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 TRANSLATION

Routledge Applied Linguistics is a series of comprehensive textbooks, providing students

and researchers with the support they need for advanced study in the core areas of English
language and Applied Linguistics.
Each book in the series guides readers through three main sections, enabling them to
explore and develop major themes within the discipline.

• Section A, Introduction, establishes the key terms and concepts and extends readers’
techniques of analysis through practical application.
• Section B, Extension, brings together influential articles, sets them in context, and
discusses their contribution to the field.
• Section C, Exploration, builds on knowledge gained in the first two sections, setting
thoughtful tasks around further illustrative material. This enables readers to engage
more actively with the subject matter and encourages them to develop their own
research responses.
Translation, Second Edition introduces the theory and practice of translation from a
variety of linguistic and cultural angles, and has been revised and updated to feature:
• a study of translation through the lens of key topics in linguistics such as semantics,
functional linguistics, corpus and cognitive linguistics, discourse analysis, gender
studies and postcolonialism;
• a wide range of examples from other languages, including French, Spanish, German,
Italian, Russian and Arabic, with English back-translations to assist comprehension;
• material from a variety of sources, genres and text-types, such as advertisements, reli-
gious texts, reports for international organizations, videogames, literary and techni-
cal texts;
• influential readings from the key names in the discipline, including Jean-Paul Vinay
and Jean Darbelnet, Eugene Nida, Werner Koller and Ernst-August Gutt, and con-
tains new readings from Mona Baker, Michael Cronin, Kim Grego, Miguel A.
Jiménez-Crespo, Kevin Gary Smith, Harald Martin Olk, Carmen Mangiron and
Minako O’Hagan.
Additional resources for the book can be found at www.routledge.com/9780415536141.
Written by two experienced teachers, translators and researchers, Translation remains an
essential resource for students and researchers of translation studies and Applied
Linguistics.
Basil Hatim is a theorist in English/Arabic translation and a translator/interpreter. He
has worked and lectured at universities worldwide and has published extensively on
applied linguistics, text linguistics translation/interpreting and TESOL. He has authored
or co-authored several books. He has published some 50 papers in a diverse range of
international refereed journals.
Jeremy Munday is Professor of Translation Studies at the University of Leeds, UK. His spe-
cialisms are: linguistic translation theories, discourse analysis, ideology and translation, and
Latin American literature in translation. He is author of Introducing Translation Studies
(Routledge, 4th edition, 2016) and Evaluation in Translation (Routledge, 2012).
 ROUTLEDGE APPLIED LINGUISTICS

FOUNDING EDITORS

Christopher N. Candlin (1940–2015) was Senior Research Professor in the Depart-

ment of Linguistics at Macquarie University, Australia, and Professor of Applied Linguistics
at the Open University, UK. At Macquarie, he was Chair of the Department of Linguistics;
he established and was Executive Director of the National Centre for English Language
Teaching and Research (NCELTR); and was first Director of the Centre for Language in
Social Life (CLSL). He wrote and edited over 150 publications and co-edited the Journal
of Applied Linguistics. From 1996 to 2002 he was President of the International Asso­
ciation of Applied Linguistics (AILA). He acted as a consultant in more than 35 countries
and as external faculty assessor in 36 universities worldwide.

Ronald Carter (1947–2018) was Professor of Modern English Language in the School
of English Studies at the University of Nottingham, UK. He published extensively in the
fields of applied linguistics, literary studies and language in education. He gave consultan-
cies in the field of English language education, mainly in conjunction with the British
Council, in over 30 countries worldwide. He was elected a Fellow of the British Academy
of Social Sciences in 2002 and was Chair of the British Association of Applied Lin-
guistics (BAAL) from 2003 to 2006.

