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 INTRODUCTION TO

With Practical ZEMAX^ Examples /

Joseph M . Geary
Center for Applied Optics
 INTRODUCTION TO

With Practical ZEMAX® Examples 1

Joseph M. Geary
Center for Applied Optics
University of Alabama in Huntsville

Published by

A..
lMIlntam-Bell, Inc
.

P.O. Box 35025 •Richmond, Virginia 23235 •USA S(804) 320-7016

www.willbell.com
Published by Willmann-Bell, Inc.
P.O. Box 35025, kichmond, Virginia 23235

Copyright © 2002 by Joseph M. Geary

All Rights Reserved

Reproduction or translation of any part of this work beyond that permitted by Sec-
tions 107 or 108 of the United States Copyright Act without written permission of
the copyright owner is unlawful. Requests for permission or further information
should be sent to the Permissions Department, Willmann-Bell, Inc., P.O. Box
35025, Richmond, VA 23235.

Printed in the United States of America

First Printing: September, 2002

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Geary, Joseph M .
Introduction to lens design: with practical ZEM AX examples / Joseph M. Geary
p. m.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-943396- 75- 1
—
1 . Lenses— Design and construction. 2. Lenses Design and construction— Data
processing. 3. ZEMAX. I. Title

QC385.2.D47 G43 202

—
681 \423 dc21 2002026274

The following trademarks are acknowledged here and elsewhere in this book:
CODE V by Optical Research Associates, LensVIEW by Optical Data Solutions,
OSLO by Sinclair Optics and ZEMAX by Focus Software

02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Table of Contents
Preface xm
Chapter 1 Agenda 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.1.1 Why Lens Design ? 1
1.1 .2 Type of Course 1
1.1 .3 Acquired Skills 1
1.2 Setting the Stage 3
1.2. 1 A Comparison 3
1.2.2 Aberration and Imagery 3
1.2.3 Lens Size and FOV 4
1.2.4 Specifications 5
1.3 Homework 8
Chapter 2 ZEMAX 11
2.1 Introduction to ZEMAX 11
2.2 Data Entry 11
2.2. 1 Inserting a Prescription in the Lens Data Editor 11
2.2.2 Dialog Boxes 12
2.3 Layout 13
2.4 First Order Properties 17
2.5 Analysis 17
2.6 Keeping Track of Designs 17
2.7 ZEMAX Glass Catalog 18
2.8 Odds and Ends 19
2.8. 1 More on /-number 19
2.8.2 Ray Selection 20
Chapter 3 Conventions and Aspheres 21
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Sign Conventions 21
3.3 Shape Factor 21
3.4 Surface Sag 22
3.5 Aspheric Surfaces 23
3.6 Departure From Sphere 27
3.7 Homework 28
3.7. 1 Singlet 29

in
IV

Chapter 4 Paraxial World 33

4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Paraxial Ray Trace Equations 33
4.3 Gaussian Lens Formula 34
4.4 What Lenses Look Like in the PRTE World 35
4.5 Determination of Surface Power 36
4.6 Other Important Power Expressions 37
4.6.1 Single Reflecting Surface 37
4.6.2 Two-Element System 37
4.6.3 Thin Lens 39
4.7 Principal Plane Locations in a Two-Element System 40
4.8 Magnification 41
4.9 Homework 42
Chapter 5 Stops and Pupils 43
5.1 Introduction 43
5.2 Stop and Pupils 43
5.3 Marginal and Chief Rays 46
5.4 Locating Buried Stop Entrance and Exit Pupils Using PRTE 46
5.5 Pupil Size and E- Number 47
5.6 The Lagrange Invariant 48
5.7 Homework 49
Chapter 6 Glass, and the Landscape Lens 51
6.1 Introduction 51
6.2 Glass Properties 51
6.2. 1 Refractive Index 51
6.2.2 Dispersion 51
6.2.3 How Can We Quantify the Dispersive Property of Glasses ? . 52
6.2.4 Glass Chart 54
6.2.5 Melt Data 55
6.2.6 Partial Dispersion 55
6.2.7 Practical Considerations 58
6.3 Stop Shifting and Aberration Control 58
6.4 Wollaston Rear Landscape L e n s . . . . 61
6.5 Historical Note: William Wollaston . 62
6.6 Homework 62
Chapter 7 Aberrations in General 65
7.1 Introduction 65
7.2 Diagnostic Plots 65
7.2. 1 The Ray Fan Plot 65
7.2.2 The Spot Diagram 67
7.3 Ray Description of Aberrations 68
7.3. 1 Defocus 68
7.3.2 Spherical Aberration 68
 V

