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 Freudian Dictionary

The Freudian Dictionary provides a comprehensive and accessible guide to essential Freudian terms and
concepts. Organized conceptually, the book is grounded in detailed and meticulous readings, and covers the
full range of Freud’s writings and subjects. It also provides an overview of the development, vicissitudes, and
syntheses of Freud’s unique lines of thought.
Contemporary developments in psychoanalytic thought have aspired to surpass their Freudian origins. But
this comprehensive guide to Freud’s work provides a touchstone for those wishing to clarify these roots, and the
foundations of the discipline itself. It will be a valuable companion to psychoanalysts in practice and training
across a range of schools, as well as a reference work for sociologists, artists, philosophers, historians, and other
scholars.

José Luis Valls is a Member of the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA) and a Member of the
Argentine Psychoanalytic Association (APA) with Training Function. He has served as Director of the APA’s
journal Revista de Psicoanálisis, Coordinator of the APA Committee on Ethics, and Director of the APA
History Department for two administrations. He has lectured and taught internationally and has published
numerous articles on Freudian metapsychology and clinical cases. The first edition of the Diccionario Freudiano
[Freudian Dictionary] (2005) was published by Editorial J. Yébenes. His book, Metapsicología y Modernidad, el
Proyecto Freudiano [Metapsychology and Modernity, the Freudian Project] (2004), was published by Editorial
Lugar.
This page intentionally left blank
 Freudian Dictionary
A Comprehensive Guide to Freudian
Concepts

José Luis Valls

Translated by Susan H. Rogers
 First published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 José Luis Valls
The right of José Luis Valls to be identified as the author has been asserted in accordance with
sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or
by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are
used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book
ISBN: 978-0-367-15100-3 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-15103-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-05504-1 (ebk)

Typeset in Times New Roman

by Swales & Willis, Exeter, Devon, UK
To Sari, my wife.
To José,
Gaby,
Ceci,
and Manuel,
our children.
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

Foreword to the first edition

viii

Preface to the English edition

ix

Preface to the first edition

xi

Entries A–Z
1

Index
365
 Foreword to the first edition

Freud’s works, a major contribution in the field of science, extend from the late nineteenth to well into the
twentieth century. The best proof of this contribution is the growing number of Freud scholars and exegetes, and
also of detractors who announce his death, time and again, thereby paradoxically demonstrating his perpetuity.
José Luis Valls is one of those who have dedicated their life to the study of Freudian thought, and his
Dictionary is evidence of an obstinate and reflective passion placed in the service of understanding and
explaining it.
In order to accomplish the enormous task of presenting the full complexity of his teacher’s thought, Valls has
preferred the form of the dictionary in which each of Freud’s concepts is elucidated rigorously within the fabric
of its limitless connections, part of a theoretical corpus that awes us, as he says, by its “theoretical consistency,
audacity, and freedom of spirit”, as much as by its practical effects. Re-thinking clinical work by reviewing
implicit and explicit assumptions that guide it is doubtless a major task for every analyst, from the beginner to
the most experienced. In this effort of constant revision, contact with the numerous aspects of Freud’s ideas
which emerge from the also abundant difficulties presented by his clinical work occupies as fundamental a place
now as it did then.
In his Prologue, Valls tells us that he wants to study Freud by following in his wake, and we must thank him
for this. After many years of returning to the source from the clinical base with an attitude of respectful
meditation, Valls attempts, and in my opinion renders, a faithful approximation to the creator’s vicissitudes
without aiming to impose his own way of thinking.
Valls approaches Freud per via di levare, refusing to subjugate Freud to his own concepts or to update him for
the benefit of any fashionable ideology. The result is the erudition and honesty this book exudes, which does not
imply ignoring that, as Croce said, all history is contemporary history; consequently, any approach to Freud
inevitably proceeds from problems encountered in our times.
Aware of the difficulty of his endeavour and the deviations that could steer him off his course, Valls offers us
his vision of his teacher by situating himself within the works themselves, a position from which he strives for
consistency with their totality.