TITLES IN THE SERIES

Language Testing and Assessment

Glenn Fulcher and Fred Davidson

Bilingualism
Ng Bee Chin and Gillian Wigglesworth

Literacy
Brian V. Street and Adam Lefstein

Language and Interaction

Richard F. Young

Pragmatics
Dawn Archer, Karin Aijmer and Anne Wichmann

Intercultural Communication, 2nd Edition

Adrian Holliday, John Kullman and Martin Hyde

Translation, 2nd Edition

Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday

For more information about this series please visit: www.routledge.com/Routledge-

Applied-Linguistics/book-series/SE0726
Translation
An advanced resource book for students

Second Edition

Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday

Second edition published 2019
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2019 Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday
The right of Basil Hatim and Jeremy Munday to be identified as authors of
this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and
78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now
known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in
any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or
registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
First edition published by Routledge 2004
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Hatim, B. (Basil), 1947– author. | Munday, Jeremy, author.
Title: Translation : an advanced resource book / Basil Hatim and
Jeremy Munday.
Description: Second edition. | London ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019. |
Series: Routledge applied linguistics | Includes bibliographical
references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019001692| ISBN 9780415536158 (hardback) |
ISBN 9780415536141 (pbk.) | ISBN 9780429266348 (e-book)
Subjects: LCSH: Translating and interpreting.
Classification: LCC P306 .H379 2019 | DDC 418/.02–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019001692
ISBN: 978-0-415-53615-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-53614-1 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-0-429-26634-8 (ebk)
Typeset in Akzidenz Grotesk, Minion and Novarese
by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear
Visit the e-resources: www.routledge.com/9780415536141
To Nuria,
who came into this world at the same time as this book
and to Lema and Wissam Hatim
Contents

Contents cross-referenced viii

Acknowledgements xi
How to use this book xv

SECTION A: INTRODUCTION 1

Unit 1 What is translation? 3

Unit 2 Translation strategies 10
Unit 3 The unit of translation 17
Unit 4 Translation shifts 26
Unit 5 The analysis of meaning 33
Unit 6 Dynamic equivalence and the receptor of the message 39
Unit 7 Textual pragmatics and equivalence 47
Unit 8 Translation and relevance 56
Unit 9 Text type in translation 66
Unit 10 Text register in translation 75
Unit 11 Text, genre and discourse shifts in translation 85
Unit 12 Agents of power in translation 92
Unit 13 Ideology and translation 101
Unit 14 Translation in the digital era 110

SECTION B: EXTENSION 121

Unit 1 What is translation? 123

Unit 2 Translation strategies 133
Unit 3 The unit of translation 136
Unit 4 Translation shifts 142
Unit 5 The analysis of meaning 146
Unit 6 Dynamic equivalence and the receptor of the message 154
Unit 7 Textual pragmatics and equivalence 163
Unit 8 Translation and relevance 173
Unit 9 Text type in translation 187
Unit 10 Text register in translation 197
Unit 11 Text, genre and discourse shifts in translation 202
Unit 12 Agents of power in translation 210
Unit 13 Ideology and translation 215
Unit 14 Translation in the digital era 220

vi
 Contents

SECTION C: EXPLORATION 223

Unit 1 What is translation? 225

Unit 2 Translation strategies 230
Unit 3 The unit of translation 235
Unit 4 Translation shifts 242
Unit 5 The analysis of meaning 248
Unit 6 Dynamic equivalence and the receptor of the message 258
Unit 7 Textual pragmatics and equivalence 268
Unit 8 Translation and relevance 276
Unit 9 Text type in translation 285
Unit 10 Text register in translation 292
Unit 11 Text, genre and discourse shifts in translation 300
Unit 12 Agents of power in translation 310
Unit 13 Ideology and translation 319
Unit 14 Translation in the digital era 327

Developing words and cultures – some concluding remarks 335

Glossary 337
Bibliography 355
Index 369

vii
Contents cross-referenced

Section A: Introduction

Unit 1 What is translation? 3

Unit 2 Translation strategies 10

Unit 3 The unit of translation 17

Unit 4 Translation shifts 26

Unit 5 The analysis of meaning 33

Unit 6 Dynamic equivalence and the receptor of the message 39

Unit 7 Textual pragmatics and equivalence 47

Unit 8 Translation and relevance 56

Unit 9 Text type in translation 66

Unit 10 Text register in translation 75

Unit 11 Text, genre and discourse shifts in translation 85

Unit 12 Agents of power in translation 92

Unit 13 Ideology and translation 101

Unit 14 Translation in the digital era 110

viii
 Contents cross-referenced

Section B: Extension Section C: Exploration

What is translation? 123 What is translation? 225

Translation strategies 133 Translation strategies 230

The unit of translation 136 The unit of translation 235

Translation shifts 142 Translation shifts 242

The analysis of meaning 146 The analysis of meaning 248

Dynamic equivalence and the Dynamic equivalence and the

receptor of the message 154 receptor of the message 258

Textual pragmatics and equivalence163 Textual pragmatics and equivalence268

Translation and relevance 173 Translation and relevance 276

Text type in translation 187 Text type in translation 285

Text register in translation 197 Text register in translation 292

Text, genre and discourse shifts Text, genre and discourse shifts
in translation 202 in translation 300

