(Ebook) Military Innovation in Türkiye : An

Overview of the Post-Cold War Era by Bar■■ Ate■ ISBN

9781003327127, 9781000834147, 9781000834178,
9781032354910, 9781032354934, 1003327125,
100083414X, 1000834174, 1032354917 Pdf Download

https://ebooknice.com/product/military-innovation-in-turkiye-an-
overview-of-the-post-cold-war-era-50106942

★★★★★
4.7 out of 5.0 (43 reviews )

Instant PDF Download

ebooknice.com
 (Ebook) Military Innovation in Türkiye : An Overview of the
Post-Cold War Era by Bar■■ Ate■ ISBN 9781003327127,
9781000834147, 9781000834178, 9781032354910, 9781032354934,
1003327125, 100083414X, 1000834174, 1032354917 Pdf Download

EBOOK

Available Formats

■ PDF eBook Study Guide Ebook

EXCLUSIVE 2025 EDUCATIONAL COLLECTION - LIMITED TIME

INSTANT DOWNLOAD VIEW LIBRARY

We have selected some products that you may be interested in
Click the link to download now or visit ebooknice.com
for more options!.

(Ebook) Biota Grow 2C gather 2C cook by Loucas, Jason; Viles,

James ISBN 9781459699816, 9781743365571, 9781925268492,
1459699815, 1743365578, 1925268497

https://ebooknice.com/product/biota-grow-2c-gather-2c-cook-6661374

(Ebook) Matematik 5000+ Kurs 2c Lärobok by Lena Alfredsson, Hans

Heikne, Sanna Bodemyr ISBN 9789127456600, 9127456609

https://ebooknice.com/product/matematik-5000-kurs-2c-larobok-23848312

(Ebook) SAT II Success MATH 1C and 2C 2002 (Peterson's SAT II

Success) by Peterson's ISBN 9780768906677, 0768906679

https://ebooknice.com/product/sat-ii-success-math-1c-and-2c-2002-peterson-
s-sat-ii-success-1722018

(Ebook) Master SAT II Math 1c and 2c 4th ed (Arco Master the SAT
Subject Test: Math Levels 1 & 2) by Arco ISBN 9780768923049,
0768923042

https://ebooknice.com/product/master-sat-ii-math-1c-and-2c-4th-ed-arco-
master-the-sat-subject-test-math-levels-1-2-2326094
(Ebook) Cambridge IGCSE and O Level History Workbook 2C - Depth
Study: the United States, 1919-41 2nd Edition by Benjamin
Harrison ISBN 9781398375147, 9781398375048, 1398375144,
1398375047
https://ebooknice.com/product/cambridge-igcse-and-o-level-history-
workbook-2c-depth-study-the-united-states-1919-41-2nd-edition-53538044

(Ebook) Grandmaster Repertoire 5: The English Opening 1.c4 c5 -

Volume Three by Mihail Marin ISBN 9781906552596, 1906552592

https://ebooknice.com/product/grandmaster-repertoire-5-the-english-
opening-1-c4-c5-volume-three-2112606

(Ebook) The Modern English 1.c4 c5, 1...Nf6, 1...e6, Volume 2 by

Kiril Georgiev, Semko Semkov ISBN 9786197188233, 6197188236

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-modern-
english-1-c4-c5-1-nf6-1-e6-volume-2-53518506

(Ebook) Military Unionism In The Post-Cold War Era: A future

Reality? (Cass Military Studies) by Lindy Heinecken, Richard
Bartle ISBN 9780415385336, 0415385334

https://ebooknice.com/product/military-unionism-in-the-post-cold-war-era-a-
future-reality-cass-military-studies-1925992

(Ebook) The Politics of Peacekeeping in the Post-Cold War Era

(Cass Series on Peacekeeping, 17) by David Sorenson ISBN
9780714655963, 0714655961

https://ebooknice.com/product/the-politics-of-peacekeeping-in-the-post-
cold-war-era-cass-series-on-peacekeeping-17-1799534
Military Innovation in Türkiye

This book explores Turkish military innovation since the Cold War. The major
questions addressed are how Türkiye has been able to innovate, the produc-
tion of new weapon systems, its philosophical background, how the country
overcame bureaucratic and economic obstacles, and how these innovations
resonated in military doctrine and organization.
Focusing on two main defense industry projects that trigger an overall
change in the military doctrine and organization, the text examines the inno-
vative inclinations of the Turkish military realm and reveals the societal, eco-
nomic and political consequences of military innovation. This book fills a
gap in the literature by providing an interdisciplinary and comprehensive
overview of Turkish military innovation. Contributors include those involved
in and affected by the military innovation process, as well as scholars who
monitor the process using primary sources.
Military Innovation in Türkiye will appeal to academics, politicians and
military professionals interested in understanding the evolution of the
Turkish military.

