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 Projective Identification
and
Psychotherapeutic Technique
Other Books by Thomas H . Ogden
The Matrix of the Mind: Object Relations
and the Psychoanalytic Dialogue (1986)
The Primitive Edge of Experience (1989)
 PROJECTIVE
IDENTIFICATION
AND
PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC
TECHNIQUE

Thomas H. Ogden, M.D.

MARESFIELD LIBRARY
LONDON
1992
Published by Jason Aronson Inc.,
Northvale, New Jersey, U.S.A., 1982
and reprinted with their permission by
H. b r n a c (Books) Ltd.,
Karnac BooksBuildings
6 Pembroke Ltd.
118 Finchley
London NW I0road,
6RELondon NW3 5HT
1992

Reprinted 1992,2005

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any manner whatsoever
without written permission from the Publisher.

A C.I.P. catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978 1 85575

1 85575 039039
2 5

www.kamacbooks.com

Printed in Great Britain by Lightning Source

To my parents
 Contents

Acknowledgments
1. Introduction
2. The Concept of Projective Identification
3. Issues of Technique
4. Contrasting Psychoanalytic Approaches
5. The Developmental Impact of Excessive
Maternal Projective Identification
6. Psychiatric Hospital Treatment
7. The Nature of Schizophrenic Conflict
8. Treatment of the Schizophrenic State of
Nonexperience
References
Index
 Acknowledgmentr

I wish to express my gratitude to my wife, Sandra, for her

insightful comments on many of the issues discussed in this book
and for her help in editing the manuscript. I am grateful to her
and to my children, Peter and Benjamin, for the patience and love
that they have shown in allowing me the time to write this book.
Any clinician working intensively with severely disturbed
patients will know that such work is difficult, if not impossible, to
do in isolation. I was fortunate to have had the opportunity to do
much of the inpatient work described in this volume at the
Adolescent and Young Adult Inpatient Service of Mount Zion
Hospital and Medical Center, San Francisco. I would like to thank
the staff of the service for their dedication and perseverance. I
would also like to express my appreciation to Prof. Erik Erikson,
who served as clinical consultant to the staff, and to Dr. Otto Will,
who served as clinical director for an important period of the life
of the ward.
I am glad to have the opportunity to express my gratitude to
Dr. James Grotstein and Dr. Bryce Boyer for the warmth they
have shown me in the course of providing astute and creative
comments on the ideas that I have developed.
Over the past several years, the students who have partici-
pated in my object relations theory seminar at Mount Zion
Hospital have provided me with an exciting forum in which to
explore the clinical and theoretical problems discussed in this
book.
Finally, I would like to express deep gratitude to the two
 Projective Identification and Prychotherapeutic Technique

analysts with whom 1 have worked in the course of my personal

analysis.
 1
INTRODUCTION

Projective identification is not a metapsychological concept. The

phenomena it describes exist in the realm of thoughts, feelings,
and behavior, not in the realm of abstract beliefs about the
workings of the mind. Whether or not one uses the term or is
cognizant of the concept of projective identification, clinically
one continually bumps up against the phenomena to which it
refers-unconscious projective fantasies in association with the
evocation of congruent feelings in others. Resistance on the part
of therapists and analysts to thinking about these phenomena is
understandable: it is unsettling to imagine experiencing feelings
and thinking thoughts that are in an important sense not entirely
one's own. And yet, the lack of a vocabulary with which to think
about this class of phenomena seriously interferes with the
therapist's capacity to understand, manage, and interpret the
transference. Projective identification is a concept that addresses
the way in which feeling-states corresponding to the unconscious
fantasies of one person (the projector) are engendered in and
processed by another person (the recipient), that is, the way in
which one person makes use of another person to experience and
contain an aspect of himself. The projector has the primarily
unconscious fantasy of getting rid of an unwanted or endangered
part of himself (including internal objects) and of depositing that
 Projective Identification and Psychotherapentic Technique