Agents of power in translation 210 Agents of power in translation 310

Ideology and translation 215 Ideology and translation 319

Translation in the digital era 220 Translation in the digital era 327

ix
Acknowledgements

Many people have helped us in the course of writing this book. Our thanks go to,
amongst others, Bogdan Babych, Dunstan Brown, Charlene Constable, Rebecca
Fallas, Stephen Hutchings, Margaret Lang, Ana Cristina Llompart, Charles Mann,
Michael O’Shea, Anat Vernitski and Ernst Wendland. To series editors Chris
Candlin, and Ron Carter (1947–2018) who sadly passed away for their encourage-
ment. To Nadia Seemungal Owen, Helen Tredget and Lizzie Cox at Routledge for
their patience, support and hard work, and to copyeditor Rachel McAleese for her
keen attention to detail.

We are grateful to the copyright holders of the following texts for permission to
reproduce extracts in Section B:

R. Jakobson, ‘On Linguistic Aspects of Translation’, in R. A. Brower (ed.) On

Translation, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1959/2012. Repro-
duced by permission of The Roman Jakobson Trust u/w/o Krystyna Pomorska
Jakobson.
J. S. Holmes, ‘The Name and Nature of Translation Studies’, Translated! Papers
on Literary Translation and Translation Studies, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1988.
Reproduced by permission of Rodopi BV.
C. Mangiron and M. O’Hagan, ‘Game Localisation: Unleashing Imagination with
“Restricted” Translation’, Journal of Specialised Translation 6: 10–21, 2006.
Reproduced with permission of the authors and publishers.
J.-P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet, Comparative Stylistics of French and English,
pp. 20–27 and 30–41, Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1995.
Reproduced by permission of John Benjamins Publishing Company, Amster-
dam/Philadelphia. www.benjamins.com.
M. L. Larson, Meaning-Based Translation: A Guide to Cross-Language Equiva-
lence, 2nd edition, Lanham, New York and Oxford: University Press of Amer-
ica, 1998. Reproduced by permission of the University Press of America.
E. A. Nida, ‘Science of Translation’, Language 45.3, 1969. Reproduced by permis-
sion of the Linguistic Society of America.
E. A. Nida, Toward a Science of Translating, Leiden, Netherlands: Brill Academic
Publishers, 1964 (reprint 2003). Reproduced by permission of Brill Academic
Publishers.

xi
Acknowledgements

W. Koller, ‘The Concept of Equivalence and the Object of Translation Studies’,

Target 7.2, 1995. Reproduced by permission of John Benjamins Publishing
Company, Amsterdam/Philadelphia. www.benjamins.com.
H. M. Olk ‘Translating Culture: A Think-Aloud Protocol Study’, Language Teach-
ing Research 6.2, 2002. Reproduced by permission of Sage Publications.
E.-A. Gutt, ‘Pragmatic Aspects of Translation: Some Relevance-Theory
­Observations’, in L. Hickey (ed.) The Pragmatics of Translation, Clevedon:
Multilingual Matters, 1998. Reproduced by permission of Multilingual
Matters Ltd.
K. G. Smith, ‘Direct Translation: Striving for Complete Resemblance’, Conspec-
tus: The Journal of South African Theological Seminary 5.3, 2008. Reproduced
by permission of The South African Theological Seminary.
K. Reiss, ‘Text Types, Translation Types and Translation Assessment’, in Andrew
Chesterman (ed.) Readings in Translation Theory, Helsinki: Suomalainen Kir-
jakauppa, 1989. Reproduced by permission of De Gruyter.
M. A. Jiménez-Crespo, ‘To Adapt or Not to Adapt in Web Localization: A Con-
trastive Genre-Based Study of Original and Localized Legal Sections in Corpo-
rate Websites’, The Journal of Specialised Translation 15, 2011. Reproduced
under the Creative Commons Attribution License (available at: www.jostrans.
org/issue15/art_jimenez.php).
M. Gregory, ‘Perspectives on Translation from the Firthian Tradition’, META
25.4, 1980. Reproduced by permission of Copibec.
K. Grego, Specialized Translation: Theoretical Issues, Operational Perspectives,
Milan: Polimetrica, 2010. Reproduced by permission of the author.
D. Bruce, ‘Translating the Commune: Cultural Politics and the Historical Specifi-
city of the Anarchist Text’, Traduction, Terminologie, Rédaction 1, 1994.
Reproduced by permission of the author.
P. Fawcett, ‘Translation and Power Play’, The Translator 1.2, 1995. Reproduced
by permission of Taylor and Francis.
M. Baker, ‘Framing Narratives in Translation’, Translation and Conflict: A Nar-
rative Account, London: Routledge, 2006. Reproduced by permission of
Routledge, Taylor and Francis.
M. Cronin, ‘Translation and the New Cosmopolitanism’, Translation and Iden-
tity, London: Routledge, 2006. Reproduced by permission of Routledge, Taylor
and Francis.
U. Muegge, ‘Dispelling the Myths of Machine Translation’, tcworld Magazine 3.4,
2008. Reproduced by permission of the author.

