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 te the ee
Intr oduction

Science o f M e n t a l
2
Health

“Fr. Chad Ripperger, PhD.

 Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2021 with funding from
Kahle/Austin Foundation

https://archive.org/details/introductiontoscO000ripp
Introduction to the Science of
Mental Health

Fr. Chad Ripperger, F.S.S.P., Ph.D.

 Nihil Obstat: Rev. Thomas R Walsh, Censor Deputatus

Imprimatur: Most Reverend Fabian W. Bruskewitz, DD, STD, Bishop of

Lincoln

March 13, 2007

The Nihil Obstat and Imprimatur are official declarations that a book or a pamphlet is
free from doctrinal or moral error. No implication is contained therein that those who
have granted the Nihil Obstat and Imprimatur agree with the contents, opinions or
statements expressed.

Copyright © 2013 Chad Ripperger

Sensus Traditionis Press

Third Edition of Vol. 1; Second Edition of Vols. 1 and )

 Table of Contents

Abbreviations xiii
Acknowledgments XIV
Foreword XV
Introduction to the First Volume XVI

Part I: The Proper Understanding of a Valid Psychology

Chapter 1: The Nature of the Science of Psychology
I. The Constituents of Every Science
II. The Principles of a Valid Psychology
A. Material Object, Formal Object and Method =
VY
NAN
B. Additional Principles of the Science of Psychology oo

C. Modern Psychiatry
D. Modern Psychology 11
Il. The Scope of the Current Volume 12

Part II: Subalternate Principles i

Chapter 2: Ontological Structure of Man and His Acts 14
I. The Body/Soul Composite 14
II. Faculties 14
III. Specification of the Faculties 8)
IV. Disposition 15
V. Habits 16
VI. Virtues and Vices 17
VII. Actions 18
Chapter 3: The Cognitive Faculties - Section I I)
I. The Five Exterior Senses 19
II. The Four Interior Senses or the Passive Intellect 21
A. Sensus Communis or Common Sense Power 22
B. Memory Dass
C. Imagination 32
D. The Cogitative Power 43
Conclusion 50
Chapter 4: The Cognitive Faculties - Section IT 5]
I. The Agent Intellect 51
A. The Faculty Itself 51
B. The Process of Abstraction 52
C. The Ontological Basis of Abstraction 54
II. The Possible Intellect 58
A. The Faculty Itself 58
B. The Operations of the Possible Intellect 59
C. Intellective Memory 66
D. Error 68
E. Self- Knowledge 70
Chapter 5: Truth qi

iil
 I. The Nature of Truth 2
II. Truth as the Good of the Intellect 73
III. The Nature of Knowledge 75
IV. The Locus of Truth 78
V. Falsity 19
Chapter 6: Selected Principles of Logic, First Philosophy
and Connatural Principles 81
I. Logic and Logical Principles 81
A. Some General Observations 81
B. The Nature of Language 83
C. The Structure of Logic 85
D. Informal Fallacies 89
II. Principles from First Philosophy 90
II. Things Which Are Connatural to Human Nature 98
A. Connatural in General 98
B. Intellectus Principiorum 99
C. Synderesis 101
Conclusion 102
Chapter 7: The Will 104
I. The Faculty of the Will 104
Il. Freewill 106
Il. Choice of Evil 118
IV. Voluntariness 122
Conclusion 126
Chapter 8: The Sensitive Appetites and Passions 127
I. The Appetites in General 127
II. The Appetites in Particular 129
A. The Concupiscible Appetite 130
B. The Irascible Appetite 131
III. The Passions in General 132
IV. The Passions in Particular 135
A. Love 134
B. Hate 138
C. Desire 140
D. Flight 143
E. Delight 144
F. Sorrow 148
G. Hope 156
H. Despair 158
I. Audacity 158
J. Fear 160
K. Anger 166
Conclusion 170
Chapter 9: The Relationship of Reason and the Appetites 93
I. Antecedent and Consequent Passion 172
II. Appetites and Passions as They Affect Judgment and Reason in
 General 5
III. Appetites and Passions as They Affect Volition 180
IV. Appetites and Passions as They Affect Reason and Volition in
Particular 182
V. The Ability of the Inteliect and Will to Effect and Affect Appetite
188
Conclusion 198
Chapter 10: Habits, Virtues and Vices 199
I. Habits 199
II. Virtues and Vices in General 205
Ill. Virtues in Particular 210
A. The Intellectual Virtues 210
B. The Moral Virtues DAEs
IV. Other Observations about the Virtues 216
Chapter 11: The Natural Law and Conscience 220
I. The Natural Law 220
A. Initial Observations 220
B. The Nature of Law 221
C. Different Kinds of Law pgH)
D. The Natural Law 225
E. Observations in Connection to the Natural Law 240
II. The Conscience 241
Conclusion 245