R. Horacio Etchegoyen
March 3, 1995
 Preface to the English edition

Since Argentine psychoanalysts do not usually publish their books in English, I am proud to do so. This pride
doubtless stems from the unique subject of my text: the works of Freud; that is to say, this pride is due to him
and what he did. Perhaps my innovation is the way I view and think about these works. Despite the large
amount of reading that flies about my head at this point in my life, opening windows and doors, it has been
useful neither to “surpass” nor to forget Freud’s works but instead to re-think them, work on them, and put
them to the test; with the knowledge that his texts, products of Illuminist Modernity, generate a gap in this
scientific positivism; that they are in reality a profound critique of reason which proceeds from reason itself. The
unconscious, his major discovery, shows us the irrational part of our psyche, not as something interesting simply
to think about as an abstract object of curiosity, but as the principal agent of human actions that is operating in
the shadows.
Paradoxically, I consider the origins of psychoanalytic theory to stretch farther back than usually thought;
that is to say, I find these beginnings neither in the Preliminary Communication to the Studies on Hysteria nor
in The Interpretation of Dreams, although the latter could be seen as the origin of Freudian clinical works (in
which Freud always develops theoretical positions fundamental for understanding the functioning of the human
soul). I place the dawn of a theory that develops and becomes more complex, with constant comings and goings,
somewhat more removed in time. I begin with his letters to Fliess and a text later rejected by Freud but saved by
the action of one of his patients and followers, Princess Marie Bonaparte; I share her view that his works
transcended him – she compared him to Plato – and that his writing therefore no longer belonged to him but to
humanity. On this point I agree with her, and I proceed in consequence. The paradox is that, in searching
through the oldest part, we find weapons that enable us to return to the circulation of what is newest. When we
dive into the nineteenth century, we illuminate everything produced in the twentieth, and generate a road to
better understanding of twenty-first-century human beings.
Therefore, the Freudian text with which I begin is the Project for a Scientific Psychology, an eminently
positivist manuscript written in 1895, a theoretical biological-philosophical essay on the human mind, perhaps
excessively ambitious for a young physiologist; I take some of his outstandingly psychological concepts from this
text and place them into the subsequent logic of Freud’s works. This work is therefore not only clinical but also
possesses a theory that, if examined deeply, may reach unsuspected heights of knowledge of psychical
functioning and therefore of human beings. This dictionary contains the main concepts in this text, described
in such a way that the reader may connect and integrate them with the rest of Freud’s works, since their
participation may be read between the lines in his later manner of thinking on a new level. Hence, concepts such
as the experience of satisfaction, his conception of perception, and others participate in this dictionary, since
they are too valuable to be left aside. The same may be said regarding the numbered Fliess papers including the
famed Letter 52 to Fliess. I have also summarized each of Freud’s cases, basically cases of hysteria, from the first
period, as well as many well-known and less famous Freudian concepts, perhaps giving them a new perspective.
Why turn to Freud in our developing twenty-first century? Because we think that the acuity and profundity of
his thinking on the human soul have not been surpassed; further, his concepts may help us to understand the
relation between the biological and the social, thereby giving psychology a new dimension as a product of this
x Preface to the English edition

dialectic. If this dictionary serves to promote and rekindle the reading and re-reading of Freud rather than
replacing it, it will have accomplished its principal task. Now we reach English-language psychoanalysts and
others interested in these topics, people of culture. The works of Freud are presently indispensable for under-
standing human beings; four editions of this text have been published in my native language, Spanish, in which
I can sometimes think. Words serve us, as Freud tells us, not only to communicate with each other, but also to
communicate with ourselves, to know ourselves better. We work with the words of our patients and with our
own. Like the symptoms and suffering of our patients and ourselves, the words that circulate in this dictionary
seek their meaning. The Freudian theory of the human soul gives us an accurate instrument for refinding this
lost meaning. We need only to know it better, then put it to use.

José Luis Valls

 Preface to the first edition

Here again you yourself have said almost all there is to say on the subject. But though you have taken the
wind out of my sails I shall be glad to follow in your wake and content myself with confirming all you have
said by amplifying it to the best of my knowledge – or conjecture.
(Why War?, Einstein and Freud, 1933, p. 203)