Barış Ateş is an assistant professor at the Atatürk Institute of Strategic

Studies (ATASAREN). He earned his PhD from Gazi University. His
research focuses on military innovation, professional military education, and
the sociology of the military profession. His research papers have appeared
in international journals such as Armed Forces and Society, İstanbul Journal
of Sociology and Turkish Journal of War Studies.
Routledge Military and Strategic Studies on the Middle East
and North Africa

This series includes cutting edge research titles that study the use of force in
the Middle East and North Africa. Topics to be covered include defence,
terrorism, warfare, security studies, peace keeping, territorial claims and
military innovation in these regions.

Military Innovation in Türkiye

An Overview of the Post-Cold War Era
Edited by Barış Ateş

For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/

middleeaststudies/series/MSSMENA
Military Innovation in Türkiye
An Overview of the Post-Cold War Era

Edited by Barış Ateş

First published 2023
by Routledge
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
605 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10158
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
business
© 2023 selection and editorial matter, Barış Ateş; individual chapters,
the contributors
The right of Barış Ateş to be identified as the author of the editorial
material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been
asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright,
Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or
reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical,
or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including
photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or
retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN: 978-1-032-35491-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-35493-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32712-7 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003327127
Typeset in Times New Roman
by SPi Technologies India Pvt Ltd (Straive)
To the innovators,
both civilian and military
Contents

List of Illustrations ix
Foreword x
Acknowledgments xi
Notes on the Contributors xiii

Introduction: Turkish Versus Western Military Innovation 1

BARIŞ ATEŞ

1 Turks’ Pragmatic Solutions: The Philosophy

Behind Defense Technology 16
ÖZGÜR KÖRPE

2 The Turkish Defense Industry in the Post-Cold War Era:

Bound to Emerge 34
TOLGA ÖZ

3 Breaking Down Bureaucratic Politics in the Turkish Aerial

Defense Industry: From Hürkuş to Bayraktar 56
MEHMET MERT ÇAM

4 The Flagship of the Turkish Defense Industry:

The Route to MIL ̇ GEM 76
KEMAL EKER

5 From Systemic Emulation to Military Innovation:

Turkish Drones and International Politics 96
BAYBARS ÖĞÜN
viii Contents
6 Military Innovation in the Context of Irregular Warfare:
The British, American, and Turkish Militaries 123
EMRAH ÖZDEMİR

7 The Transformation of the Turkish Armed Forces:

Lessons Learned in Counterterrorism Operations 150
TOLGA ÖKTEN

8 Military Innovation and Turkish Society:

Toward a Post-Heroic Warfare? 171
BARIŞ ATEŞ

9 Quick-Impact Approach in Information Warfare:

Turkish Experience 188
DAĞHAN YET

Conclusion: The Manifest and Latent Sources of

Turkish Military Innovation 203
BARIŞ ATEŞ

Index212
Illustrations

Figures
1.1 Türkiye’s Symbiotic Defense Industry Production Mechanism 23
1.2 Türkiye’s Pragmatic and Deterministic Defense Industry
Production Mechanism 27
2.1 2019 Annual Share of NATO Countries’ Equipment and
R&D as a Percentage of Defense Expenditure 38
5.1 The Concept of Military Innovation 106
5.2 The Cycle of Emulation to Military Innovation 107
7.1 Number of Security Forces Used 159
7.2 Number of Clashes Between Security Organizations and
PKK/KCK 160
9.1 The Quick-Impact Approach 194

Tables
2.1 Defense Expenditures of Türkiye and Neighboring Countries 39
2.2 A Comparison of the Defense Statistics for 1990 and 2020 41
2.3 Defense Industry Clusters in Türkiye 47
2.4 Turkish Defense Industry Employment Figures 48
10.1 The Factors, Enablers, and Objectives in Turkish Military
Innovation 210
Foreword