Part Il: The Philosophy of Mental Health and Illness 247

Chapter 12: The Nature of Mental Health and IIIness 248
I. St. Thomas on Mental Health and I[IIness 248
I. A Formal Definition of Mental Health and Illness 251
III. Further Specifications of Mental Health and Illness 252
Conclusion 254
Chapter 13: Exterior Causes of Mental Health and Illness 25)
I. General Observations 255
II. Exterior 256
Chapter 14: Interior Causes of Mental Health and IIIness 270
I. Physiological Causes 270
II. Interior Senses BeZ
A. Sensus Communis or Common Sense Power Zhe
B. Memory aie
C. The Imagination 274
D. The Cogitative Power 278
III. Appetites and Passions 280
IV. Possible Intellect 288
V. The Will 298
VI. Other Considerations 300
VII. Catastrophic Mental Illness 301
Conclusion 303
 Vol. 2: Sacred and Other Spiritual Causes
305

Introduction to the Second Volume

308

Chapter 1: The Relationship of the Science of Theology to Psychology

309
I. The Nature of the Theological Science 309
A. Material Object 310
B. Formal Object 3h
C. Method 312
II. The Relation of Psychology to Theology Df2
Conclusion 315
Chapter 2: Happiness S17
I. The Essence of Happiness Si
A. The End aL,
B. The Ultimate End or That in which Beatitude Consists 519
C. Beatitude Itself S21
II. Happiness and Psychology 324
Conclusion 332
Chapter 3: Sin and the Effects of Sin
I. The Nature of Sin in General Bes,
II. The Nature of Original Sin 335
III. The Effects of Original Sin Si)
IV. Actual Sin 349
V. The Effects of Actual Sin 350
A. The Effects of Actual Sin in General 350
B. The Effects of Mortal Sin 395
C. The Effects of Venial Sin SOF
V. Further Effects of Actual Sin
357
Conclusion 358
Chapter 4: Infused Virtues 360
I. The Theological Virtues 360
A. Faith Itself 360
B. The Psychological Ramifications of the Virtue of Faith 365
C. The Virtue of Hope Itself 368
D. The Psychological Effects of Hope 37]
E. Charity Itself 372
F. The Psychological Effects of Charity 380
II. The Infused Moral Virtues 382
A. The Infused Moral Virtues Themselves 382
B. The Psychological Effects of the Infused Moral Virtues 384
Conclusion
386
Chapter 5: Gifts of the Holy Spirit
388
I. Gifts in General 388
II. The Gifts in Particular 390
A. The Gift of Fear of the Lord 390

Vi
 B. The Gift of Fortitude 395
C. The Gift of Piety 397
D. The Gift of Counsel 400
E. The Gift of Understanding 403
F. The Gift of Knowledge 407
G. The Gift of Wisdom 410
Conclusion 416
Chapter 6: Fruits of the Holy Spirit 417
I. The Fruits in General 417
IL. The Fruits in Particular 419
A. Charity (Caritas) 419
B. Joy (Gaudium) 420
C. Peace (Pax) 422
D. Patience (Patientia) 423
E. Long-Suffering (Longanimitas) 424
F. Goodness (Bonitas) 425
G. Benignity or Kindness (Benignitas) 426
H. Meekness or Mildness (Mansuetudo) 427
I. Faith (Fides) 428
J. Modesty (Modestia) 429
K. Continence (Continentia) 431
L. Chastity (Castitas) 432
Conclusion 433
Chapter 7: Grace 434
I. The Essence of Grace 434
II. The Divisions of Grace 437
A. Gratia Gratum Faciens 438
B. Gratia Gratis Data 441
III. The Cause of Grace 444
IV. The Effects of Grace 447
V. Merit 452
Chapter 8: Sacraments 457
I. Baptism 461
II. Confession 463
II. Holy Communion 478
IV. Confirmation 482
V. Marriage 484
VI. Holy Orders 488
VII. Extreme Unction 490)
Conclusion 493
Chapter 9: Other Foundations of the Spiritual Life 495
I. The Necessity for Prayer 495
II. The Nature of Prayer in General 496
Ill. The Nine Levels of Prayer 506
IV. Devotion 514
V. Mortification 517