Geniuses always take the wind out of our sails, and Freud is no exception. He is by now nearly a century
ahead of us and still gaining ground. His works are quite alive and fresh today, participating in all serious
discussions on human nature in general and on our psyche in particular. The depth of the conceptualiza-
tions, the excellence of the investigations and meticulous observations, the truth and intellectual honesty
they show us, their logical consistency, audacity, and freedom of spirit, and perhaps most importantly, the
practicality of their effects, have made psychoanalysis, his creation, one of the major scientific contributions
of the twentieth century.
Therefore, how could we fail to follow in his wake? One of the objectives of this book is to return to the
source, just as Freud does with his patients, but to return at this time to him; he is now the source, through his
works. This is extremely complex. Therefore, I give the reader my conceptual elaboration of this enormous
complexity in the simplest terms possible while also trying to remain faithful to the spirit of Freudian letters,
“amplifying it to the best of my knowledge – or conjecture”.
Psychoanalysis has grown, probably more than Freud may have imagined and perhaps less than he would
have liked. It has become more complex, has suffered crises, and confusions have been generated: some
theoretical, others political, and even theoretical-political confusions (within the psychoanalytic movement, of
course). At least this is what I experienced as a psychoanalyst. There are diverse tendencies in psychoanalytic
thought today, born from Freudian developments and aspiring to surpass them; they obviously do in some way,
although it is sometimes unclear in what way. On this difficult road, reading Freud has always handed me
a “torch in the darkness”.
I wish to express my gratitude for this, and to offer a sincere tribute to the works that have largely charted the
course of my life.
This text is therefore intended to be a dictionary on the works of Freud, organized conceptually. The
conceptualization is mine, of course; it is the way I understand what Freud writes. It probably includes
elaborations of my own regarding the way of understanding and interrelating different concepts; I’m sure it
does, and this is also doubtless a means of generating movements in science. I hope that this movement of
review will lead to an advance, unlike so many apparent advances which result in intellectual steps backwards.
At the same time, I aim to present an overview of the development, vicissitudes, entries and cross-entries, and
syntheses of the unique thinking I consider Freud’s own; from the Project … to his Moses …, doing my best to
thread together the multiplicity of meanings in the works he wrote, some apparently unconnected.
This means that my intention is not only to provide a detailed list of the places or works in which Freud
mentioned a certain subject, or to what he was referring when he did. It is not to be a priest or the owner of the
xii Preface to the first edition

truth, but instead to display what I consider essential in Freudian thought, bringing it into competition with
other lines of thought on equal terms and at the same table.
This book is not meant to be a monograph on what Freud wrote on diverse subjects in various parts of his
works, although this may sometimes be inevitable, but rather to give the solidest impression possible of how
I conceptualize it after a very long time spent reading, re-reading, thinking, and rethinking his works, having to
answer my students’ questioning, which certainly always provided an incentive; of how I understand, therefore,
certain concepts that may be interpreted diversely (especially by readers outside the field who are unfamiliar
with the logic Freud develops throughout his works) by taking a position hopefully consistent with the totality
of his works; that is to say, by situating myself inside the theory developed by Freud.
I therefore aim to make my position on these subjects especially clear. For this purpose, I include them within
a global logic of Freudian thought, which leads me to need to define all of his concepts or at least those I think
are most important.
However, this conceptualization is not a result of whim but is grounded in my detailed and meticulous reading
which involves the greatest respect for Freud’s writing on each particular subject. For this reason, I have
included quotes whenever they seemed necessary. The quotes from Freud’s text have quotation marks followed
by a parenthesis containing the reference to the work in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological
Works of Sigmund Freud, the year of publication, and the page number.
The references are essentially to works of Freud. The entries [in the English edition] utilize the terms chosen
by James Strachey for the above-mentioned English translation from the original German, with the exception of
“Trieb” which has now been left in German to distinguish it from “instinct”. It is commonly referred to as
“drive”, although Strachey rejected this term.
These works, however, are not the only influence on my thinking. I believe that the contribution of other
authors may doubtless enrich Freud’s thought; this is my intention as an author, although in writing this book
in particular, as I do when “I teach Freud”, I consciously attempt to remove all influence from my elaboration
and make an effort to understand the particular logic of Freudian thought; although I recognize that this goal is
impossible, my intention stands firm.
Internal references to other articles in this work are marked with an asterisk (*); I advise the reader to consult
them in order to grasp more clearly the way I interconnect these concepts.
The overall summary of the development of the concepts discussed by Freud is partly self-evident (or so
I hope) and partly arguable (and I also hope so): it is for the reader to decide how well I have succeeded.
My highest objective for this book is to destroy the myth surrounding the Freudian creation for psycho-
analysts and others, considering it just as I would any other scientific work: neither absolute truth nor absolute
falsehood, but rather a scientific hypothesis having levels of truth and error and its own profound logic; and
from this position, to discuss it exhaustively, “in his wake”, attempting to preserve its creator’s conceptual
clarity, deepening its depth, delving into it, but never jumping over it.
In conclusion, my objectives are quite ambitious, probably excessively so. If some are attained, I believe my
endeavour to be fully justified.

