He
was a recipient of the Indo-German DAAD scholarship from 2003 to 2004 and was awarded
an Irish national research fellowship from 2008 to 2010. From 2008 to 2013, he was a research
fellow, and subsequently, principal investigator (PI) with the Irish national research center, the
RINCE Institute, at Dublin City University, Ireland. During this period, he also served as project
manager for two research projects at RINCE, funded by Everseen Limited and Ericsson Research,
Ireland. In 2013, Dr. Venkataraman returned to India and worked as a technical architect in the
Chief Technology Office of Network Technology Unit of Tech Mahindra for two years. Here,
he was involved in developing algorithms, building solutions, and made a contribution to ETSI-
based consortium in the area of virtualization.
From May 2015 onwards, Dr. Venkataraman has been a professor at Indian Institute of
Information Technology, Chittoor, Sricity, leading the vehicular and wireless communication
research theme. He is the institute nodal officer for national knowledge networks and also serves
as the faculty-in-charge for networks, servers, and information systems. Furthermore, he has filed
2 patents, has more than 50 international publications in different journals of IEEE, ACM, and
Springer, and international conferences, including 2 best paper awards; and served as editor of
Transactions on Emerging Telecommunication Technologies; for 5 years, from April 2011–2016. Also,
he has edited two books published by CRC Press and Springer.

Ramona Trestian received her BEng degree in telecommunications from the Electronics,
Telecommunications, and Technology of Information Department, Technical University of
Cluj-Napoca, Romania in 2007, and her PhD degree from the School of Electronic Engineering,
Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland in 2012 for her research in adaptive multimedia systems
and network selection mechanisms. She worked with IBM Research, Dublin as an IBM/IRCSET
exascale postdoctoral researcher, from December 2011 to August 2013. She is currently a senior
lecturer with the Design Engineering and Mathematics Department, School of Science and
Technology, Middlesex University, London, UK. She has published in prestigious international
conferences and journals and has edited two books. Her research interests include mobile and
wireless communications, multimedia streaming, handover and network selection strategies, and
software-defined networks. She is a reviewer for international journals and conferences and a
member of the IEEE Young Professionals, IEEE Communications Society, and IEEE Broadcast
Technology Society.

xiii
Contributors

Giuseppe Araniti is an assistant professor of telecommunications at the University Mediterranea

of Reggio Calabria, Italy. From the same university he received his Laureate (2000) and his PhD
degree (2004) in electronic engineering. His major area of research includes personal commu-
nications systems, enhanced wireless and satellite systems, traffic and radio resource manage-
ment, multicast and broadcast services, device-to-device and machine-type communications over
4G/5G cellular networks.

Zdenek Becvar received his MSc and PhD in telecommunication engineering from the Czech
Technical University in Prague, Czech Republic, in 2005 and 2010, respectively. From 2006
to 2007, he joined Sitronics R&D center in Prague focusing on speech quality in voice-over IP
(VoIP). Furthermore, he was involved in the research activities of the Vodafone R&D center at
Czech Technical University in Prague in 2009. He was an intern at the Budapest Polytechnic,
Hungary (2007), CEA-Leti, France (2013), and EURECOM, France (2016). Now, he is an associ-
ate professor at the Department of Telecommunication Engineering, Czech Technical University
in Prague, Czech Republic. He has participated in several European and national research proj-
ects focused on mobile networks. In 2013, he became a representative of the Czech Technical
University in Prague in ETSI and 3GPP standardization organizations. He is a member of more
than 15 program committees at international conferences or workshops and he has published
3 book chapters and more than 60 conference or journal papers. He acts as a reviewer for many
prestigious journals including journals published by IEEE, Wiley, Elsevier, and Springer. He
works on the development of solutions for future mobile networks (5G and beyond) with a special
focus on the optimization of radio resource management and mobility support, self-optimization,
the architecture of radio access networks, and small cells.

Namadev Bhuvanasundaram received his MSc degree in telecommunications engineering from

Middlesex University, London, UK, in 2012 and his BEng in electrical, electronics, and com-
munications engineering from Pondicherry University, Puducherry, India, in 2009. His research
interests include mobile and wireless communications, multiple-input multiple-output systems,
and multiple access technologies for next-generation networks.

Massimo Condoluci  is currently a postdoctoral research associate at the Center for

Telecommunications Research, Department of Informatics, King’s College London, UK. He
received his MSc degree in telecommunications engineering and his PhD in information technol-
ogy in 2011 and 2016, respectively, from the University Mediterranea of Reggio Calabria, Italy.
His main current research interests include softwarization, virtualization, mobility management,
and group-oriented and machine-type communications over 5G systems.

xv
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