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Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY SERIES

ESTUARIES: TYPES, MOVEMENT

PATTERNS AND CLIMATICAL IMPACTS

JULIAN R. CRANE
AND
ASHTON E. SOLOMON
EDITORS
Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
 Copyright © 2010 by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA

Estuaries : types, movement patterns and climatical impacts / editors, Julian R. Crane and Ashton
E. Solomon.
p. cm.
Includes index.
ISBN  HERRN
1. Estuaries. 2. Estuarine ecology. I. Crane, Julian R. II. Solomon, Ashton E.
GC97.E74 2009
551.46'18--dc22
2009048228

Published by Nova Science Publishers, Inc.  New York

Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
 CONTENTS

Preface xiii
Chapter 1 Ecosystem Functioning of Temporarily Open/Closed
Estuaries in South Africa 1
R. Perissinotto, D. D. Stretch,
A. K. Whitfield, J. B. Adams,
A. T. Forbes and N. T. Demetriades
Chapter 2 Paleoecological Significance of Diatoms in
Argentinean Estuaries: What Do They Tell
Us about the Environment? 71
Gabriela S. Hassan
Chapter 3 Anthropogenic Impacts in a Protected Estuary
(Amvrakikos Gulf, Greece): Biological Effects
and Contaminant Levels in Sentinel Species 149
Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

C. Tsangaris, E. Cotou,
I. Hatzianestis and V. A. Catsiki
Chapter 4 Santos and São Vicente Estuarine System:
Contamination by Chlorophenols, Anaerobic
Diversity of Degraders under Methanogenic
Condition and Potential Application for
Ex-Situ Bioremediation in Anaerobic Reactor 177
Flavia Talarico Saia
Chapter 5 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Negative
Estuaries in the Northern Gulf of California, Mexico 201
Hem Nalini Morzaria-Luna, Abigail Iris-Maldonado
and Paloma Valdivia-Jiménez
Chapter 6 Implications for the Evolution of Southwestern
Coast of India: A Multi-Proxy Analysis Using Palaeodeposits 225
B. Ajaykumar, Shijo Joseph, Mahesh Mohan,
P. K. K. Nair, K. S. Unni and A.P. Thomas

Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
 xii Contents

Chapter 7 Human Impacts on the Environment of the

Changjiang (Yangtze) River Estuary 247
Baodong WANG, Linping XIE and Xia SUN
Chapter 8 Integrated Approaches to Estuarine Use and Protection:
Tampa Bay Ecosystem Services Case Study 263
James Harvey, Marc Russell,
Darrin Dantin and Janet Nestlerode
Chapter 9 Integrative Ecotoxicological Assessment of
Contaminated Sediments in a Complex
Tropical Estuarine System 279
D.M.S. Abessa, R.S. Carr, E.C.P.M. Sousa,
B.R.F. Rachid , L.P. Zaroni, M.R. Gasparro,
Y.A. Pinto, M.C. Bícego, M.A. Hortellani,
J.E.S. Sarkis and P. Muniz
Index 313
Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
 PREFACE

Estuaries are productive ecosystems of high ecological value. They are important habitats
for various species and those of highest value are protected by national and international
conventions. This book highlights possible pollution impacts in a protected estuarine
ecosystem, Amvrakikos Gulf, considered as one of the most important wetlands in Greece. In
addition, the Changjiang (Yangtze) River is known to contribute significantly to the
ecosystems of the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent waters. In this book, some long-
term data of freshwater discharge, sediment load, nutrient concentrations and compositions in
the river and estuary waters are presented, as well as the long-term response of the ecosystem
in the estuary. Moreover, the literature on modern estuarine diatoms from Argentina is
revised in order to synthesize the available ecological information and to detect possible
modern analogues for Quaternary diatom assemblages. The authors also discuss negative or
inverse estuaries, those where seawater is concentrated by the removal of fresh water, in the
Northern Gulf of California. The challenges facing the sustainable management of
temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) is addressed as well, critical in some cases
because their ecological integrity, biodiversity and nursery function have already been
Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