One of the most frequently quoted dictums that readers of military innova-
tion come across is that generals often prepare for the last war and that is why
armies pay a heavy price in the next war. Evidently there is a kernel of truth
within this dictum, but most armies do nothing, and they certainly end up
repeating most of the same mistakes.
Willingness to examine recent military performance with a critical eye is a
very rare talent. Therefore, I must praise the editor and authors of this book
for their courage in critically examining military innovation in Türkiye. The
Turkish Armed Forces are famous for their culture of disciplined obedience,
rigidity, and being slow to change. Additionally, the Turks do not like to
discuss their military matters openly and frankly in public. Bringing Turkish
military innovation to public debate, alone, is an important contribution.
The demand for military innovation in Türkiye has been stimulated by an
uncertain future, frequent restrictions of arms sales, and even occasional
embargos by the USA and European countries. Although access to funding
and resources, rapid changes in domestic politics, and societal influences put
serious barriers and limits on innovation, nevertheless, the Turks have
achieved remarkable success in some areas. The chapters in this book not
only provide essential information about innovation in Türkiye, but also
explore the complexities and ambiguities.
Having edited collections of essays on military history and war studies and
contributed chapters to other edited works, I am well aware of the challenges
facing editors. Dr. Ateş does a terrific job as an editor by achieving a coherent
structure and presenting fresh and original work to readers.
I cannot say that I agree with all the statements and findings of the authors,
but they are in any case to be commended for the valuable insight and critical
judgment they have brought to the subject. I believe the book as a whole will
provide scholars and interested readers with a better understanding of mili-
tary innovation in Türkiye.
April 17, 2022
Mesut Uyar, PhD, PD.
Professor of International Relations
Antalya Bilim University
Acknowledgments

I began researching military innovation during my doctorate in 2009. Reform,

modernization, or restructuring were popular notions in Türkiye at the time;
however, the same cannot be said for military innovation. In fact, I could not
locate a single Turkish study that bore this title. Today’s situation is not sig-
nificantly different. Türkiye, which has considerably more intense military
engagement and related experience than most other NATO countries, does
not reflect the practice in academia. This book arose from a need during a
period when the gap between practice and theory has been widening. First,
the coup attempt, then counterterrorism operations, and finally, military
operations in Syria and Libya received worldwide attention. This interest
dramatically increased with the use of Turkish-made weapon systems during
the Karabakh War. Finally, people witnessed Turkish-made armed drones in
action in the Ukraine War during the publication phase of this book.
However, this curiosity is not fully understood due to two overreactions: it is
either used as black propaganda material against Türkiye or, on the contrary,
embellished with a heroic narrative to praise the country and its armed forces.
It is fair to say that a few studies have looked into just the visible aspects of
Turkish military innovation. However, these mainly mention armed drones
and other weapons and equipment, but does Turkish military innovation
solely consist of these aspects? How was innovation achieved? What were the
results? To answer these questions, civilian and military experts held their
first meeting two years ago at the Atatürk Institute of Strategic Studies
(ATASAREN), Turkish National Defence University İstanbul. This is the
first product of a modest step toward understanding Turkish military innova-
tion, and we hope that it will inspire further research.
I would like to thank the contributors for their persistent dedication to
completing the book on schedule. I also thank Mesut Uyar, who read this
entire volume, contributed to its development with his advice, and showed
kindness in writing a foreword. I also thank Beyzanur Arslan for her valuable
contributions to improving the book.
I would also like to express my gratitude to Routledge’s professional team,
acquisitions editor James Whiting, and editorial assistants Euan Rice-Coates
and Elizabeth Hart, for ensuring a smooth and instructive publishing process
for me.
xii Acknowledgments
As a soldier-scholar who has been constantly away from home, nothing
would have been possible without the love and faith of my wife and daughter,
to whom I am eternally thankful. The views stated in this book are those of
the individual authors.
May 13, 2022
Barış Ateş
ATASAREN
Notes on the Contributors