Vil
 VI. Detachment
524
Chapter 10: Demonic Influences
529
I. Angelic Nature and the Demonic
530
II. Angelic Nature and Demonic Influence
532
III. Ordinary Diabolic Activity
542
IV. Extraordinary Diabolic Influence
553
A. External Pain J53
B. Demonic Possession 554
C. Diabolic Oppression 558
D. Diabolic Obsession 558
E. Diabolic Infestation 560
F. Diabolic Subjugation or Dependence 561
V. Ways of Falling Prey to Extraordinary Diabolic Activity
561
VI. Broad Signs of the Demonic
564
VII. Further Counsels Regarding the Demonic
570
Conclusion
S73
Vol. 3: Quodlibetal Issues and Practica
579

Part I: Quodlibetal Issues

583
Chapter 1: Bodily Transmutations
584
Chapter 2: Music
585
Chapter 3: Short and Long-Term Memory
594
Chapter 4: Implicit Learning
SUE)
Chapter 5: Disconnected from Reality
597
Chapter 6: The Unconscious or Subconscious
600
A. Initial Observations
601
B. Freud on the Unconscious
602
C. Those after Freud
603
D. A Thomistic Analysis of the Unconscious
604
Chapter 7: Dreams
609
A. The Nature of Dreaming
609
B. The Causes of Dreams
611
C. Interpretation of Dreams
614
Chapter 8: Hypnotism
617
A. The Nature of Hypnosis
617
B. Conditions for the Use of Hypnosis
622
Chapter 9: More on Depression
624
Chapter 10: Brainwashing
626
Chapter 11: Prejudice
627
Chapter 12: Self-Knowledge
628
A. Reflexion: The Basis of Self-knowledge
628
B. Self-Knowledge
631
C. The Content of Self-knowledge
634
Chapter 13: Self-help
642
Chapter 14: Predominant Fault
643

Vill
 Chapter 15: Temperaments or Dispositions 645
A. The Sanguine Disposition 649
B. The Choleric Disposition 652
C. The Melancholic Disposition 655
D. The Phlegmatic Disposition 658
Chapter 16: Personality 660
Chapter 17: Psychological Wounds 671
Chapter 18: Subtlety of Judgment 678
Chapter 19: Intellectual Deprivation 680
Chapter 20: Laughter 682
Chapter 21: Involuntary Vices 687
Chapter 22: Addiction 691
Chapter 23: Control 693
Chapter 24: Relativism and Subjectivism 694
Chapter 25: Inclinations of Grace 695
Chapter 26: Misdiagnosis of Supernatural Activities 697
Chapter 27: Inattentional Blindness 699
Chapter 28: Developmental and Educational Psychology 706

Part II: Practica LES:

Chapter 1: Prudence 716
A. Prudence in General 716
B. The Integral Parts of Prudence Pes)
1. Memory (Memoria) 726
2. Understanding (/ntellectus) WB
3. Docility (Docilitas) T33
4. Shrewdness (Solertia) 735
5. Reason (Ratio) 736
6. Foresight (Providentia) 738
7. Circumspection (Circumspectio) 740
8. Caution (Cautio) 742
C. Potential Parts of Prudence 743
1. Good Counsel (Eubulia) 743
2. Synesis 745
3. Gnome 746
D. Vices contrary to Prudence 747
|. Precipitation 747
2. Inconsideration 749
3. Inconstancy 750
4. Negligence Wey
5. Carnal Prudence Loe
6. Craftiness (Astutia) 755
7. Guile (Dolus) IES
H. Fraud (Fraus) 756
Conclusion 756
Chapter 2: Diagnosis 758
 A. First Distinction - General Categories of People Seeking Advice
758
B. Second Distinction - The General Categories of Causes of Mental
Illness 759
C. Third Distinction - Mental Illnesses from an Exterior Cause 760
1. Who (Quis) 763
2. In What Way or How (Quomodo vel Qualiter) 764
3. By What Aid (Quibus Auxiliis) 765
4. Where (Ubi) 766
5. When (Quando) 769
6. Why (Cur) 769
7. What (Quid) and About What (Circa Quid) 771
D. Fourth Distinction - Mental Illnesses from an Interior Cause 776
Chapter 3: Counseling 778
A. Counseling Itself 778
B. The Qualities of a Good Psychologist 783
C. The Qualities of a Good Directee 785
Chapter 4: The Role of the Empirical 787
A. General Observations 787
B. Empirical Psychological Testing 789
C. Statistics 791
Conclusion 792
Bibliography 794
Diagram of the Ontological Structure of Man G99
Brief Lexicon 800
Vol. 1: Philosophical Psychology
 Dedicated in Honor of
the Blessed Virgin Mary, Health of the Sick,
St. Thomas Aquinas
and
to St. Dymphna, Patroness of the Mentally III
 Abbreviations

The following abbreviations are used in this text along with those abbreviations
in use in standard English. Texts of Saint Thomas:!