7.3.3 Coma 71
7.3.4 Astigmatism 73
7.3.5 Field Curvature and Distortion 75
7.4 Wavefront Aberrations 77
7.4.1 Description of Wavefront 77
7.4.2 Interaction Of Wavefronts With Optical Systems 78
7.4.3 Wavefront Description 79
7.4.4 Wavefronts and Diffraction 82
7.5 Connection Between Image Plane and Exit Pupil Aberrations . . . . 82
7.6 Abbe Sine Condition 83
Chapter 8 Solves and Merit Function 85
8.1 Introduction 85
8.2 The M-solve 85
8.3 The F-solve 86
8.4 Rings and Arms 87
8.5 The Merit Function 88
8.6 RMS Spot Size 90
8.7 RMS Spot Plots 93
Chapter 9 Splitting a Lens 95
9.1 Introduction 95
9.2 Lens Splitting 95
9.2.1 Single Element 95
9.2.2 Double Element 95
9.2.3 Triple Element 96
9.3 Micro-lithography and Lens Splitting 98
9.4 Fizeau Interferometry 98
9.5 Homework 101
Chapter 10 Spherical Aberration 103
10.1 Introduction 103
10.2 Heuristic Approach to Wijk 104
10.3 Example: Wim via Paraxial Ray Trace . . 107
10.4 Thin Lens Form For Vk040 109
10.5 Example: W040 via Thin Lens Calculation 110
10.6 Off -Axis Aberration Coefficients 110
10.7 Derivation Vk040 110
10.8 Homework 116
Chapter 11 Lens Bending and Aberration Balancing 117
11.1 Introduction 117
11.2 The Thin Lens Form 117
11.3 Thin Lens Bending 119
11.4 Focus Shift 120
11.5 Difference Between Vk020 and Wd 121
VI

11.6 Aberration Balancing: Spherical Aberration and Defocus 123

11.7 Basis For Equation . . . 124
11.8 Connection Between W 040 and SA 3 125
11.9 Example With Spherical Aberration: 128
11.10 Derivation of Thin Lens Form 128
11.11 Homework 134
Chapter 12 Symmetry and the Periscopic Lens 135
12.1 Introduction 135
12.2 Determining Starting Radii 136
12.3 Setting Up the Pre- Design In ZEMAX 137
12.4 Object At Infinity 139
12.5 Field Flattening 140
12.6 Comparison With Rear Landscape Lens 141
12.7 Breaking Symmetry 143
12.8 Historical Note: Carl Steinheil 143
12.9 Homework 145
Chapter 13 Coma and Astigmatism 147
13.1 Introduction 147
13.2 Transverse Spherical Aberration: SA3 148
13.3 ZEMAX Off -Axis Aberration Calculations 150
13.3. 1 Coma (W131) via Seidel Contributions 151
13.3.2 Coma (W131) via Thin Lens Formulation 152
13.3.3 Astigmatism ( W222) via Seidel Contributions . . 152
13.3.4 Astigmatism ( W222) via Thin Lens Formulation 153
13.4 Coma and Lens Bending 154
13.5 Coma and Astigmatism vs. F- Number and Field . . . 154
13.6 Homework 156
Chapter 14 Field Curvature and Field Flattener 157
14.1 Introduction 157
14.2 Petzval Curvature 157
14.3 The Petzval Wavefront Aberration 159
14.4 The Petzval Aberration Coefficient and Petzval Sum 159
14.5 Sample Calculation 160
14.6 Petzval Radius 161
14.7 Basic Theory of the Field Flattener 163
14.8 Homework 165
Chapter 15 Distortion . . . 167
15.1 Introduction . . 167
15.2 Wavefront Tilt 167
15.3 Distortion . . . . 169
15.4 Example 171
15.5 Discussion . . . 173
 vii