And to the following for permission to use examples and figures:

G. Toury, Figure B1.1 ‘Holmes’s “map” of translation studies’, Descriptive Trans-

lation Studies – and Beyond, 2nd edition, p. 4, Amsterdam and Philadelphia:
John Benjamins, 2012. Reproduced by permission of the publishers.
Georgetown University Press for Figure C5.1, a series of cup-like objects, from
William Labov (1973) ‘The Boundaries of Words and their Meanings’.

xii
 Acknowledgements

Laboratoire RALI of the University of Montreal for the parallel concordance of

the Canadian Hansard, produced with their TSrali system and used in Example
A14.3.
Lou Bernard at the British National Corpus for Figures C5.2 and C5.3, sample
concordances of handsome and pretty.
TRADOS for Figure A14.1, the screenshot from SDL TRADOS Studio. Copyright
© TRADOS Incorporated 2019. Used by Permission. All rights reserved.

Every effort has been made to trace the copyright holders but if any have been
inadvertently overlooked the publishers will be happy to make the necessary
arrangement at the first opportunity.
Jeremy Munday and Basil Hatim, November 2018

xiii
How to use this book

This book attempts to investigate both the practice and the theory of translation in
an accessible and systematic way. It is designed specifically with the needs in mind
of students of Masters degrees and final year undergraduates in translation or
applied linguistics, research students beginning to investigate the field, and prac-
tising translators who wish to examine the theory behind the practice. It is hoped
that it will also provide useful insights and examples for more experienced
researchers.

This second edition of the book retains the structure of the first edition as well as
its primarily linguistic focus. It is divided into three sections (A, B and C) and 14
units. Section A of each unit introduces the main concepts of each area of trans-
lation and presents reflective tasks to encourage the reader to think through the
theory. Key concept boxes highlight and summarize the main points.

Section B, the extension stage, then presents one or two readings, which are
extracts from key articles or books on the relevant subject. Several of the extracts
are new in this second edition, reflecting developments in practice and research
(e.g. videogame transcreation, web localization) but also give space to new voices
in the field. Each reading is accompanied by brief tasks: ‘Before you read’ aids
recall of the Section A concepts, ‘As you read’ brings out the crucial elements of
the reading and ‘After you read’ recapitulates the main points and prepares for
exploration.

Section C is the exploration section. It critiques and develops the previous sec-
tions with a series of tasks and projects that at first provide the reader with spe-
cific data to investigate and then encourage wider exploration and original
research in the reader’s own linguistic and cultural context.

A detailed glossary is supplied at the end covering central terms of Translation

Studies, including some from Linguistics and Cultural Studies. These terms are
highlighted in bold in the main text for ease of reference. Finally, a full bibliog-
raphy brings together the theory references. A very focused Further reading list is
given at the end of each unit.

The many tasks and text examples are numbered to facilitate cross-reference. The
following is illustrative of the format:

xv
 How to use this book

Example A2.5a ST French

Couvercle et cuves en polycarbonate. Matériau haute résistance utilisé pour les

hublots d’avion.

[Lid and bowls in polycarbonate. High resistance material used for aircraft
windows.]