part in another person in a powerfully controlling way. The

projected part of the self is felt to be partially lost and to be
inhabiting the other person. In association with this unconscious
projective fantasy there is an interpersonal interaction by means
of which the recipient is pressured to think, feel, and behave in a
manner congruent with the ejected feelings and the self- and
object-representations embodied in the projective fantasy. In
other words, the recipient is pressured to engage in an identifica-
tion with a specific, disowned aspect of the projector.
The recipient may be able to live with such induced feelings
and manage them within the context of his own larger person-
ality system, for example, by mastery through understanding or
integration with more reality-based self-representations. In such
a case, the projector may constructively reinternalize by introjec-
tion and identification aspects of the recipient's handling of the
induced feelings. On the other hand, the recipient may be unable
to live with the induced feelings and may handle such feelings by
means of denial, projection, omnipotent idealization, further
projective identification, or actions aimed at tension relief, such
as violence, sexual activity, or distancing behavior. In these cases
the projector would be confirmed in his belief that his feelings
and fantasies were indeed dangerous and unbearable. Through
identification with the recipient's pathological handling of the
feelings involved, the original pathology of the projector would
be further consolidated or expanded.
The concept of projective identification by no means con-
stitutes an entire theory of therapy, nor does it involve a depar-
ture from the main body of psychoanalytic theory and technique.
It does go significantly beyond what is ordinarily referred to as
transference, wherein the patient distorts his view of the thera-
pist while directing toward the therapist the same feelings that
he held toward an earlier person in his life (Freud, 1912a, 1914a,
1915d).In projective identification, not only does the patient view
the therapist in a distorted way that isdetermined by the patient's
past object relations; in addition, pressure is exerted on the
therapist to experience himself in a way that is congruent with
the patient's unconscious fantasy.
Projective identification provides a clinical-level theory that
may be of value to therapists in their efforts to organize and
render meaningful the relationship between their own experi-
ence (feelings, thoughts, perceptions) and the transference. It
will be seen in the discussion of clinical material that from the
perspective of projective identification many of the stalemates
and dead-ends of therapy become data for the study of the
transference and a medium through which the makeup of the
patient's internal object world is communicated.
This definition undoubtedly raises a great many questions.
The discussion of these questions will be deferred until the next
chapter while at this point only the form of the concept will be
considered. The concept integrates statements about unconscious
fantasy, interpersonal pressure, and the response of a separate
personality system to a set of engendered feelings. Projective
identification is in part a statement about an interpersonal
interaction (the pressure of one person on another to comply
with a projective fantasy) and in part a statement about indi-
vidual mental activity (projective fantasies, introjective fantasies,
psychological processing). Most fundamentally, however, it is a
statement about the dynamic interplay of the two, the intra-
psychic and the interpersonal. The usefulness of many existing
psychoanalytic propositions is limited because they address the
intrapsychic sphere exclusively and fail to afford a bridge between
that sphere and the interpersonal interactions that provide the
principal data of the therapy.
As will be discussed, the schizophrenic and, to a lesser extent
and intensity, all patients in an interpersonal setting are almost
continually involved in the unconscious process of enlisting
others to enact with them scenes from their internal object world.
The role assigned to the therapist may be the role of the self or
the object in a particular relationship to one another. The
internal object relationship from which these roles are derived is
 Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Technique

a psychological construct of the patient's, generated on the basis

of: realistic perceptions and understandings of present and past
object relationships; misunderstandings of interpersonal reality
inherent in the infant's or child's primitive, immature perception
of himself and others; distortions determined by predominant
fantasies; and distortions determined by the nature of the pa-
tient's present modes of organizing experience and thinking, for
example, by splitting and fragmentation.
If we imagine for a moment that the patient is both the
director and one of the principal actors in the interpersonal
enactment of an internal object relationship, and that the thera-
pist is an unwitting actor in the same drama, then projective
identification is the process whereby the therapist is given stage
directions for a particular role. In this analogy it must be borne in
mind that the therapist has not volunteered to play a part and
only retrospectively comes to understand that he has been play-
ing a role in the patient's enactment of an aspect of his inner
world.
The therapist who has to some extent allowed himself to be
molded by this interpersonal pressure and is able to observe these
changes in himself has access to a very rich source of data about
the patient's internal world-the induced set of thoughts and
feelings-which are experientially alive, vivid, and immediate.
Yet, they are also extremely elusive and difficult to formulate
verbally because the information is in the form of an enactment
in which the therapist is participating, and not in the form of
words and images upon which the therapist can readily reflect.
(The question of the optimal extent of the therapist's participa-
tion in this type of interpersonal enactment is a crucial one and
will be addressed in detail in succeeding chapters.)
The concept of projective identification offers the therapist
a way of integrating his understanding of his own internal
experience with that which he is perceiving in the patient. Such
an integrated perspective is particularly necessary in work with
schizophrenic patients because it safeguards the therapist's psy-
chological equilibrium in the face of what sometimes feels like a
 Introduction