Chapter 16 Axial Color and Achromats 175

16.1 Introduction 175
16.2 Primary Axial Color 175
16.3 Derivation of CL 177
16.4 The Wavefront Color Aberration W ax 178
16.5 The Achromat 180
16.5.1 Constraints 180
16.5.2 Achromat Powers 181
16.5.3 Achromat Example 181
16.6 Homework 182
Chapter 17 Bending Achromats 185
17.1 Introduction 185
17.2 Achromats in ZEMAX 185
17.3 Achromat Bending and Seidel Spherical Aberration 187
17.4 Higher Order Spherical 189
17.5 Spherochromatism 190
17.6 Achromat Bending and Coma and Astigmatism . . . . 191
17.7 The Aplanat 192
17.8 Lateral Color 193
17.9 Homework 194
Chapter 18 Secondary Color 195
18.1 Introduction 195
18.2 Partial Dispersion 195
18.3 Achromat Secondary Spectrum 198
18.4 ZEM AX Corrected Achromat 202
18.5 When Is Secondary Spectrum Worrisome ? 202
18.6 Flat Field Achromat 205
18.7 Homework 205
Chapter 19 Large Air -Spaced Achromat and French Landscape Lens . 207
19.1 Introduction 207
19.2 Separated Thin Lens Achromat 207
19.2.1 Dispersion Constraint Modification 207
19.2.2 Determining Component Powers . . 208
19.2.3 One-Glass Achromat 211
19.3 The Apochromatic Constraint 212
19.3.1 Partial Primary Axial Color 213
19.3.2 Partial Primary Color Applied to Doublets and Triplets . . 214
19.4 Color Correction vs. Spot Size 216
19.5 The Chevalier Lens 217
19.6 Homework 218
Chapter 20 Mid-Term Exam 221
20.1 Introduction 221
VIII

20.2 The Microscope 221

20.3 Design Overview and Helpful Hints 223
20.3.1 Part I: Thin Lens Pre-Design 223
20.3.2 Part II: ZEMAX Design Optimization 224
20.4 Mid-Term Exam 225
20.5 Where Do We Go From Here 226
Chapter 21 Apochromat 229
21.1 Introduction 229
21.2 Apochromatic Constraints 229
21.3 Apochromatic Power Solution 230
21.4 Calculation Example 232
21.5 ZEMAX Optimization 234
Chapter 22 Eyepiece Design 239
22.1 Introduction 239
22.2 First Order Layout of Eyepiece 239
22.3 Insertion into ZEMAX 241
22.4 Field Lens 242
22.5 The Ramsden and Kellner Eyepieces 245
22.6 The Ramsden Eyepiece and Eye Model 245
22.7 Ramsden Design Example Using ZEMAX 246
Chapter 23 Field Lens and Windows 249
23.1 Introduction 249
23.2 Field Lenses in Relay Systems 249
23.3 Windows 251
23.4 Aberrations Introduced by Perfect Windows 253
23.4. 1 Focus Shift 253
23.4.2 Spherical Aberration 255
23.4.3 Simple Formulas for Window Seidel Coefficients 257
23.5 Tilted Window in ZEMAX 258
23.6 Effect on Axial Color 259
23.7 Homework 259
Chapter 24 Mirrors and Corrector Plates 261
24.1 Introduction 261
24.2 The Parabolic Mirror 261
24.3 Aberration Content Comparison 263
24.4 Aspheric Correction of Lens 263
24.5 Corrector Plate for Spherical Mirrors 264
24.5. 1 Qualitative Description 264
24.5.2 Quantitative Description 264
24.5.3 Schmidt Plate in ZEMAX 266
24.6 Spectral Effects 267
24.7 Applications 268
 ix

