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 P’ Physics 2:
_Algebra-Based
Christopher Bruhn ee

practice exams
 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2023 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/apphysics2algebr0000bruh_aty1
 am 5 STEPS TOA

2021 AP EXAM FORMAT INFORMATION

The COVID-19 pandemic affected the administration of AP exams
in both 2020 and 2021. Although things remain subject to change
at any time, it appears we are now on our way back to the traditional
AP track. College Board continues to make decisions based on
the health and safety of students and educators across the country,
so it's a good idea to stay informed of the latest changes to your
AP course and exam as the school year progresses.

The big news for the 2021 tests was the introduction of varied testing date and format options.
Rather than offering the traditional single test approach, AP exams were administered
three times—in early May, late May, and early June—with some subjects having been
administered in a digital format in addition to the traditional paper format. Several
exams offered different formats for paper- and digital-based exams, and the differences
varied by subject. All exams, however, were full length and covered the full scope of
content for each AP course.

AP Physics 2 exam used the following format:

and
™ Exams were offered on paper in early May, and as a digital exam in late May
early June
™ The paper exam followed the typical multiple-choice and free-response format
included:
™ The digital exam took the same amount of time as the paper exam but
a second
¢ More multiple-choice questions than the paper exam. Students had
multiple-choice section, with 45 minutes to answer 25 questions
had 45 minutes
e Fewer free-response questions than the paper exam. Students
to answer 2 questions:
|. Qualitative/Quantitative Transition (QQT)

Il. Short Answer: Paragraph Argument

 ge 5 STEPS TOA

™ Per the AP Exam Calculator Policy, a 4-function, scientific, or graphing calculator

was allowed on all versions of the exam.

™ On the digital exam, free-response questions consisted of familiar tasks that could
appear on a traditional exam, but students were not asked to draw or graph.
Students answered free-response questions with a keyboard, rather than by
hand. The digital exam app included any symbols students needed to type their
responses. No handwritten or photographed work was required or accepted.

Is this 5 Steps guide relevant and up-to-date?

Yes! Everything in this book-is reflective of the current course and exam as it was originally
designed. The 5 Steps team strives to keep all information relevant and as up-to-date as
possible, both in print and online.

What will happen in May 2022?

Your guess is as good as ours. Whether the AP exams return fully to their original paper
format, continue in the 2021 hybrid (paper and online) models, or morph into something
entirely new — remains uncertain. However, no matter what College Board will decide
for next year - we have you covered! We'll be updating our materials whenever any new
information becomes available, and will make every effort to revise our digital resources
as quickly as possible.

Most importantly, look for regular updates on the College Board website for the latest
information on your course at apcentral.collegeboard.org. This will be your best resource
for the most up-to-date information on all AP courses.
 > STEPS TOA 5™

AP Physics 2:
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5 STEPS TOA

AP Physics 2:
Algebra-Based
2022
 reserved. Printed in the United States of America.
Copyright © 2022, 2021, 2019 by McGraw Hill. All rights
Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be
Except as permitted under the United States Copyright
in a database or retrieval system, without
reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored
the prior written permission of the publisher.

7o
1 2 Batese 89 LHS 24 235
26.2 22°21

ISBN _978-1-264-26805-4
MHID 1-264-26805-X

e-ISBN 978-1-264-26806-1
e-MHID 1-264-26806-8

s or registered trade-
McGraw Hill, the McGraw Hill logo, 5 Steps to a 5, and related trade dress are trademark
without
marks of McGraw Hill and/or its-affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used
not associ-
written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. McGraw Hill is
ated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

AP, Advanced Placement Program, and College Board are registered trademarks of the College Board, which was
not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.

The series editor was Grace Freedson, and the project editor was Del Franz.

Series design by Jane Tenenbaum.

McGraw Hill products are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions
or for use in corporate training programs. To contact a representative, please visit the Contact Us pages at
www.mhprofessional.com.
 CONTENTS
Acknowledgments ix
About the Author xi
Introduction: The Five-Step Program xiii

SnEras Set Up Your Study Program

1 How to Approach Your AP Physics Course 3
Ignore Your Grade 4
Don’t Bang Your Head Against a Brick Wall 4
Work with Other People 5
Ask Questions When Appropriate 5
Keep an Even Temper 5
Dont Cram 6
2 What You Need to Know About the AP Physics 2 Exam 7
Some Frequently Asked Questions About the AP Physics 2 Exam 8
3 Building Your Personal Attack Plan 15
Memorization and Cramming Won't Help 15
Building a Plan That Is Right for You 16
Plan A: I’m Starting in September 17
Plan B: I’m Starting in January 17
Plan C: It’s Spring Break and I Just Got Started! 18

STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness

4 Test Yourself: AP Physics 2 Fundamentals 23
AP Physics 2 Fundamentals Self-Assessment 23
Answers to AP Physics 2 Fundamentals Self-Assessment 28
What Do I Know, and What Dont I Know? 34
5 Test Yourself: AP Physics 2 Question Types 35
AP Physics 2 Question-Types Self-Assessment 36
Answers to AP Physics 2 Question-Types Assessment 45

STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success

6 General Strategies 51
What Do I Need to Remember from AP Physics 1? 52
Tools You Can Use 52
Get to Know the Relationships 54
What Information Can We Get from a Graph? 55
Ranking Task Skills 59
7 Strategies for the Multiple-Choice Questions 61
Multiple-Choice Basics 62
How to Get Better at Multiple-Choice Problems 62
Multiple-Correct Questions 63
Time: Pace Yourself! 63
Additional Strategies and Words of Wisdom 64
vi > Contents

8 Strategies for the Free-Response Questions 65

The Structure of the Free-Response Section 66
Getting Off to a Good Start 66
Lab Questions 67
Practice Designing a Lab 68
Paragraph-Length Arguments 69
Student-Contention Questions 70
Qualitative-Quantitative Transition (QQT) Questions 71
What the Exam Reader Looks For 73
Final Advice About the Free-Response Section 74

STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

9 Fluid Mechanics 77
How the Nano-World Influences the Fluid World We Live In 79
Density 80
Pressure 80
Static Fluids 81
Applications of Static Fluids 82
Barometer 84
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle 85
Dynamic Fluids—Continuity 86
Dynamic Fluids—Bernoulli’s Equation 87
Practice Problems 91
Solutions to Practice Problems 95
Rapid Review 98
10 Thermodynamics and Gases 99
Start Small—Atomic Behavior That Produces Thermal Results 100
Heat, Temperature, and Power 102
Heat Transfer 103
Kinetic Theory of Gases 104
Ideal Gas Law 105
First Law of Thermodynamics 107
PV Diagrams 108
Round and Round We Go: Cycles 112
Four Special Processes (Paths) ona PV Diagram 113
Entropy 114
Practice Problems 115
Solutions to Practice Problems 120
Rapid Review 124
11 Electric Force, Field, and Potential 125
Flectrie Charge” 127
Quanta of Charge, Conservation of Charge, and How Charge Moves Around 127
Charge Distribution on Different Objects 129
Electric Fields 130
Force of an Electric Field 130
Electric Field Vector Diagrams 131
Electric Potential 132
Equipotential Isolines 134
Special Geometries for Electrostatics 137
 Contents ¢ vii

Electric Fields Around a Point Charge and a Charged Conducting Sphere 141
Electric Potential Associated with a Point Charge and a Charged
Conducting Sphere 142
The Force Between Two Charges 143
Mechanics and Charges 143
Practice Problems 145
Solutions to Practice Problems 153
Rapid Review 159
12 Electric Circuits 161
Current 162
Resistance and Ohm's Law 163
Ohmic Versus Nonohmic 165
Resistors in Series and in Parallel 166
The V--RChart 167
Kirchhoff’s Rules 170
Circuits from an Experimental Point of View 174
Real Batteries and Internal Resistance 175
Changes in a Circuit—Switches 176
Capacitors 178
Parallel and Series Capacitors 181
RC Circuits 184
Practice Problems 188
Solutions to Practice Problems 193
Rapid Review 195
13 Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction 197
Magnetic Fields 198
Magnetic Dipoles in a Magnetic Field 200
Magnetic Field Around a Straight Current-Carrying Wire 201
Force on a Moving Charged Particle 202
Magnetic Force ona Wire 205
Force Between Two Parallel Wires 207
Charges in a Magnetic Field and the Mass Spectrometer 208
Particles Moving Through Both Magnetic and Electric Fields 210
Magnetic Flux 212
Electromagnetic Induction 213
Magnetic Behavior of Materials 216
Practice Problems 217
Solutions to Practice Problems 222
Rapid Review 225
14 Geometric and Physics Optics 227
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 228
The Wave Equation 229
Interference 230
Electromagnetic Waves 231
Polarization 232
Diffraction and the Point-Source Model 232
Single and Double Slits 233
Index of Refraction 235
Thin Films 236
vill Contents