José Luis Valls

 A
ABASIA greatest intensity. In this area the skin and
muscles were also particularly sensitive to
Ger.: Abasie. – Sp.: abasia. – Fr.: abasie. – It.:
pressure and pinching (though the prick of a
abasia. – Port.: abasia.
needle was, if anything, met with a certain
This term refers to a type of affection charac-
amount of unconcern). This hyperalgesia of
teristic of conversion hysteria*, although it is
the skin and muscles was not restricted to
also found in some neurological disorders. It
this area but could be observed more or less
consists of great difficulty in walking which
over the whole of both legs. The muscles
may even make it absolutely impossible even
were perhaps even more sensitive to pain
without paralysis of the lower limbs, the patient
than the skin; but there could be no question
being able to perform correctly other types of
that the thighs were the parts most sensitive
movement. It is the predominant symptom* of
to both these kinds of pain. The motor
Elisabeth von R.*, one of the most famous
power of the legs could not be described as
patients of Freud’s early period.
small, and the reflexes were of medium
[Fräulein Elisabeth von R.] … had been suf- strength. There were no other symptoms, so
fering for more than two years from pains in that there was no ground for suspecting the
her legs and … had difficulties in walking … presence of any serious organic affection.
She walked with the upper part of her body The disorder had developed gradually
bent forward, but without making use of any during the previous two years and varied
support. Her gait was not of any recognized greatly in intensity.
pathological type, and moreover was by no (1895d, pp. 135–6)
means strikingly bad. All that was apparent In the case history of “Elisabeth von R.”, Freud
was that she complained of great pain in was able to reconstruct quite exhaustively each
walking and of being quickly overcome by element of hysterical conversion corresponding
fatigue both in walking and in standing, and to its associative part and to connect them with
that after a short time she had to rest, which different moments in which, through those ele-
lessened the pains but did not do away with ments, hysterogenic zones* had formed a certain
them altogether. The pain was of an indefi- type of connection with her sister’s husband. All
nite character; I gathered that it was some- formed part of a global incestuous phantasy, far
thing in the nature of a painful fatigue. A from the conscious, in the relationship with this
fairly large, ill-defined area of the anterior brother-in-law towards which her paralysis sym-
surface of the right thigh was indicated as bolically expressed a linguistic expression: “not
the focus of the pains, from which they most being able to take a single step forward” (1895d,
often radiated and where they reached their p. 176).
2 ABREACTION

During treatment the cure of hysterical memory of the event by which it was pro-
symptoms is produced when all these trau- voked and in arousing its accompanying
matic events (in this case conflictive rather affect, and when the patient had described
than traumatic) return to conscious memory that event in the greatest possible detail and
cathected with moments of libidinal hyperex- had put the affect into words.
citation (the subject’s hyperexcitability could (S.E. 2, p. 6)
make them traumatic) as proof of their par-
Abreaction consisted of discharge of the retained
ticipation in a global incestuous idea (hyper-
affect together with the presentation* responsible
excitation is therefore produced by the
for it, which had been separated from the con-
incestuous character of primarily repressed
scious* when the symptom* formed, at which
infantile sexuality*).
time it was relegated to a “second conscious-
Through analysis, the symptom’s meaning
ness”. It was retrieved through hypnosis. When
enters the secondary process*, after which the
the traumatic scene was then remembered and
wish* may be expressed in words and dis-
verbalized, the corresponding affect that for dif-
charged by abreaction*. Consequently, sympto-
ferent causes had not been discharged at the time
matic bodily expression is no longer necessary.
was “abreacted”.
The symptom’s meaning has two aspects: as a
Once the affect has been obtained, the trau-
mnemic symbol* of events that produced excita-
matic scene loses its pathogenic value, becom-
tion or contiguities with it, leaving behind hyper-
ing identical to another presentation, and the
algesia or anaesthesia in these hysterogenic zones.
symptom consequently ceases.
The other aspect is its global quality, its blocking
We therefore define abreaction as an actual
action as an anticathexis* of the incestuous wish
affective discharge produced during the cure of
of which love for her brother-in-law is a deriva-
an affect corresponding to a psychical trauma
tive too close for the patient’s psyche. Her astasia-
from the past, not discharged at that time but
abasia, a motor disorder opposing the repressed
meanwhile persisting in a second consciousness,
wish, corresponds to this fact. It is a metaphor
far from associative commerce, a position from
whose meaning is the opposite of satisfaction of
which it generated symptoms and hysterical
the wish, in favour of defensive ego repression*.
attacks*.
The basic scheme, though mainly centred on
ABREACTION re-experiencing the traumatic scene with affec-
tive discharge and recollection*, did not include
Ger.: Abreagieren. – Sp.: abreacción. – Fr.:
its working through since the concept of uncon-
abréaction. – It.: abreazione. – Port.: ab-reação.
scious* had not yet acquired conceptual clarity
This is the major mechanism of the psychother-
(it is mistaken for the preconscious*, for exam-
apeutic cure proposed by Breuer and Freud in
ple) but operated instead through what he calls
the “Preliminary Communication” (On the Psy-
the “second consciousness”; it is nevertheless
chical Mechanism of Hysterical Phenomena:
quite similar to Freud’s elaborations in the first
Preliminary Communication, 1893).
and even the second topic.
The cure consisted basically of verbal expres-
It also follows important psychoanalytic
sion of the repressed traumatic event associated
rules such as making conscious the unconscious
with liberation of the affect* repressed at the time
and filling in some mnemic lacunae.
of the trauma*, neither of which was accessible to
The centre of the scene is occupied by symp-
memory* in normal waking life. To induce their
tomatic relief, a place from which it was
re-experience, the technique most utilized was
removed over time, perhaps too far, so that
hypnosis:
now it is important to recall this modification
each individual hysterical symptom immedi- in order to restore it to its proper place in the
ately and permanently disappeared when we mechanism of the cure by a new “turn of the
had succeeded in bringing clearly to light the screw”.
 ABSTRACT THOUGHT 3