24.8 Historical Note: Bernhard Schmidt 270

24.9 Homework 270
Chapter 25 Symmetric Achromat and Vignetting . . . 271
25.1 Introduction 271
25.2 Basic Design Approach 271
25.3 Application of Design Approach 271
25.4 Area Weighted RMS 277
25.5 Breaking Symmetry 277
25.6 Vignetting 280
25.7 Relative Illumination 282
25.8 The Rapid Rectilinear 283
25.9 Historical Note: John Henry Dallmeyer . . . . 283
25.10 Homework 284
Chapter 26 Telescopes 287
26.1 Introduction 287
26.2 Telescope Types 287
26.2. 1 Newtonian Form 287
26.2.2 Cassegrain Form 287
26.2.3 Gregorian Form 289
26.2.4 Schmidt Telescope 289
26.2.5 Complementary Apheres in Telescopes 290
26.3 Designing a Cassegrain 290
26.3. 1 Secondary Mirror and First Order Properties of System . . 290
26.3.2 Conic Constant Design 292
26.4 Cassegrain in ZEMAX 294
26.5 Other Design Considerations 296
26.5.1 Effect of Central Obscuration 296
26.5.2 Stray Light and Baffles 298
26.6 Historical Note: G.W. Ritchey and H.J. Chretien 298
26.7 Homework 299
Chapter 27 Relating Defocus, Astigmatism, and Field Curvature 301
27.1 Introduction 301
27.2 Wavefront Description of Aberrations in Cartesian Coordinates 301
27.3 Wavefront Gradients in Cartesian Form 302
27.4 Defocus, Astigmatism, and Petzval Curvature in Pupil 303
27.5 Making the Connection to Image Space 305
27.5.1 Image Focus Locations Along Chief Ray 305
27.5.2 Example 306
27.5.3 Separation Between Tangential and Sagittal Foci 307
27.5.4 Image Sizes at Respective Focal Planes 309
27.6 Checking Out the Image Predictions in ZEMAX 310
27.7 Basis for the Use of cos U ' 312
27.8 Homework 314
X

Chapter 28 Celor Lens 315

28.1 Introduction 315
28.2 Generalized Power 315
28.3 Celor Lens Constraints 316
28.4 Derivation of Celor Equation 317
28.5 Celor Rear Half Lens Powers 318
28.6 Celor 7,EM AX Design Procedure 321
28.7 Historical Note: Emil von Hoegh 326
28.8 Homework 327
Chapter 29 Coddington ’s Equations 329
29.1 Introduction 329
29.2 Coddington 329
29.3 Oblique Power 330
29.4 Coddington 's Equations 331
29.5 Thin Lens Example 332
29.6 Thin Lens Expression for AT 333
29.7 Coddington ’ s Equations and Mirrors . . . 334
29.8 Comparison of Al' and bTS for Mirrors . . 335
29.9 Field Curvature Plot in ZEMAX 335
29.10 Toric Surfaces 336
29.11 Aberration Generator 338
29.12 Homework 340
Chapter 30 Triplet Lens and Image Compactness 343
30.1 Introduction 343
30.2 Philosophy Behind Triplet Lens Design . 343
30.3 Outline of Triplet Design 344
30.4 Historical Note: H. Dennis Taylor 345
30.5 An Important Triplet Variant 346
30.6 Image Quality I 346
30.6. 1 Average Volume Over Unit Circle . 346
30.6.2 Image Compactness 347
30.6.3 Calculation Example 348
30.6.4 Numerical Example 349
30.6.5 ZEMAX Example 349
30.7 Axial Location of cc 350
30.8 Lateral Color Revisited . . 350
30.9 Homework 353
Chapter 31 Strehl Ratio 355
31.1 Introduction 355
31.2 Image Quality II 355
31.2. 1 Strehl Ratio 355
31.2.2 Wavefront Variance 357
31.2.3 Calculation Example 358
 xi