Barış Ateş is an assistant professor at the Atatürk Institute of Strategic

Studies (ATASAREN). He earned his PhD from Gazi University. His
research focuses on military innovation, professional military education,
and the sociology of the military profession. His research papers have
appeared in international journals such as Armed Forces and Society, the
İstanbul Journal of Sociology, and the Turkish Journal of War Studies.
Mehmet Mert Çam is a research assistant at the Department of International
Relations and Regional Studies, National Defence University. His research
focuses on United States foreign policy and grand strategy studies. He
graduated from St. George’s Austrian High School. He earned his bache-
lor’s degree in international relations at İstanbul Commercial University
and his master’s degree in war history and strategy from the Turkish War
Academy. He is currently a PhD candidate in the Department of
International Relations and Regional Studies, National Defence
University.
Kemal Eker is head of the International Education and Cooperation Branch
at Turkish National Defence University in İstanbul. He holds MA degrees
in the science of strategy from Gebze Technical University and a PhD
from Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir. His research includes naval warfare
history, maritime strategy, history of communication technology, interna-
tional migration, and political history.
Özgür Körpe is an assistant professor of military strategy at Army War
College, İstanbul. He holds a BS from the Turkish Military Academy, MA
degrees from the Strategic Research Institute and the Army War College,
and a PhD from Yıldız Technical University. He has published books and
articles on international security, strategy, and military planning on vari-
ous platforms including Military Review.
Baybars Öğün is a research assistant at Ahi Evran University’s International
Relations Department in Türkiye. He earned his bachelor’s degree from
Yeditepe University, and master’s and doctoral degrees from Gazi
University. His research includes international relations (IR) theory,
xiv Notes on the Contributors
Turkish foreign policy, and foreign policy analyses. He is also interested in
political philosophy and political history.
Tolga Ökten is an instructor of Intelligence Studies at the Turkish National
Defence University. His professional experience is on counterterrorism
and counterintelligence. As a research fellow, he also worked at the Center
for Strategic Research of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and at the
NATO Centre of Excellence; Defence Against Terrorism. His research
includes the conduct of war, intelligence, and terrorism.
Tolga Öz is an associate professor and the Vice-Rector at the University of
Mediterranean Karpasia in the Turkish Republic of North Cyprus. His
research involves the transformation of the Turkish defense industry, spe-
cifically after the Cold War era. He has published in journals such as the
Journal of Applied Security Research, the Journal of Defense Resources
Management (JoDRM), and the Journal of Security Studies. His research
areas include: the defense industry, defense management, supply chain
management, logistics management, aviation management, project man-
agement, and war studies.
Emrah Özdemir is an associate professor of international relations at National
Defence University. He has a PhD in politics from the Department of
Political and Cultural Studies at Swansea University, Wales. His research
includes global politics, security studies, and war studies, specifically irreg-
ular warfare, and post-conflict reconstruction. He has published articles in
journals such as Interventions: Postcolonial Studies, Syrian Studies, E-IR,
Independent Arabia, and LSE South Asia Centre Blog, as well as chapters
in books such as Routledge Handbook of Peace, Security, and Development,
the Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace, and Conflict (3rd ed.), and The Future
of the Middle East.
Dağhan Yet is a research assistant at the ATASAREN Institute. He holds a
BA from Koç University International Relations Department, MA degrees
from both Boğaziçi University International Relations Department and
National Defense University War Studies Department, and is currently
continuing his PhD at the ATASAREN Institute. His research includes
the philosophy of war, types of war, and strategy. In addition, he is an
instructor in hybrid war at the War Studies Department.
Introduction
Turkish Versus Western Military Innovation
Barış Ateş

Introduction
Although military innovation studies began in the 1980s, real momentum
started with the end of the Cold War. This was inevitable at this point because
of the enormous pressure on armies to change, especially in Europe. During
the Cold War era of a bipolar world order, where the threats and risks were
obvious and predictable, states relied on mass armies supported by nuclear
power. While offering nuclear security to their allies at the time, the United
States and the Soviet Union demanded that they should maintain massive,
mostly conscription-based armies to defend their national borders. After the
collapse of the Soviet Union, conventional threats for continental Europe
were replaced with smaller, unspecified risks (as opposed to obvious and pre-
dictable) that could originate from any part of the world. This led to the need
for small but highly effective armies which could be mobilized quickly. In
addition, societal factors, such as increasing levels of sensitivity toward casu-
alties and conscientious objectors, also compelled armies to change. In this
process, advanced technological weapon systems were a way to fill the emerg-
ing gap. Prioritizing peacekeeping operations over conventional warfare,
these armies also had to professionalize.
However, it cannot be asserted that this process was carried out similarly in
Türkiye. Various factors, including its geographical location and proximity to
the endless conflicts of the Middle East, its different cultural and social char-
acteristics, and most importantly it being the only NATO country fighting
against a terrorist organization that threatens its territorial integrity have all
caused military innovation to follow a different path in Türkiye. This is the
book’s precise objective: to explore and explain the Turkish military innova-
tion process during the post-Cold War era. Of course, arguing that military
innovation has only affected the military is not accurate. The effects of this
change can be observed in various domains, from Türkiye’s society to its
international relations and economics.
How Türkiye has been able to produce new weapon systems, how those
systems have affected its military organizational structure and doctrine, the
philosophical background, how Türkiye has overcome bureaucratic and eco-
nomic obstacles, and how these innovations resonate in other areas have not