ABSTINENCE the only situation of this kind that may arise and
may require abstinence. Any situation that
Ger.: Abstinenz. – Sp.: abstinencia. – Fr.: absti-
would involve any degree of intimacy or that
nence. – It.: astinenza. – Port.: abstinência.
belongs more to the terrain of action* than of
This refers to a fundamental technical rule of
words requires it as well. It depends on the
psychoanalysis by which the psychoanalyst
analyst’s skill in each particular case to recog-
must avoid any action that may serve to satisfy
nize it and bring it back to the terrain of words,
the patient’s repressed wishes* during and
thereby returning it to psychoanalytic terrain
within the analytic process. Freud stipulates:
par excellence. Therefore, the rule of abstinence
“Analytic treatment should be carried through,
pertains to psychoanalytic technique* and hence
as far as is possible, under privation – in a state
to the ethics* of treatment.
of abstinence” (Lines of Advance in Psycho-
Analytic Therapy, 1919, p. 162).
The psychoanalytic function is to induce the
patient to speak and to help the patient to make
ABSTRACT THOUGHT
conscious these unconscious wishes. The terrain Ger.: Abstraktes Denken. – Sp.: pensamiento
of the cure must remain in the domain of words. abstracto. – Fr.: pensée abstraite. – It.: pensiero
The wish* must remain in the terrain of uncon- astratto. – Port.: pensamento abstrato.
scious fantasy* and not be put into action; the This type of thought* is first achieved with the
analytic function is to transform it into words appearance of words and later when their
and thereby make it apt for thinking and work- degree of binding* is greater (compared to
ing through. A part of it always remains unsa- common thought*). It is the highest level of
tisfied and provides a motor for analysis. If it theoretical thought, rising above action and
were put into action without words, it would words, and separating from what it represents,
become a repetition* of a repressed scene of sometimes so much so that it risks loss of its
infantile sexuality* and would most likely be distinction from the thing as in schizophrenic
traumatic for the patient. But most importantly, thought (The Unconscious, 1915).
it would lead to impossibility for the cure. This type of thought gives priority to meta-
The strictest abstinence is recommended when phors and symbols in its functioning, and
transference love* appears at some moment in a ignores more concrete and direct meanings,
person’s analysis, and the analyst seemingly choosing others that encompass the former but
faces two possible alternatives: (1) to interrupt take them further and expand them.
the treatment (only a momentary solution, but The ability for abstraction, the most complex
not for the patient’s cure, since the patient will level of thought activity, is acquired in adoles-
probably repeat the same situation with another cence; although it is separate from immediate
therapist, having missed this opportunity to action, it may promote and produce it in the
understand unconscious complexes that have long term in an individual or human group.
determined his or her history, which is no less The person who has thought it needs to ded-
than the history of psychical structuring); (2) to icate arduous ego work to make it understood
respond affirmatively to the patient’s demands on this level due to the high levels of complex-
(with which a new love match could be formed, ity it may reach. It may also come to nothing,
but the possibility of cure would be interrupted especially when the distance from concrete
as it would be in the first alternative). Freud meanings is very great. Or it may be utilized as
describes a third alternative for this awkward rationalization* attempting to withdraw from
situation that may arise. This third solution is what is real. What is real is generated by
simply to continue with the analysis, considering experiences with things* and traces left by
the patient’s demand as simply another element them in the psychical apparatus*: thing-presen-
of resistance*, also unconscious to the patient’s tations* which must ultimately provide the
conscious knowledge. Transference love is not underpinnings for all levels of thought.
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