31.2.4 Numerical Example 360

31.2.5 Axial Location of a 360
31.2.6 Wavefront Variance in 7,EM AX 361
31.3 Minimum Blur in ZEMAX 362
31.4 Wavefront Variance for Asymmetric Aberrations 363
31.5 Homework 364
Chapter 32 Axial Intensity and Depth of Focus 365
32.1 Introduction 365
32.2 Image Quality III 365
32.2. 1 Axial Intensity 365
32.2.2 Diffractive Depth of Focus 370
32.2.3 Geometric Depth of Focus 371
32.2.4 Resolution 373
32.2.4.1 Star Sources 373
32.2.4.2 Broad Sources 374
32.2.5 Rayleigh Rules 375
32.3 Strehl in ZEMAX 375
Chapter 33 Petzval Lens 377
33.1 Introduction 377
33.2 Paraxial Thin Lens Petzval Design 377
33.3 Outline of Petzval Design Procedure on ZEMAX . . . 380
33.4 Historical Note: Joseph M. Petzval 381
33.5 Image Quality IV 382
33.6 Homework 387
Chapter 34 MTF: Image Quality V 389
34.1 Introduction 389
34.2 What is Modulation ? 389
34.3 Convolution and Fourier Transform 390
34.4 The Optical Transfer Function 392
34.5 MTF in ZEMAX 396
34.6 MTF and Symmetry 396
Chapter 35 Null Lens Design 399
35.1 Introduction 399
35.2 Spherical Aberration Generated by a Parabolic Mirror 399
35.3 Test Configuration For Concave Mirrors 400
35.4 Purpose Of Null Lens in Testing Parabolic Mirrors . . 401
35.5 Derivation of Surface Normals for Parabolic Mirror . 402
35.6 The Offner Null Lens 405
35.6.1 Predesign 406
35.6.2 Generator Power 406
35.6.3 Power of Tuning Lens 408
35.7 Null Lens in ZEMAX 408
XII

Chapter 36 Final Exam 413

36.1 Introduction 413
36.2 First Order Telephoto 413
36.2.1 Focal Length of Positive Component 413
36.2.2 Focal Length of Negative Component 415
36.2.3 Example 416
36.2.4 Preparation For ZEMAX Telephoto Optimization 416
36.3 Telephoto in ZEMAX 417
36.4 Final Exam 418
Chapter 37 The Attic 421
37.1 Introduction 421
37.2 Paraxial Lenses 421
37.3 Tilting a Flat Mirror 422
37.4 Right Angle Prism 423
37.5 Lens Alignment 424
37.5. 1 Lens Decentration 424
37.5.2 Lens Tilt 425
37.6 Off -Axis Parabola 425
37.7 Aberrations Induced by Decentration 426
37.8 Zernike Polynomials 430
Chapter 38 Fini 433
38.1 Introduction 433
38.2 What Has Been Accomplished 433
38.3 Tolerancing 436
38.4 Things Not Covered 440
38.5 Optical Design Codes 442
Appendix A Bibliography 443
Appendix B Answers to Manual Calculation Assignments 445
Appendix C Final Prescriptions for ZEMAX Design Assignments . . . . 447
Appendix D Glossary 453
Appendix E Description of ZEMAX Merit Function Operands
Utilized in this Book 457
Index 459
Preface
This book evolved from an introductory course in lens design sponsored by the
Center for Applied Optics for use in the Optical Science & Engineering doctoral
program at the University of Alabama in Huntsville. At the inception of this
course, I searched for a lens design textbook and found, to my surprise and dis-
may , that there really were none! Although there were several good books about
lens design (see the booklist in Appendix A ), these tended to be either monographs
or compilations of different designs. None were written with students (or instruc-
tors) in mind. Hopefully this book is a step in the pedagogical direction . As I be-
gan preparing lectures it also seemed obvious that no modern lens design course
could be given without thoroughly integrating one of the commercially available
lens design codes into the syllabus. For a variety of reasons (including user friend-
liness and cost effectiveness) ZEMAX was selected.
This is not a textbook in the traditional sense. It is a formalized embodiment
of lectures with assigned homework and exams. The course is designed around a
14- week semester ( MWF) with enough material to fill 38 lectures of 55 minutes
each. The material is at the first- year graduate level, and is intended as a first
course in lens design . It is also structured to be hands-on and engineering oriented.
A solid footing in undergraduate geometrical optics (Appendix A ) is the only pre-
requisite. Math requirements are modest: algebra, trig, geometry , and calculus.
Although this course is about lens design , I believe its scope is more general in
that it can provide optical engineers with important tools and skills that will be
useful in their professional careers.
Though written in lecture format and suitable for classroom use, the book is
primarily designed for self -study . As such it can be used on three distinct levels.
Obviously, the full benefit will be had by those having access to ZEMAX (and the
accompanying manual ). However, I believe enough information is provided ( par-
ticularly with the help of Appendices C and E) to allow readers using alternate
codes (such as Code-V , SYNOPSIS, and Super OSLO) to work the examples and
assignments in a beneficial manner. Finally , for readers who do not have any ma-
jor code readily available, a great deal can still be learned about design and anal -
ysis in conjunction with working the manual calculation problems and by doing
the thin lens pre-designs preceding code work.
With a few exceptions, the backbone of the course is the photographic lens,
and we follow an almost historic development. There are ten photographic lens
design problems from the simple Wollaston landscape lens to the more complex
achromatic telephoto. Along the way we visit such things as the Rapid Rectilinear
and Cooke Triplet. The design principles covered in the course include: lens bend-