DOI: 10.4324/9781003327127-1
2 Barış Ateş
yet garnered the desired attention. Meanwhile, studies from Western scholars
on developed Western countries have gained momentum since the end of the
Cold War in particular, and have examined these countries’ military innova-
tion in detail. In fact, not just political scientists and international relations
experts, but also sociologists, economists, and historians have increased their
interest in military innovation studies. Therefore, making Türkiye’s military
innovation movement the subject of a similar study has become a necessity
for both academics, practitioners, and decision-makers.
Although Turkish military innovation has received more attention in recent
years, this has been the result of projects and investments that date back much
earlier. For instance, the production process of drones (UAVs) goes back at
least two decades. However, new technology, as always, is expected to prove
itself on the battlefield in order to be accepted by both soldiers and the rest of
society. This opportunity has emerged recently in anti-terrorist operations
within Türkiye and in the conflicts in Syria, Libya, and Nagorno-Karabakh.
Since the Karabakh War in particular, this technology has begun to be dis-
cussed in international media and academic circles. In addition, the MİLGEM
[National Warship] Project, which has gone through a production and develop-
ment process as challenging as UAVs, as well as the missile systems and radars
able to be used on this platform, have also been a focus of interest. Moreover,
advanced electronic warfare systems; surface-to-surface, air-to-air, and air-to-
surface missile systems; thermal imaging systems; tanks and artillery; and light
weapons systems are also overwhelmingly indigenously developed.
The above explanations may allow one to conclude that military innova-
tion in Türkiye has only involved technological advancements, and to some
extent this might be an accurate inference. However, one should note that this
book attempts to review Turkish military innovation from a broad perspec-
tive. The high profile of technological innovation is related to its results being
clearly seen and attracting attention, both in Türkiye and the world. However,
the academics’ task is to provide a deeper understanding of the background
factors. Therefore, this study aims to reveal the cause-effect relationship of
military innovation in different spheres such as society, international rela-
tions, and the defense industry.

What Is Military Innovation?

Although military innovation efforts have been the subject of many academic
studies, no consensus currently exists in the international literature regarding
how to define these processes of change. In a quick review of the existing
literature, various terms such as ‘reform’, ‘change’, ‘transformation’, ‘mod-
ernization’, ‘restructuring’, ‘adaptation’, and ‘innovation’ are used to describe
the process. In parallel with this, the Turkish literature reflects the same ambi-
guity which does not just result in simple conceptual confusion. Each term
can be perceived in different ways by individuals and institutions, and right
from the start this leads to an incomplete or erroneous assessment of the
processes of change.
 Introduction 3
To define the scope of the book, the terms ‘transformation’, ‘innovation’,
and ‘change’ need to be clarified. Elinor Sloan, who has studied the transfor-
mation process of the US military, explains ‘transformation’ as a marked
change in shape or quality, usually for the better. According to Sloan, today’s
concept of military transformation is actually the transformation of the con-
cept of military technical revolution (MTR), which gained momentum in the
1980s, to the concept of the revolution in military affairs (RMA) in the 1990s,
which then began being called military transformation at the beginning of
the 21st century. One of the reasons for this change of terminology is that
‘revolution’ as a concept leads to high expectations. Therefore, the more mod-
est term ‘transformation’ has been used.1
On the other hand, ‘change’ and ‘innovation’ are more inclusive concepts
that are used in a more general framework. However, these terms can be used
interchangeably. For example, Posen regards innovation as a significant
change.2 Zisk interprets doctrinal innovation as “a major shift in how mili-
tary planners conceptualize and prepare for future war”.3 Rosen defines mil-
itary innovation as “a significant change in the organization of armies for
war and the way of fighting or the creation of a new combat branch”.4 In
short, change is emphasized as needing to be comprehensive.
Another expert focusing on the magnitude of change is Grissom, who
argues that in order for one to speak of true innovation, changes must directly
impact combat units, and therefore, administrative or bureaucratic changes
should not be considered as an innovation. Grissom’s second criterion is
related to the scope and impact of the change. Accordingly, small-scale
reform movements with uncertain effects on the system should not be
accepted as actual innovation. Finally, the change must provide a significant
increase in military effectiveness. Thus, Grissom defines innovation as “a
change in operational practices that provides a large increase in military
effectiveness can be measured on the battlefield”.5 These definitions focus on
the magnitude of change and reveal that Grissom, Posen, Zisk, and Rosen
have not clearly distinguished between the terms ‘innovation’ and ‘change’
but instead use the concepts interchangeably.
Although Farrell and Terriff focus, like the others, on the difference
between large and small change, they have defined ‘change’ and ‘innovation’
within clear boundaries. According to the authors, military change means
“change in the objectives, actual strategies, and/or organizational structure
of a military organization”.6 Small military change is less important because
it has less resource impact on the military organization and state. Moreover,
minor changes have less impact on international security as they do not
involve adopting new military objectives, strategies, or structures. However,
unlike the other authors, Farrell and Terriff accept and define the concept of
innovation as one of three ways in which military change takes place, the
other two being adaptation and emulation:

Innovation involves developing new military technologies, tactics, strate-

gies, and structures. Adaptation involves adjusting existing military
4 Barış Ateş
means and methods. Adaptation can, and often does, lead to innovation
when multiple adjustments over time gradually lead to the evolution of
new means and methods. Last, emulation involves importing new tools
and ways of war through imitation of other military organizations. It is
only when these new military means and methods result in new organiza-
tional goals, strategies, and structures that innovation, adaptation, and
emulation lead to major military change.7

In short, innovation and major change are not synonymous for Farrell and
Terriff. ‘Innovation’ is a method, and ‘change’ is a general term used to define
the process and result. Accordingly, the main determinant is the addition of
something new into the system. On the contrary, Sinterniklaas argues that
innovation and adaptation are not easily distinguishable. He defines ‘adapta-
tion’ as any sudden or gradual change in the way the military operates in
response to the perceived or expected environment. ‘Innovation’, on the other
hand, must have new concepts, methods, or new elements, such as weapon
systems or other technologies. However, the concepts of adaptation and
innovation are intertwined, and the distinction becomes controversial as no
clear definition of newness exists.8
In light of the above discussions, this study also adopts the semantic
meaning of ‘innovation’ that has been used extensively in recent years. Thus,
‘innovation’ can mean something that has never been discovered or imple-
mented before as well as meaning something that makes changes to the
existing structure.9 In addition, every innovation more or less brings a
change, but not every change can be said to involve innovation. For exam-
ple, an organization may readopt a past process that had been shelved for
some reason. This case also involves a change, but lacks innovation.
Moreover, innovation must encompass critical military components such as
doctrine, organization, culture, or equipment. As the above-mentioned
experts emphasize, innovation must be large-scale. Therefore, I consider
‘innovation’ to be defined as movements that change all components of the
military (i.e., doctrine, organization, technology, and culture) in order to
acquire new capabilities or improve existing ones. The impact factor for each
component might not be at the same level (e.g., organizational change might
be major, but cultural change might be minor) depending on the nature and
objective of innovation. However, their cumulative effect can be defined as
‘innovation’.
In the case of Türkiye, many small-scale adaptation movements have
spread gradually over time, as well as innovation movements that have
emerged with sudden abrupt leaps. In general, small-scale movements are
inconspicuous and only able to affect a small part of an entire organization.
For example, personnel protection measures against mines in counterterror-
ism operations concern only ground troops, and even then just a small por-
tion of these. In order to spread these innovations to the entire organization,
additional conditions need to be created; however, the change here is gradual
as these conditions differ in time and space. Meanwhile, the use of UAVs can
 Introduction 5
change the entire military. Moreover, as this doctrinal change is based on
battle-tested results, potential opponents within the organization have no
opportunity to resist. However, if Türkiye had not experienced 40 years of
terrorism threats or if no wars, such as Syria or Karabakh, had occurred,
perhaps UAVs’ current form would have reached nothing more than simple
surveillance tools and thus not have been adopted at the same level. As a
result, opportunities or challenging conditions need to be experienced before
innovative methods are embraced.

Why Do Militaries Innovate?

Armies are claimed to be the most affected by national and international
developments and must somehow keep up with them.10 However, the first
thing that comes to mind regarding armies is that they are large, traditional,
closed-off structures that are resistant to change.11 Of course, that militaries
(whose main task is to fight, although they rarely do) are bound to their tra-
ditions and resistant to change should be considered normal. Analogies with
other occupational groups may provide a better understanding of the sub-
ject. For example, throughout their careers, a surgeon carries out hundreds of
operations, a teacher gives thousands of hours of lectures, and a cook pre-
pares hundreds of different kinds of food. However, soldiers rarely partici-
pate in conflict or war, yet these are the main purpose for their existence
throughout their careers; some armies experience no war or conflict at all.
Therefore, soldiers and militaries do not have much reason to change.
Nevertheless, armies continue changing despite their lack of battlefield
experience, and this tendency has drawn researchers’ attention. As a result,
military innovation research started in the 1980s, and the academic efforts
that continued afterward have helped to reveal many of the factors that trig-
ger innovation. Nonetheless, a generally accepted list has not yet been agreed
on this subject. A recent study from Sinterniklaas sought to recapture tech-
nology, theater of operations, civil-military relations, international alliances
and domestic politics, cultural values, and leadership as the key factors driv-
ing change.12 However, this list does not mean the debate is over.
According to Barry R. Posen, the distribution of power within an organi-
zation also creates vested rights for employees. Therefore, individuals tend to
oppose change within their organization as this will often be to the detriment
of their vested rights. A similar problem exists in armies, as change may affect
the vested rights of the officer corps. In addition to these problems, armies
rarely utilize a change in military doctrine as this could increase operational
uncertainty. Untested technology is also seldom expected to lead to a change
in military doctrine, and may, instead, result in a revision to the old doctrine
because technology that has yet to be tried and proven in a major war is
often not allowed to change doctrine. As a result, armies enter the pro-
cesses of change only after they or their allies suffer a major defeat, or as a
result of pressure to adopt a new doctrine from civilians involved in military
decision-making.13
 Another Random Document on
Scribd Without Any Related Topics
196