compromised.
Chapter 1 - Apart from representing the vast majority (71%) of South Africa‟s 258
functional estuaries, temporarily open/closed estuaries (TOCEs) are common in Australia, on
the southeastern coasts of Brazil and Uruguay, the southwestern coasts of India and Sri
Lanka, but are poorly represented in North America, Europe and much of Asia. The regular
change between open and closed mouth phases makes their physico-chemical dynamics more
variable and complicated than that of permanently open estuaries. Mouth states are driven
mainly by interplay between wave or tide driven sediment transport and river inflow. Mouth
closure cuts off tidal exchanges with the ocean, resulting in prolonged periods of lagoonal
conditions during which salinity and temperature stratification may develop, along with
oxygen and nutrient depletion. Mouth breaching occurs when water levels overtop the frontal
berm, usually during high river flow, and may be accompanied by scouring of estuarine
sediment and an increased silt load and turbidity during the outflow phase. Microalgae are
key primary producers in TOCEs, and while phytoplankton biomass in these systems is
usually lower than in permanently open estuaries, microphytobenthic biomass is often much
higher in TOCEs than in permanently open systems. During the closed phase, the absence of
tidal currents, clearer water and greater light penetration can result in the proliferation of
submerged macrophytes. Loss of tidal action and high water levels, however, also result in

Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
 xiv Julian R. Crane and Ashton E. Solomon

the absence or disappearance of mangroves and have adverse effects on salt marsh vegetation.
Zooplankton are primary consumers both in the water-column and within the upper sediment,
due to diel migrations. A prolonged period of TOCE mouth closure leads to poor levels of
zooplankton diversity, but also to the biomass build-up of a few dominant species. Benthic
meiofaunal abundance is usually greater during closed phases and is generally dominated by
nematodes. Macrobenthic densities, and occasionally even biomass, in TOCEs are higher than
in permanently open systems. The dominance of estuarine and estuarine-dependent marine
fish species in TOCEs is an indication of the important nursery function of these systems.
Marine juvenile fish recruit into TOCEs not only when the mouth opens, but also during
marine overwash events when waves from the sea wash over the sand bar at the mouth. The
birds that occur in TOCEs are mostly piscivorous, able to catch a variety of fish species either
from the surface or by diving underwater. Waders are absent or uncommon because of the
infrequent availability of intertidal feeding areas when the mouth is closed. Addressing the
challenges facing the sustainable management of TOCEs is critical, as in some cases their
ecological integrity, biodiversity and nursery function have already been compromised.
Chapter 2 - Diatoms are an important and often dominant component of the microalgal
assemblages in estuarine and shallow coastal environments. Given their ubiquity and strong
relationship with the physical and chemical characteristics of their environment, they have
been used to reconstruct paleoenvironmental changes in coastal settings worldwide. The
quality of the inferences relies upon a deep knowledge on the relationship of modern diatom
species and their ecological requirements, as well as on the taphonomic constrains that can be
affecting their preservation in sediments. In Argentina, information on estuarine diatom
ecology is scattered and fragmentary. Studies on estuarine diatoms from the 20th century have
been mostly restricted to taxonomic descriptions of discrete assemblages. Given the lack of
detailed studies on the distribution of modern diatoms in local estuarine environments and
their relationship with the prevailing environmental conditions, most paleoenvironmental
reconstructions were based on the ecological requirements of European diatoms. However,
studies on diatom distribution along estuarine gradients from Argentina have increased in
Copyright © 2010. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated. All rights reserved.

recent years, constituting a potential source of data for paleoecologists. In this chapter, the
literature on modern estuarine diatoms from Argentina is revised in order to synthesize the
available ecological information and to detect possible modern analogues for Quaternary
diatom assemblages. The main objective is to build bridges between ecology and
paleoecology, and to discuss the reaches and limitations of the different approaches to
diatom-based paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Further studies exploring the relationship
between estuarine diatom distribution and environmental characteristics are necessary in
order to increase the precision of paleoenvironmental inferences in the region and to generate
new hypothesis for further study.
Chapter 3 - This chapter aims to highlight possible pollution impacts in a protected
estuarine ecosystem, Amvrakikos Gulf, considered one of the most important wetlands in
Greece. Although land-based discharges in the area are low, Amvrakikos Gulf receives inputs
by riverine transport, mainly contaminants related to agricultural practices. In order to assess
pollution impacts, biological effects (determined with biomarkers and bioassays) and
contaminant levels were measured in sentinel species (mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis)
over a two-year period. Biomarkers at the sub organism level (Scope for Growth [SFG])
revealed stress conditions and provided early warning signals of possible consequences at
higher levels of biological organization. Biochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase,

Estuaries: Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts : Types, Movement Patterns and Climatical Impacts, Nova Science Publishers,
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Aratus nulla 290

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et

22 Wollten ipsum

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19 jeder aliis

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Und Apollini 25

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