XIII
xiv Preface

ing, stop shift, symmetry , element splitting , color correction , aberration balancing,
field flattening, aspherics, as well as the proper use and construction of the merit
function. Though ZEMAX is an integral part of the course, its use will not be
blind. Manual thin lens pre-design calculations provide the starting prescriptions
for every ZEMAX homework. Paraxial ray tracing, element power computations,
and aberration calculations are utilized throughout the course. Consequently , all
designs are firmly anchored by theory .
Of equal importance to the design principles covered in the course are the an-
alytical tools used to determine the quality of the design . ZEMAX and its sister
codes are built upon a strong tradition of optical analysis, and will provide the user
with a rich variety of numbers and plots (such as axial color and ray fan plots, spot
diagrams, and MTF). This course will provide the student with a thorough under-
standing of where these numbers come from and what the plots mean . This under-
standing is supported by 26 assignments evenly split between “pencil and paper”
calculations and ZEMAX code work. The course is structured so that students
start using ZEMAX in the very first week , and every week thereafter. This affects
the arrangement of material because roughly every third lecture focuses on a spe-
cific lens design and provides background for the ZEMAX assignment.
I would like to dedicate this book to Professors Roland Shack and Bob Shan-
non who were my mentors at the Optical Sciences Center . I also want to include
Prof. Rudolph Kingslake in this dedication. All three have provided inspiration for
this work, and I thank each for the things I’ ve learned from them.
My thanks to Dr. John Dimmock, Director of both the Center for Applied
Optics and the Optical Sciences and Engineering program , for his generous sup-
port in developing the lens design course upon which this book is based. I also owe
a debt of gratitude to all the reviewers of the manuscript. In alphabetical order they
are: Dr. Richard Buchroeder, Dr. Qian Gong (Swales Aerospace), Dr. John Loo-
mis (University of Dayton Research Institute), Dr . Malcolm MacFarlane (Good-
rich ), Mr. Ken Pitalo ( University of Alabama in Huntsville), Dr. Pat Reardon
(University of Alabama in Huntsville), Dr . Babak Saif (Space Telescope Insti-
tute), Dr. Jose Sasian (University of Arizona), Dr. Lynn Seppala (Lawrence Liv-
ermore National Laboratory ), Dr. Bob Shannon (University of Arizona), Dr. Greg
Smith , Dr. Phil Stahl (Marshall Space Flight Center), Dr. Harold Suiter, Dr. Bill
Swantner (BSC Optics), and Dr. Mary Turner (Focus Software Inc.). The con-
structive criticism provided by these professionals has greatly improved the qual -
ity of this work. Finally , I want to thank my daughter, Jennifer, for the fine art
work she contributed to this book.
Note on ZEMAX: ZEMAX SE versions 6.0 - 7.2 have been used in the de-
velopment of this book and in the instruction of this course. I have found that dif -
ferent versions can give slightly different numbers for variables in the lens data
editor and for operand values in the merit function editor at the end of an optimi-
zation run . The differences tend to be of no significance. I provide many design
examples using ZEMAX optimization where specific numerical values are point-
ed out or tabulated. For those using other versions of ZEMAX, please do not be
 Section ; xv

surprised if your post-optimization numbers do not agree precisely with mine.