Wave Behavior at Boundaries 238

Reflection and Mirrors 238
Snell’s Law and the Critical Angle 241
Lenses 244
Practice Problems 248
Solutions to Practice Problems 255
Rapid Review 263
15 Quantum, Atomic, and Nuclear Physics 265
What Is Modern Physics? 266
Space, Time, the Speed of Light, and F = mc 266
Subatomic Particles 267
The Electron-Volt 268
Photons 268
Photoelectric Effect 269
Photon Momentum 272
De Broglie Wavelength and Wave Functions 273
Bohr Model of the Atom and Energy Levels in an Atom 276
Three Types of Nuclear Decay Processes 278
E = mc and Conservation During Nuclear Reactions 280
Half-Life 281
Other Nuclear Reactions 282
Mass Defect, Binding Energy, and the Strong Nuclear Force 283
Practice Problems 285
Solutions to Practice Problems 289
Rapid Review 293

STEu> Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

The AP Physics 2 Practice Exams 297
Taking the Practice Exams 297
Test-Taking Strategies 298
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 1: Section 1 (Multiple Choice) 301
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 1: Section 2 (Free Response) 314
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 1: Solutions: Section 1 (Multiple Choice) 319
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 1: Solutions: Section 2 (Free Response) 323
How ta,Score Practice Exam] 46332
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 2: Section 1 (Multiple Choice) 335
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 2: Section 2 (Free Response) 348
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 2: Solutions: Section 1 (Multiple Choice) 353
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 2: Solutions: Section 2 (Free Response) 358
How to Score Practice Exam 2. 365
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 3: Section 1 (Multiple Choice) 369
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 3: Section 2 (Free Response) 384
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 3: Solutions: Section 1 (Multiple Choice) 390
AP Physics 2 Practice Exam 3: Solutions: Section 2 (Free Response) 396
How to Score Practice Exam 3. 403
Words of Encouragement 404
Appendix
Constants 407
AP Physics 2 Equations 408
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Well, I just have to say this wouldn't have been possible without my family who has always
believed in me. You are the best family I’ve ever had! Thank you from the bottom of my
heart. You are the best!
Oh, yeah! Thank you, Todd, for starting me down the path to this gig. I still owe you
a steak . . . or is it two by now?

Special Acknowledgment and Thank You to Greg Jacobs

Everyone who reads this book will quickly notice the similarities to Greg Jacobs’ outstanding
book 5 Steps to a 5—AP Physics 1. 5 Steps to a 5—AP Physics 2 is shamelessly modeled after
Greg’s work for two reasons:
1. It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to know that AP Physics 2 follows AP Physics 1. I felt
it was important to follow Greg’s lead and offer students a smooth transition in both
content, style, and format from one book to the next.
2. Greg’s previous publication, 5 Steps to a 5—AP Physics B has helped thousands of
students successfully prepare for the AP exam. When AP Physics B was split into
AP Physics 1 and 2, Greg took some of the original “B” material and utilized it in his
new AP Physics 1 book. I followed this pattern. Material from Greg's AP Physics B
book can easily be seen throughout the study guide.
In short, this book stands on the foundation that Greg Jacobs built. I cannot thank him
enough for providing a blueprint for success. (You can find out more about Greg Jacobs by
visiting his blog: http://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/.)
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 ABOUT THE AUTHOR

Chris Bruhn began his career as an aerospace engineer with Bell Helicopter before choos-
ing teaching as his calling. Since becoming an educator, he has taught all varieties of
AP Physics in schools, including inner-city, suburban, and charter schools, and he has
shown a particular talent at constructing successful educational programs. Chris was hon-
ored as L.D. Bell High School Teacher of the Year and earned the O’Donnell Texas AP
Teacher Award for “remarkable contributions to his students and school, as well as to the
teaching profession.” The Dallas Morning News ran a front-page article featuring Chris
and his students on January 26, 2010. (Dallas Morning News article: “AP teacher sparks
students’ love of physics and wins $30,000.”) Chris is an educational trainer. He contin-
ues to create and share curriculum and educational resources as well as lead institutes and
study sessions for teachers and students around the country. Outside of teaching, Chris
likes building things, sports, painting, travel, watching superhero movies with his kids, and
generally having fun. And now he is writing this book!
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 INTRODUCTION:
THE FIVE-STEP PROGRAM

Welcome!
You are in AP Physics 2, which means you probably just completed—or survived—
AP Physics 1 last year. You already have a good idea of what is involved in getting ready
for an AP Physics exam. AP Physics 2 builds upon the material you've already learned in
AP Physics 1. Be sure to keep your 5 Steps to a 5 AP Physics I book handy for reviewing
material you learned last year. I’m Chris, and I am going to be your friendly guide through-
out the process of getting prepared for your AP exam.

Why This Book?