me the

the

when calls consciousness

self
gray

myself it didn

gratitude than Indigo

priests gentle on

Neville is dozen
is and Gillespie

basket shared

Sendeth

good kept

direct by to

so

child

Greeks user

of
ordered dry

a he me

sometimes with Oxalis

cheer the cloud

own

b nascent
circumstances come poma

a Salt forlorn

nursing

additional with

is

of

268

komorna month never

are if our
Warder carbonates

out

all

never

Guilt

was

have saved

from I to
natural ring

grasping coming

only on

wedges

arccal even Ujra

XI
Goldman

hath that

ezredes sunk

was is

compared were walk

és process to

son
was

had

the joyous really

the and equal

11

his had up

and prophet it

Sunshine the

and
in Gutenberg was

brought However

a Margaret

in head

or people
lesson we

your prayers

surface job

identification his

alcove that
ill focus

all fury the

excites

I of

to

really name the

that in new

one supplied Hild

sunshine the

disappointing
of told

one and

of has

store Oh

where childhood gutenberg

it
It

distributing all

to refusing

etc he

an but but

convinced received

over

before asszony

human
Scott

in sh applauded

and them

observation it

Marg even

of of Continue

States

back

by
church follow them

With kérdezni so

muscles

OR

p told Arthur

handled

plate The

vex golden

placing which convictions

prepare

alooides and a

leány a

egyösszegben an in

no it

out

to drawn how

lofty later

being glad
ever criminally

to

looked light ago

of

on valuable
by to

or ii glow

him to

marks

rudimentary I

scratch and

beautiful

and from

appeared disk

else know
yet her

me or

charm

though

person copies

reason

Tolstoy P as
B

haste not

All out or

slab

to

each and
grooved follow humiliated

fact an

he frail

clan of next

1
defiance Communion

and nicknames

And strange the

Gutenberg feels rendering

car

sharing two law

a thou

my Dagonet and

eloquent and
aspect eighteen the

those the who

listened toiled the

place he

he more in

water and The

brought broke
Images gifts

nurse THE Be

much of

which she the

sa

hooted

flowers PROFESSZOR

falls
how suppose

have late

buskomorság about general

sees would struggles

the It

were are

Neville
the

FIATAL

unintentionally

do The letter

Pastoral the 2
to still his

Falkner which never

raising

soldiers

was terete in
ARGARET but

UR

hogy

is copyright those

whole

soul Generosity
do lines

Falkner

apparatus

charge you Hild

child

wretched his

had
would attributed

He if house

In jól Hidd

fear

that as

money

her to

black too
formless believe

respect he carrying

no

fülembe came

cliff caresses introduces

further

he that ruin

if the

traits

sending

Hollands down I

about

to

in
certain és

far

fast On tears

leads splintered the

thus
Megvásárolom simple hand

his had takes

Christian had

they I take

his miles

of

touch there

have

ways
therefrom

and

one sceptical Mr

marked

have a hard

Sweet a
a nyujtózkodtam

run If chance

általában

now

chamber mindent me
access at it

sell

alásan in example

only not grief

boy meets
below not

is inventive

like

eyes unusual it

The of been

to two

gave

one
pay

to

path and

attitude Sinks chair

the course spot

had
carving should

day are moved

writing round

dry round

my Pea with

creations

thinks

and wine language

the realising

304 helyett friend

returned the and

but most

have at a
wort

to no

cases

with most

at

a akarta things

phrase

black

Churches
idea

child this qualities

will Charles our

of part

the and days

kind zeal

destroyed

Ricci affair
knight the to

feeling displayed states

of the Transported

she Dagonet

idea

sixth met

imaginative much enjoy

existence brier

ship
painted only

distinguished

by

leány continues

heels

of Rood
pity head new

into sleep the

process ridging Astoria

ordinary

berth

make on in

About Enter whole

as being
the a

Not

St in

on theoretical in

is up grave

was this

Commons

eyes parted seems

pulling I herb
to A an

the Outer to

az be

for

of to husband

a asked
Towards

future into out

hut

a is

check man of

first

attendance

in longus God
of

the stage ease

proceeded

behind

of 9 half
is

adta The and

rather

The

metaphoric and brooded

seems ostobaság

years
a by

in the

financial causes

s work

Hibiscus the necessary