Example A2.5b TT English

Workbowls and lid are made from polycarbonate, the same substance as the windows
of Concorde.

Task A2.4

 Look at the translation and reflect on the strategies employed by the trans-
lator to increase comprehensibility.

The text numbering refers to the section, unit and example. Thus, here the first
text (A2.5a) is in Section A, Unit 2 and is example 5. The lower case a means the
original text. This is followed by a close back-translation, bracketed and in italics.
The actual translation is numbered A2.5b, the lower case b indicating that it is a
version/translation of A2.5a. The accompanying tasks are ordered sequentially.

Of course, the study of translation inevitably presupposes knowledge of more

than one language. However, the book has been designed for use by readers
from any language background who have an advanced level of English, whether
or not they are L1 speakers. In the translation examples, English is therefore
always either the source (original) language or the target language. The
other languages covered are varied, including the major European languages
and Arabic. As in the illustrative example above, an italicized English back-
translation of the source text is provided to facilitate analysis. A back-­
translation is a translation that is very close to the lexical and syntactic
patterning of the source text. This enables the reader to compare the actual
translation with the patterning of the original. For this reason, the original
source texts have often been omitted.

The many different tasks that are part of the basic framework of the book are
designed in such a way that they can be used either by readers working on their
own, or in pairs or groups in a more formal teaching situation. Section A tasks
are designed to encourage the reader to reflect on the validity and application of
the theoretical concepts and to relate them to their own experience. In Section B,
the ‘After you read’ tasks may lend themselves to an oral presentation by one
member of a class, followed by discussion, or to a short essay-type response in
the early stages of assessment. In Section C, the tasks are more extensive,

xvi
 How to use this book

­especially the ‘projects’ which in some cases may develop into full-scale
research projects and even doctoral theses! Although data are provided and a
methodology suggested, the more complex projects will work best when the
student actively researches new material and has the opportunity of interviewing
or observing professional translators. Sometimes that professional may in fact be
the teacher of a translation class.

The cross-referenced contents list describes each unit (1 to 14) and each section
(A, B and C). This allows the book to be followed either ‘vertically’ or ‘horizon-
tally’. That is, it can be read linearly from beginning to end (all Section A units,
then all Section B units, then all Section C units) or thematically through a unit
(e.g. Unit 1 Section A, followed by Unit 1 Section B, Unit 1 Section C, and so on).
Many readers or teachers may find the thematic order particularly useful, espe-
cially since Section C usually critiques the concepts presented in Section A and B
of the same unit and which may then be further developed in Section A of the
subsequent unit.

The book presents and explores many concepts, but these can only be properly
extended by careful pursuit of the further reading and the research projects. The
following reference books may prove to be of particular value in the initial stages
of this research:

Mona Baker and Gabriela Saldanha (eds) (2019) The Routledge Encyclopedia of Trans-
lation Studies, third edition, London and New York: Routledge.
Yves Gambier and Luc van Doorslaer (eds) (2010) Handbook for Translation Studies
Online, Amsterdam: John Benjamins. Available from: https://benjamins.com/online/
hts/home.html
Jeremy Munday (2016) Introducing Translation Studies: Theories and Applications, fourth
edition, Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Anthony Pym (2014) Exploring Translation Theories, second edition, Abingdon and New
York: Routledge.
Lawrence Venuti (ed.) (2012) The Translation Studies Reader, third edition, London and
New York: Routledge.

We also recommend that the reader collect source material and text samples that
may be valuable for the research projects. These could include one or more lit-
erary translations into the reader’s first language (plus a copy of the foreign lan-
guage source text), a translation of a classic work such as Shakespeare, parallel
texts (either pairs of original texts with their translation or pairs of non-­
translated texts on the same subject in different languages) and other examples
encountered of translation (good and bad).

Additional resources for the book can be found at www.routledge.

com/9780415536141. Further text examples, translations, illustrative material
and updates on recent developments and events in Translation Studies will be
posted there.

xvii
How to use this book

Finally, the following is a list of standard abbreviations that will be used through-
out the book:

L1 the first language of the writer, reader, speaker, etc.

L2 the second language of the writer, reader, speaker, etc. (often their strongest
foreign language)
SL source language (the language the text was originally written in)
ST source text (the original text)
TL target language (the language of the translation)
TT target text (the translated text)

xviii
SECTION A
Introduction
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