To have a good understanding of what makes this book special, it would probably be help-
ful if you knew a little bit about me. I’ve been an aerospace engineer, so I have experience
in how physics is used in the real world. I have run workshops for teachers, helping them
become successful with their own students. I’ve been teaching all varieties of AP Physics 1,
2, B, and C for more than 25 years, to students just like you in all types of schools—inner-city
schools, suburban schools, magnet schools, charter schools—schools big and small. In every
one of these schools, there are students, just like you, who learn to love and excel in
AP Physics because it makes such beautiful sense.
That’s where I come in—helping you make sense of it all. P’'ve got a pretty good idea
what is needed for you to do well on the AP exam. Throughout this book you will find:
¢ Clear, simple-to-understand text
¢ A thorough explanation of all the topics you will need to know
¢ Problem-solving tips and solutions
¢ An introduction to the student-tested Five-Step Program to mastering the AP Physics 2
exam

Organization of the Book: The Five-Step Program

You will be taking a comprehensive AP exam this May. Since this is not your first
AP Physics exam, you already understand the structure of the exam and how thoroughly
you need to understand the material. When you walk into that exam, you want to feel
excited but calm, as if you are looking forward to showing off what you can do, not appre-
hensive or uncertain. Following the Five-Step Program is the best way to prepare and give
yourself the best chance to earn that 5.

Step 1: Set Up Your Study Program

As you already know from having taken AP Physics 1, you cannot memorize your way
through physics, and you can't cram overnight. Success on the AP exam is the result of

€ xiil
Xiv Introduction: The Five-Step Program

diligent practice over the course of months, not the result of an all-nighter on the evening
before the exam. Step 1 gives you the background structure you need before you even start
exam preparation.

Step 2: Determine Your Test Readiness

A problem on the AP exam usually requires conceptual development, considerable problem
solving, or critical thinking skills. AP questions do not ask for straightforward facts that you
can memorize. The AP Physics exam is designed to test the depth of your understanding
of physics concepts and how well you can apply them. But you're going to have to know
those basic physics concepts in order to solve more difficult problems, including the ones
you learned in AP Physics 1, so remember to keep last year’s 5 Steps to a 5 book handy!
You can’t learn physics passively; you have to be actively engaged to truly understand
the concepts. A good place to start preparing for the test is by quizzing yourself. This
way you'll know your areas of strength and weakness. The 5 Steps fundamentals quiz in
Chapter 4 will diagnose your areas of strength and weakness. Once you can answer every
question on the fundamentals quiz quickly and accurately, you're ready for deeper ques-
tions that will challenge you on the AP exam.

Step 3: Develop Strategies for Success

Since this isn’t your first AP Physics exam, you already know that an AP Physics test requires
a much different approach than just about any other exam you've taken. You will be get-
ting a reference table with equations on it for the entire exam, but it is still critical to know
your equations and understand what they mean. Memorizing equations is not absolutely
necessary, but it is very helpful. Having the equations stored in your “mental toolbox”
means you never have to take the time to search around the reference table looking for an
equation or wonder what relationship is needed to solve a problem. You will always have
the reference table as a backup, but you will be surprised how many equations you know
without even trying.
An important tool in your arsenal for succeeding on the AP exam is the ability to predict
the behavior of a system based upon a physics equation, such as ranking things from largest
to smallest. I'll discuss some methods to help you become successful with those problems.

Step 4: Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High

This is a comprehensive review of all the topics on the AP exam. Now, you've probably been
in an AP Physics class all year; you've likely read! your textbook. Our review is meant to be
just that—review, in a readable format, and focused exclusively on the AP exam.
These review chapters are appropriate both for quick skimming, to remind yourself
of key points, and for in-depth study, with plenty of practice problems for you to work
through. I do not go into nearly as much detail as a standard textbook, but the advantage
of the lack of detail is that you can focus on only those issues specific to the AP Physics 2
exam.

Step 5: Build Your Test-Taking Confidence

Here are three full-length practice tests. Unlike other practice tests you may take, this one
comes with thorough explanations. One of the most important elements in learning physics is
making, and then learning from, mistakes. I don’t just tell you what you got wrong; I explain
why your answer is wrong, and how to do the problem correctly. It’s okay to make a mistake
here, because if you do, you won't make that same mistake again on the “big day” in May.

'Or at least tried to read.

 Introduction: The Five-Step Program XV

The Graphics Used in This Book

To emphasize particular skills and strategies, icons are used throughout this book. An icon
in the margin will alert you that you should pay particular attention to the accompanying text.
These three icons are used:

1. This icon points out a very important concept or fact that you should not pass over.

2. This icon calls your attention to a problem-solving strategy that you may want to try.

3. This icon indicates a tip that you might find useful.

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