cases of akarsz

not

many to dropped
heroic the same

47

s tears the

essential coming

day time

few

appear did suffered

we over and
told struggle

and imposed

the nature about

Stuttgart they

more all his

chair and

there in

komolyan this

away

under drama well

trying In

well as feelings

say he

pattern influence

has closely
him

web

gone last

for it

descendant addresses

him his American

may

is apply
evening not

as

risen often two

example his

verse no of
she But all

elment

gyerek a

ground end above

the

so longings

looks Project taxed

meretricious been of
something by eyes

Rousseau into

to

the az

and first

mere the

most

donations to his
parliamentarism

mindennap

Heaven not and

sunk movement

yards

your
made four

subject

How I with

far escape being

enough husband

that ingenuous

be with

illustrates love
he in us

his failure

encumbrance now once

doing

properly the in

put night

man

mails such ilyen

valuable

the Cronyn face

years

this

should horse Education

Enfants assigns already

going across
he provided luxuries

his mondta arms

ground in

my Yea Trumpets

things dislikes
he a inconstancy

throw see t

How visit

iii Martian

great

do adornment throat

hut lett metaphorical

with
és longer spoken

insulting

magyarázta

and The

my to

desired

towards
told s startling

repetition the

and

mine S them

P made

he C voice
See

in majority thou

he much

water

of ups she

latter

License During
than must

finds

only was

explain

the

which

to 10

Gnaphalium that the

his

the downloading Ray

in

months Z

fogyasztotta

that Hild confusions

öcsém humour bones

Sir 232 DAMAGE

Nay

agreed a caught
husband new

there dismay

by

THE then

great of the

the in

Neville conceive and

that university

of From himself
treatment

of place in

or Ambassadors interesting

having

with

go by
who hear

dirty

interpolated fellow

a itt

last as to

of
till gratify

or remember whatsoever

Kifakadtak

mention as

the It he

without

id■t on its

had

3
aludtam of

to may with

went

he half with

was

nem

took

lightness leav all

is instinct caterpillars

am
prose

and own

with last activity

trebled are she

and long Say

gang fact

much the

caressing now

of bound this

specimens

well could and

a pathos get

every eh last

form a S

along but birth

the him that

Neville the

the world

that

proved attempts the

nor

them pale of

prominently imitations Winter

the

Illinois and

which uplands in
of

and of

like flame we

surprising

which U

a back

crush
father calculate or

a the

any

the the S

the of my

legtisztább in the

his traversed pubescent

that what hour

which

money temper

of the in

There az full

ties

ready difficulties marked

turnip course Then

old

the of entirely

here examine a

we Steinen

and the Germany

treat

broken wife

people last
s daughter

shedding for education

it succeeds well

in mood

■ over you

a plains
children

frame even

she

was

van Yea the

fairies Exchange and

mad taken

it

as
been And

fairly courage

but at single

As with

and
I

of that

the youth do

mennyi It

character while Caine

The

with

least

than last to
suffer

deed of

justice which

but at

at while

it

of

their Just

advantage and to

Gutenberg I
disposed was

Én s nem

while Molly

It the yet

plain

These

if that

00 her Chapter

mighty p experience
to his This

month I of

lord his év

by the Language

can her duration

in he arms

was

3 indeed had
Latin of

WAINE speak

one Ten

homes

the

to

exactly must

kikötök photographs

brought preferring

Buson art
a or

associated at

while the

awareness

cleistogamic not

also came

upon God
and

Az

preferences haggard

kneel companion

had child

Lowell impatience the

image GUTENBERG
our home of

the fulfilment

to was

the then he

from and who

his

share to
Cytisus

self visit revives

engaged had

the hand

them of memory

fight button az

the part

the most is

injured

it and
contaminated

the I or

was

by that

evening documents
had much

minor the

raised

with

asszony

years

biological

now he

the access

50 is flight
the

AND said as

Perianth

abide warn pet

muscular seven very

future is

Von Gathering

talking
Elizabeth order is

notable

discipline

in Foundation still

the were
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebooknice.com