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 C++
ALL-IN-ONE

4th Edition

by John Paul Mueller

C++ All-in-One For Dummies®, 4th Edition
Published by: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Control Number: 2020949804

ISBN: 978-1-119-60174-6

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Manufactured in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents at a Glance
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Book 1: Getting Started with C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 1: Configuring Your Desktop System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
CHAPTER 2: Configuring Your Mobile System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
CHAPTER 3: Creating Your First C++ Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
CHAPTER 4: Storing Data in C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
CHAPTER 5: Directing the Application Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
CHAPTER 6: Dividing Your Work with Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
CHAPTER 7: Splitting Up Source Code Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
CHAPTER 8: Referring to Your Data Through Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Book 2: Understanding Objects and Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

CHAPTER 1: Working with Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
CHAPTER 2: Using Advanced C++ Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
CHAPTER 3: Planning and Building Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
CHAPTER 4: Building with Design Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Book 3: Understanding Functional Programming . . . . . . . . . 367

CHAPTER 1: Considering Functional Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
CHAPTER 2: Working with Lambda Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397
CHAPTER 3: Advanced Lambda Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Book 4: Fixing Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

CHAPTER 1: Dealing with Bugs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429
CHAPTER 2: Debugging an Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443
CHAPTER 3: Stopping and Inspecting Your Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
CHAPTER 4: Traveling About the Stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Book 5: Advanced Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

CHAPTER 1: Working with Arrays, Pointers, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
CHAPTER 2: Creating Data Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
CHAPTER 3: Constructors, Destructors, and Exceptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541
CHAPTER 4: Advanced Class Usage. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571
CHAPTER 5: Creating Classes with Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601
CHAPTER 6: Programming with the Standard Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637
Book 6: Reading and Writing Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
CHAPTER 1: Filing Information with the Streams Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683
CHAPTER 2: Writing with Output Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
CHAPTER 3: Reading with Input Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711
CHAPTER 4: Building Directories and Contents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727
CHAPTER 5: Streaming Your Own Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Book 7: Advanced Standard Library Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751

CHAPTER 1: Exploring the Standard Library Further. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753
CHAPTER 2: Working with User-Defined Literals (UDLs). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 779
CHAPTER 3: Building Original Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795
CHAPTER 4: Investigating Boost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
CHAPTER 5: Boosting up a Step. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Foolish Assumptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Icons Used in This Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Beyond the Book. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Where to Go from Here . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

BOOK 1: GETTING STARTED WITH C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

CHAPTER 1: Configuring Your Desktop System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Obtaining a Copy of C++ 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Obtaining Code::Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Installing Code::Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Working with Windows. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Working with Mac OS X. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Using the standard Linux installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Using the graphical Linux installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Touring the Essential Code::Blocks Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Starting Code::Blocks for the first time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Opening the sample projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Viewing the essential windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Using Other IDEs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

CHAPTER 2: Configuring Your Mobile System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Obtaining CppDroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Understanding why CppDroid is such a great choice . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Getting your copy of CppDroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ensuring you get a good install. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Considering Other Alternatives. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Working with C4Droid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Getting multiple language support with AIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Using web-based IDEs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34
Touring the Essential CppDroid Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Getting started with CppDroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Accessing an example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Working with a simple online project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Accessing your source code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Considering differences with the desktop environment. . . . . . . . . 39

Table of Contents v
 Obtaining CppDroid Help. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Working with the Help documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Getting community support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Using the free examples. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Accessing the tutorials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

CHAPTER 3: Creating Your First C++ Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Code::Blocks Creating a Project. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Understanding projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Defining your first project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Building and executing your first application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Typing the Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Starting with Main. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Showing Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Doing some math . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Tabbing your output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Let Your Application Run Away. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

CHAPTER 4: Storing Data in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Putting Your Data Places: Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Creating an integer variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Declaring multiple variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Changing values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Setting one variable equal to another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Initializing a variable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Creating a great name for yourself. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Manipulating Integer Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Adding integer variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Subtracting integer variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Multiplying integer variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Dividing integer variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Null character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Nonprintable and other cool characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Getting a part of a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Changing part of a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Adding onto a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Adding two strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Making Decisions Using Conditional Operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Telling the Truth with Boolean Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Reading from the Console. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

vi C++ All-in-One For Dummies

CHAPTER 5: Directing the Application Flow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Doing This or Doing That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Evaluating Conditions in C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Finding the right C++ operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Combining multiple evaluations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Including Evaluations in C++ Conditional Statements. . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Deciding what if and also what else. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Going further with the else and if. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Repeating Actions with Statements That Loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Understanding how computers use loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Looping situations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Looping for. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Performing a simple for loop. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
Using multiple initialization variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Working with ranges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Placing a condition within the declaration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
Letting C++ determine the type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Looping while. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Doing while. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Breaking and continuing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Continuing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Nesting loops. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