barrage of chaotic psychological debris emanating from the

patient. The schizophrenic's talk is often a mockery of commu-
nication, serving purposes quite foreign to ordinary talk, and
often completely antithetical to thought itself (see chapters 7 and
8). Terrific psychological strain is entailed in the therapist's
efforts to resist the temptation to denigrate and dismiss his own
thoughts while the schizophrenic patient is attacking his and the
therapist's capacity to think. Problems involving impairment of
the capacity to think are far from abstract philosophical questions
for the therapist sitting for long periods of time with the
schizophrenic patient. The therapist finds that his own ability to
think, perceive, and understand even the most basic therapeutic
matters becomes worn down and stagnant in the course of his
work. Not infrequently the therapist recognizes that he is unable
to bring a single fresh thought or feeling to his work with the
patient.
When such therapeutic impasses continue unaltered, the
strain within the therapist often mounts to an intolerable level
and can culminate in the therapist's fleeing from the patient by
shortening the sessions (because "thirty minutes is all the patient
can make use of"), or terminating the therapy (because "the
patient is not sufficiently psychologically minded to profit from
psychotherapy"), or offering "supportive therapy" that consists
of an exclusively administrative, task-oriented interaction with
the patient. Alternatively, the therapist may retaliate against the
patient directly (for example, in the form of intrusive "deep
interpretations") or indirectly (for example, by means of emo-
tional withdrawal, breaches of confidentiality, "accidental" late-
ness to sessions, increases of medication, and so on).
It is easy to be scornful of such behavior on the part of the
therapist, but defensive countertherapeutic activity in one form
or another is inevitable in any sustained intensive therapeutic
work with a schizophrenic patient. If these forms of coun-
tertransference acting out are scrutinized by the therapist and
prevented from becoming established as accepted aspects of
therapy, they usually do not result in irreparable damage to the
 Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Techniqne

therapy. This is not to condone countertransference acting out on

the part of the therapist. But it should be acknowledged that in
the course of intensive psychotherapy with disturbed patients,
the therapist will find himself saying things that he regrets. Such
errors are rarely talked about with colleagues and almost never
reported in the literature.' However, from the perspective of
projective identification, a given error also represents a specific
construction that could only have been generated in precisely the
way that it was by meansof an interaction between this therapist
and this patient at this moment in the therapy. The task of the
therapist is not simply to eliminate errors or deviations, but to
formulate the nature of the specific psychological and interper-
sonal meanings that have led the therapist to feel and behave in
this particular fashion. As will be seen, much of the clinical
material presented in this volume involves analysis of facets of
the therapist's behavior and feelings that reflect confusion, anger,
frustration, fear, jealousy, self-protectiveness, and so forth, and
that no doubt at times constitute therapeutic errors. These
feelings, thoughts, and actions are analyzed from the perspective
of projective identification in such a way as to allow the therapist
not only to acknowledge his own contribution to the interperson-
al field but also to understand the ways in which his own feelings
and behavior (including his errors) may reflect a specific facet of
the transference.
The clinical and theoretical usefulness of the concept of
projective identification has suffered from imprecision of defini-
tion. Because therapists and analysts have used the term in widely
differing ways, the term has been the source of considerable
confusion in analytic discussions and in the literature. However,
because the concept is uniquely valuable, its theoretical param-
eters and experiential referents should be refined and precisely
Clearly, 1 am not referring here to actual sexual or aggressive activity on the
part of the therapist. These represent extremes that indicate that the therapy
is entirely out of control. In such circumstances the patient should be referred
to another professional, and it is hoped that the therapist will recognize the
need to obtain treatment for himself.
 Introduction