They should, however, be reasonably close.
Instructor Note: I found the use of a computer projector absolutely indis-
pensable in teaching this course. I strongly encourage any instructor to employ a
computer projector not only for homework reviews but also for live demonstra-
tions of ZEMAX features, and for illustrating design principles .

Joseph M. Geary
Center for Applied Optics
University of Alabama in Huntsville
October 15, 2002
xvi Preface
Chapter 1

Agenda

1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Why Lens Design?
Lens design used to be a skill reserved for a few professionals. They employed
company proprietary optical design and analysis software which was resident on
large and expensive mainframes. Today , with readily available commercial design
software and powerful personal (and portable) computers, lens design tools are
accessible to the general optical engineering community . Consequently, some
rudimentary skill in lens design is now expected by a wide range of employers
who utilize optics in their products. Lens design is, therefore, a strong component
of a well - rounded education in optics, and a skill valued by industries employing
optical engineers.
1.1.2 Type of Course
This is an introductory lens design course at the first-year graduate level. It is a
nuts and bolts, hands-on oriented course. A good working knowledge of geomet-
ric optics ( as may be found in such texts as Hecht and Zajac’ s Optics or Jenkins
and White’ s Fundamentals of Optics ) is presumed . Photographic lenses will form
the backbone of the course. We will follow an historic progression ( which also has
correspondence from simpler to more complex systems) . The code used is Focus
Software’s ZEMAX® and the student must have access to a PC running ZEMAX.
The math level required is not taxing: algebra, trigonometry , geometry ( plane and
analytic ), and some calculus. A book list of references is provided in Appendix A .
1.1.3 Acquired Skills
This course will provide you with three basic skills: manual, design code, and
design philosophy . The manual skills will include first and third order hand calcu-
lations and thin lens pre-designs. (Analysis skills are illustrated in Figure 1.1). The
code skills will include prescription entry , variable selection , merit function
construction and optimization , and design analysis. The design philosophy
includes understanding specifications, selecting a starting point, and developing a
plan of attack.

1
2 Chapter 1 Agenda

GIVEN
1. Curvatures
2. Thickness
3. Indices
4. Stop size and location
5. Field Angle

USING
1. Paraxial ray trace equations
2. Seidel aberration formulas

FIND
First order
Effective and back focal lengths
F-number
Image location
Image size
Location of principal planes
Separation between vertex and principal plane
Entrance pupil size and location
Exit pupil size and location
Lagrange invariant
Axial and lateral color
Third order
Spherical aberration
Location and size of minimum blur
Coma
Astigmatism
Location and size of medial focus
Petzval curvature
Distortion
Wavefront variance
Strehl ratio
Required conic constant

Fig. 1.1 Summary of manual skills to be acquired.

 Section 1.2: Setting the Stage 3

Fig. 1.2 Two lenses that give the same image size but with quite different quality.

1.2 Setting the Stage

1.2.1 A Comparison
Consider the two optical systems in Figure 1.2. Both are viewing the same distant
object. Both have the same focal length (so the image is the same size). System a
is simple, while system b is complex. If both systems yield the same image size,
why not use the simpler system ? Why does system b have extra lenses? Aside
from image size, we assume that you want good, crisp, uniformly bright images
across the entire field-of - view (FOV ) over a flat recording format. System b will
give that. System a will not. The latter’s images will be of poor quality because
there is inadequate correction for:
1. color
2. spherical aberration
3. off -axis aberrations
4. field curvature
The extra lenses in b are made from different kinds of glass to correct for color.
The glass curvatures and thicknesses, and the air-spaces between them , help
correct aberrations over the FOV . The result will be high-quality imagery over a
flat recording surface ( whether that be film or a CCD).
1.2.2 Aberration and Imagery
Figure 1.3 a shows a resolution target being imaged by a “perfect” optical system .
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