CHAPTER 6: Dividing Your Work with Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Dividing Your Work. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Calling a Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Passing a variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Passing multiple variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Writing Your Own Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Defining the AddOne() function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149
Seeing how AddOne() is called . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Taking the AddOne() Function apart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Considering the AddOne() parameter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Understanding the AddOne() name and type. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Improving On the Basic Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Using multiple parameters or no parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Returning nothing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Keeping your variables local . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Forward references and function prototypes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Writing two versions of the same function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

Table of Contents vii

 Calling All String Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Inserting a string into a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Removing parts of a string. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Replacing parts of a string. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Using the string functions together . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Understanding main(). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

CHAPTER 7: Splitting Up Source Code Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Creating Multiple Source Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Adding a new source code file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
Removing an existing source code file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Creating a project with multiple existing files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
Getting multiple files to interact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Sharing with Header Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Adding the header only once. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Using angle brackets or quotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182
Sharing Variables among Source Files. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Using the Mysterious Header Wrappers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

CHAPTER 8: Referring to Your Data Through Pointers. . . . . . . . . . 187

Understanding the Changes in Pointers for C++ 20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Avoiding broken code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188
Considering the issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Writing cleaner and less bug-prone code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Heaping and Stacking the Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
Getting a variable’s address. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Changing a variable by using a pointer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
Pointing at a string . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
Pointing to something else. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203
Tips on pointer variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Creating New Raw Pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Using new. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Using an initializer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Freeing Raw Pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Working with Smart Pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Creating smart pointers using std::unique_ptr
and std::shared_ptr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Defining nullable values using std::optional
and std::nullopt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
Passing Pointer Variables to Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Returning Pointer Variables from Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221

viii C++ All-in-One For Dummies

PART 2: UNDERSTANDING OBJECTS AND CLASSES. . . . . . . 225

CHAPTER 1: Working with Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

Understanding Objects and Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
Classifying classes and objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Describing methods and data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
Implementing a class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
Separating method code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
The parts of a class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Working with a Class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Accessing members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Using classes and raw pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Using classes and smart pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Passing objects to functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Using const parameters in functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Using the this pointer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
Overloading methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Starting and Ending with Constructors and Destructors. . . . . . . . . . . 259
Starting with constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Ending with destructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Sampling constructors and destructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
Adding parameters to constructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Building Hierarchies of Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
Creating a hierarchy in C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Understanding types of inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Creating and Using Object Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

CHAPTER 2: Using Advanced C++ Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269

Filling Your Code with Comments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
Converting Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Understanding how int and string conversions work . . . . . . . . . . 272
Seeing int and string conversions in action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Considering other conversion issues. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Reading from the Console. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Understanding Preprocessor Directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Understanding the basics of preprocessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Creating constants and macros with #define. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283
Performing conditional compilation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
Exercising the basic preprocessor directives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Using Constants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
Using Switch Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295

Table of Contents ix
 Supercharging enums with Classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
Working with Random Numbers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Storing Data in Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
Declaring and accessing an array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 303
Arrays of pointers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
Passing arrays to functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Adding and subtracting pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

CHAPTER 3: Planning and Building Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

Recognizing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
Observing the Mailboxes class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312
Observing the Mailbox class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Finding other objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Encapsulating Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .316
Considering the Application Programming Interface. . . . . . . . . . . 316
Understanding properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
Choosing between private and protected. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Defining a process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Implementing properties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Building Hierarchies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Establishing a hierarchy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Protecting members when inheriting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324
Overriding methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Specializing with polymorphism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
Getting abstract about things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

CHAPTER 4: Building with Design Patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335

Delving Into Pattern History. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336
Introducing a Simple Pattern: the Singleton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Using an existing pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
Creating a singleton pattern class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338
Watching an Instance with an Observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Understanding the observer pattern. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341
Defining an observer pattern class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Observers and the Standard C++ Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .346
Automatically adding an observer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Mediating with a Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 349
Defining the mediator pattern scenario. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .350
Outlining the car example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351
Creating the car example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354

x C++ All-in-One For Dummies

BOOK 3: UNDERSTANDING FUNCTIONAL
PROGRAMMING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367

CHAPTER 1: Considering Functional Programming. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369

Understanding How Functional Programming Differs . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Defining an Impure Language. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Considering the requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
Understanding the C++ functional limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374
Seeing Data as Immutable. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Working with immutable variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376
Working with immutability in classes and structures . . . . . . . . . . 377
Creating constant expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378
Considering the Effects of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381
Eliminating Side Effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .382
Contrasting declarations and functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Associating functions with side effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384
Removing side effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385
Creating a declarative C++ example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
Understanding the Role of auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388
Passing Functions to Functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
Seeing a simple example of function input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 391
Using transforms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Using Lambda Expressions for Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394