delineated. A contribution to this task will be presented in

chapter 2. In that chapter, projective identification will be dif-
ferentiated from the concepts of projection, intrajection, identi-
fication, and externalization. Also, the early infantile setting for
the development of this psychological process will be discussed,
along with the historical background of the idea of projective
identification.
Chapter 3 will focus on specific issues of technique. Ques-
tions regarding how the therapist determines that he is dealing
with a projective identification, how he processes the induced
feelings, and how he determines when and in what way to
respond will be addressed. In chapter 4 the principles of tech-
nique proposed in this volume relating to the clinical handling of
projective identification will be contrasted with those espoused
by Kleinian analysts, classical analysts, the British Middle Group,
and the Modern Psychoanalytic Group of analysts.
A developmental hypothesis will be proposed in chapter 5
regarding the impact of excessive maternal projective identifica-
tion on the infant's early psychological development. Projective
identification constitutes one of the principal modes of commu-
nication in the mother-infant "dialogue." However, when a
mother relies excessively upon projective identification, not only
as a mode of communication but as a mode of defense, the
resulting interaction can become pathogenic. Case material is
presented from the psychotherapy of a patient who in early
childhood developed a specific pathological form of identification
as a defensive adaptation to maternal projective identifications.
In the course of this volume, the perspective of projective
identification will be applied to various aspects of the psycho-
therapy of borderline and schizophrenic patients. In chapter 6 the
application of the concept of projective identification to the
management and treatment of patients in a psychiatric hospital
setting will be discussed. Psychotherapeutic work with hospi-
talized patients demands a mode of thought that integrates an
understanding of the patient's intrapsychic state, the coun-
tertransference, and the nature of and context for the interper-
 Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Technique

sonal interaction (including the way in which the interaction is

influenced by the social-system setting). The special problems
arising from the expanded and less well defined therapeutic
framework that is necessarily involved in inpatient work are
analyzed in terms of reverberating circuits of projective identi-
fications originated by both patients and staff members.
With this clinical, theoretical, and developmental under-
standing of projective identification as background, the final two
chapters are devoted to a formulation of the nature of schizo-
phrenic conflict, an analysis of the place of projective identifica-
tion in the therapeutic resolution of schizophrenic conflict, and a
study of the schizophrenic state of psychic death or "nonex-
perience."
In chapter 7, schizophrenic conflict is formulated in terms of
a conflict between wishes to allow meaning to exist and wishes to
avoid pain by destroying all meaning and entering a state of
nonexperience. In this state, nothing is attributed emotional
significance, everything is interchangeable. Moreover, in schizo-
phrenic conflict, not only are there wishes to destroy meaning,
these wishes are enacted in the form of actual self-limitation of
mental capacities. The term actualization is introduced to refer to
specific forms of enactment of unconscious fantasy that lie at the
core of both projective identification and schizophrenic conflict.
The state of nonexperience represents a pheomenon quite
different from feelings and fantasies of meaninglessness; for the
schizophrenic patient in a state of nonexperience, wished-for
escape into meaninglessness has been made real by the patient's
unconsciously self-imposed paralysis of his own ability to think
and to attach meaning to perception. It is not a case of the
patient'sfeeling as if life were empty and thinking that nothing
matters; the schizophrenic patient in a state of psychological
shut-down (nonexperience) has in fact rendered himself incapa-
ble of generating meanings of any type, including those of
emptiness and meaninglessness.
Data from the first three years of the treatment of a chronic
schizophrenic patient will provide a clinical focus for a discussion
 Introduction

of four phases of resolution of the schizophrenic conflict: the

state of nonexperience, the stage of projective identification, the
stage of psychotic experience, and the stage of symbolic thought.
Finally, in chapter 8 there is a discussion of technical and
theoretical aspects of the intensive psychotherapy of a blind
schizophrenic patient who early in therapy regressed to a nonex-
periential state. The therapist's management of the therapy and
choice of interventions are informed by the perspective of projec-
tive identification in conjunction with the understanding of
schizophrenic conflict described above.
Unlike many of the "beliefs" of the different schools of
psychoanalytic thought, projective identification is not a con-
struct that one accepts or rejects on the basis of an attraction to a
metaphor (such as the notion of psychic energy), a piece of
imagery (such as the idea of psychological structure), or the
compatibility of an idea with other theoretical or philosophical
views (such as the death instinct).
Projective identification is a clinical-level conceptualization
with three phenomenological references, all of which lie entirely
within the realm of observable psychological and interpersonal
experience: (1) the projector's unconscious fantasies (observable
through their derivatives, such as associations, dreams, paraprax-
es, and so forth; (2) forms of interpersonal pressure that are often
subtle but verifiable; and (3) countertransference experience (a
real, yet underutilized source of analyzable data).
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