CHAPTER 2: Working with Lambda Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

Creating More Readable and Concise C++ Code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
Defining the Essential Lambda Expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Defining the parts of a lambda expression. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
Relying on computer detection of return type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401
Using the auto keyword with lambda expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . 404
Using lambda expressions as macros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Developing with Lambda Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406
Using lambda expressions with classes and structures . . . . . . . . 407
Working with the capture clause. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
Sorting data using a lambda expression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411
Specifying that the lambda expression throws exceptions. . . . . . 413

CHAPTER 3: Advanced Lambda Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415

Considering the C++ 20 Lambda Extensions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Defining an immediate function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416
Using = and this in captures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
Finding other changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418

Table of Contents xi
 Working in Unevaluated Contexts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418
Using Assignable Stateless Lambda Expressions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 420
Dealing with Pack Expansions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Considering the template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422
Processing the variables using recursion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
Processing the variables using a lambda expression . . . . . . . . . . 424

BOOK 4: FIXING PROBLEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427

CHAPTER 1: Dealing with Bugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429

It’s Not a Bug. It’s a Feature!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
Make Your Application Features Look Like Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431
Anticipating (Almost) Everything. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Considering menus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
Dealing with textual input . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Performing string processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 437
Avoiding Mistakes, Plain and Simple . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

CHAPTER 2: Debugging an Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443

Programming with Debuggers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 444
Running the debugger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446
Recognizing the parts of the Code::Blocks debugger. . . . . . . . . . . 453
Debugging with Different Tools. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Debugging a Code::Blocks Application with Command-Line
Arguments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456

CHAPTER 3: Stopping and Inspecting Your Code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457

Setting and Disabling Breakpoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 458
Setting a breakpoint in Code::Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459
Enabling and disabling breakpoints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 460
Watching, Inspecting, and Changing Variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Watching the variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465
Changing values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466

CHAPTER 4: Traveling About the Stack. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

Stacking Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 470
Moving about the stack . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
Storing local variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473
Debugging with Advanced Features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Viewing threads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475
Tracing through assembly code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 475

xii C++ All-in-One For Dummies

BOOK 5: ADVANCED PROGRAMMING. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 479

CHAPTER 1: Working with Arrays, Pointers,

and References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Building Up Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Declaring arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482
Arrays and pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484
Using multidimensional arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
Arrays and command-line parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 492
Allocating an array on the heap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Deleting an array from the heap. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494
Storing arrays of pointers and arrays of arrays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Building constant arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Pointing with Pointers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
Becoming horribly complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499
Pointers to functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505
Pointing a variable to a method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506
Pointing to static methods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509
Referring to References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Reference variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
Returning a reference from a function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511

CHAPTER 2: Creating Data Structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515

Working with Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
The great variable roundup. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
Expressing variables from either side . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
Casting a spell on your data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 520
Comparing casting and converting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
Casting safely with C++. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523
Structuring Your Data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Structures as component data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Equating structures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531
Returning compound data types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .532
Naming Your Space. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Creating a namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534
Employing using namespace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
Using variables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
Using part of a namespace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538

CHAPTER 3: Constructors, Destructors, and Exceptions. . . . . . . . 541

Constructing and Destructing Objects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Overloading constructors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
Initializing members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
Adding a default constructor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548
Functional constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550

Table of Contents xiii

 Calling one constructor from another . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
Copying instances with copy constructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555
When constructors go bad. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
Destroying your instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
Virtually inheriting destructors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560
Programming the Exceptions to the Rule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Creating a basic try. . .catch block. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
Using multiple catch blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565
Throwing direct instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
Catching any exception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
Rethrowing an exception. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
Using a standard category. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570

CHAPTER 4: Advanced Class Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 571

Inherently Inheriting Correctly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Morphing your inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572
Avoiding polymorphism. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
Adjusting access. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
Avoiding variable naming conflicts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
Using class-based access adjustment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576
Returning something different, virtually speaking. . . . . . . . . . . . . 577
Multiple inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
Virtual inheritance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
Friend classes and functions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588
Using Classes and Types within Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Nesting a class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591
Types within classes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597

CHAPTER 5: Creating Classes with Templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601

Templatizing a Class . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Considering types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Defining the need for templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
Creating and using a template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 605
Understanding the template keyword. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607
Going Beyond the Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Separating a template from the function code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609
Including static members in a template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611
Parameterizing a Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612
Putting different types in the parameter. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Including multiple parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 616
Working with non-type parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 619

xiv C++ All-in-One For Dummies

 Typedefing a Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622
Deriving Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Deriving classes from a class template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623
Deriving a class template from a class. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
Deriving a class template from a class template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
Templatizing a Function. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 630
Overloading and function templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 632
Templatizing a method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635

CHAPTER 6: Programming with the Standard Library . . . . . . . . . . 637

Architecting the Standard Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Containing Your Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638
Storing in a vector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
Working with std::array. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .642
Mapping your data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 643
Containing instances, pointers, or references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 644
Working with copies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648
Comparing instances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
Iterating through a container . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655
A map of pairs in your hand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
The Great Container Showdown. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Associating and storing with a set. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
Unionizing and intersecting sets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 662
Listing with list. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 664
Stacking the deque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
Waiting in line with stacks and queues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
Copying Containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 673
Creating and Using Dynamic Arrays. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 675
Working with Unordered Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Using std::unordered_set to create an unordered set. . . . . . . . . . 677
Manipulating unordered sets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677
Working with Ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679

BOOK 6: READING AND WRITING FILES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681

CHAPTER 1: Filing Information with the Streams Library . . . . . . 683

Seeing a Need for Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .684
Programming with the Streams Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Getting the right header file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686
Opening a file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 687
Reading from a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 690
Reading and writing a file. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691
Working with containers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 692
Handling Errors When Opening a File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693
Flagging the ios Flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Table of Contents xv
 CHAPTER 2: Writing with Output Streams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697
Inserting with the << Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 698
Formatting Your Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 699
Formatting with flags . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700
Specifying a precision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 704
Setting the width and creating fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 707

CHAPTER 3: Reading with Input Streams. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711

Extracting with Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 712
Encountering the End of File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Using the record count approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715
Using the EOF check approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 718
Reading Various Types. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Understanding data reading issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720
Writing and reading string-type data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
Writing and reading structured data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724

CHAPTER 4: Building Directories and Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 727

Manipulating Directories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Creating a directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728
Deleting a directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 730
Getting the Contents of a Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731
Copying Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733
Copying with windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Using the quick-and-dirty method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734
Moving and Renaming Files and Directories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735

CHAPTER 5: Streaming Your Own Classes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737

Streaming a Class for Text Formatting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738
Understanding the process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Considering the insertion implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 739
Considering the extraction implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
Manipulating a Stream. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
What’s a manipulator? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742
Writing your own manipulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 744

BOOK 7: ADVANCED STANDARD LIBRARY USAGE. . . . . . . . 751

CHAPTER 1: Exploring the Standard Library Further. . . . . . . . . . . . 753

Considering the Standard Library Categories. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755
Atomic operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757
C Compatibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759
Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 759

xvi C++ All-in-One For Dummies

 Containers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Coroutines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 760
Filesystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Input/Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Iterators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 761
Localization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Numerics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 763
Ranges. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 764
Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Strings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766
Thread Support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 767
Parsing Strings Using a Hash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768
Obtaining Information Using a Random Access Iterator. . . . . . . . . . . 771
Locating Values Using the Find Algorithm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 774
Using the Random Number Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776
Working with Temporary Buffers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777

CHAPTER 2: Working with User-Defined Literals (UDLs). . . . . . . . 779

Understanding the Need for UDLs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 780
Prefixes and suffixes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 781
Differentiating between raw and cooked . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 784
Working with the UDLs in the Standard Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
std::basic_string. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785
std::complex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788
std::chrono::duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 789
Creating Your Own UDLs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 791
Developing a conversion UDL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 792
Developing a custom type UDL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 793
Using a custom UDL for side effects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794

CHAPTER 3: Building Original Templates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795

Deciding When to Create a Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796
Defining the Elements of a Good Template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 797
Creating a Basic Math Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799
Building a Structure Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801
Developing a Class Template. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 804
Considering Template Specialization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807
Creating a Template Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809
Defining the library project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 810
Configuring the library project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812
Coding the library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813
Using Your Template Library. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815

Table of Contents xvii

 CHAPTER 4: Investigating Boost. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817
Considering the Standard Library Alternative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Understanding why the Standard Library contains Boost
features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 818
Defining the trade-offs of using the Standard Library. . . . . . . . . . 819
Understanding Boost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 820
Boost features. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
Licensing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822
Paid support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Obtaining and Installing Boost for Code::Blocks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .823
Unpacking Boost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823
Using the header-only libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Building the libraries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 825
Testing the installation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 827
Creating the Boost Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833
Using Boost.Build . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Getting a successful build. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .836
Creating your own example. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836
Using Inspect. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 837
Understanding BoostBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 840
Using QuickBook. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
Using bcp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 843
Using Wave. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 845
Building Your First Boost Application Using Date Time. . . . . . . . . . . . 846

CHAPTER 5: Boosting up a Step. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 849

Parsing Strings Using RegEx. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 850
Adding the RegEx library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851
Creating the RegEx code. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855
Breaking Strings into Tokens Using Tokenizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 857
Performing Numeric Conversion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 858
Creating Improved Loops Using Foreach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862
Accessing the Operating System Using Filesystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 864

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869

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