Comm. de anima In Aristotelis Librum de Anima Commentarium

Comp. Theol. Compendium Theologiae
De anima Quaestiones Disputatae de Anima
De causis In Librum de Causis
De malo Quaestiones Disputatae de Malo
De memoria In Libros de Memoria et Reminiscentia
De Pot. Quaestiones Disputatae de Potentia
De Spe Quaestiones Disputatae de Spe
De spiritualibus creaturis Quaestiones Disputatae de Spiritualibus Creaturis
De Ver: Quaestiones Disputatae de Veritate
De Vir. Quaestiones Disputatae de Virtutibus
In Ethic. In Decem Libros Ethicorum Aristotelis ad
Nicomachum Expositio
Meta. In Libros Metaphysicorum
Quod. Quaestiones Quodlibetales
Sent. In Quatuor Libros Sententiarum*
SCG Summa Contra Gentiles
Sr Summa Theologiae

Other texts:

CEC Catechism of the Catholic Church’

CE Catholic Encyclopedia‘
CED Catholic Encyclopedia Dictionary’
CIC/83 Codex Iuris Canonici®
SSP Summary of Scholastic Principles’

‘All citations from the works of St. Thomas are from Thomae Aquinatis Opera
Omnia, Issu Impensaque Leonis XIII, edita, Roma: ex Typographia Polyglotta et al., 1882.
All translations of St. Thomas are the author’s own unless otherwise noted.
2Citations from the Sentences contain first the book number, then the abbreviation,
followed by location within the book.
*Editio typica, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1997.
“The Gilmary Society, New York, 1913.
°The Gilmary Society, New York, 1941.
°Code of Canon Law Annotated, as edited by E. Cparros, M. Thériault and J.
Thorn. Wilson & Lafleur Limitée, Montreal, 1993.
7Loyola University, 1951.

xii
 Acknowledgments

During my undergraduate years at the St. Ignatius Institute at the University of

San Francisco, I began to reflect on the fact that modern psychology does not take into
account the immaterial aspect of man. Much thought went into the various problems
posed by the psychologists and a great deal of what is present in this text I realized
almost twenty years ago. But at some point I decided not to write on the problems due
to a lack of interest. While in the seminary, I provided a directed reading where the
basic outline of the course ended up being remarkably similar to the outline of this text.
Again, not much was done on the topic until almost ten years later. While meeting for
the first time with Dr. John Thornbrugh, the Academic Dean of St. Gregory the Great
Seminary, he asked if I had-ever thought of doing a class on psychology in the modern
sense. It was from that moment on that I began the process which eventually led to this
text. It is for this reason that I have a profound gratitude to Dr. Thornbrugh whose
encouragement, clarification during the review of the text and the disposition of my
course work made it possible to complete this text.
I also have a profound gratitude to Bishop Fabian Bruskewitz for taking the
time to write the foreword for the text and for arranging for a timely completion of the
requirements for gaining the imprimatur. I also greatly appreciate the time and effort
that Dr. Dennis McInerny expended to help clean up the text and to provide points of
clarification which aided the readability of the text. Considering his course load and the
other works which he has edited for me, this acknowledgment comes with profound
gratitude. I thank John Saward whose close reading of the text provided very useful
observations upon which important modifications were made to the text, resulting ina
more accurate expression of my thought and reality itself. I also thank Keith Fick for
the preparation of the diagram at the end of the text as well as for his review of the text.
I am also indebted to Penny Thornbrugh who aided in the grammatical aspects of the
text. I also thank Dr. Patrick DiVietri for reviewing the text as well as providing helpful
information pertaining to the issues of music, the subconscious and the practical aspects
of psychology. I am indebted to additional reviewers not yet mentioned who
helped to
provide import points of improvement for the text, viz. Sandra Fick, Luke
Niewald
Anthony Alt and John Belmont.
Lastly, as an act of devotion, I thank St. Thomas Aquinas whose writing and
clarity of thought have proven to be a great source of joy in my pursuit of the
virtue of
science.

X1V
 Foreword

Our Lord and Savior Jesus Christ warned us about what would happen if we do
not base our endeavors on Him and His Eternal Truth. It will be "like a fool who built
his house on sand. The rain fall, the floods came, and the winds blew and buffeted the
house. And it collapsed and was completely ruined " (Matthew 7:26-27).
This applies especially to the science of modern psychology. Since it does not
have a solid foundation in an authentic view of man, modern psychology is doomed to
be “swept away" to the scrap heap of futility. As Fr. Ripperger argues in his book,
modern psychology has made little real progress in helping the mentally ill because it
has no true understanding of the immaterial, spiritual dimension of man's nature. Since
the science of psychology starts with faulty premises about what constitutes mental
health, it cannot help but produce useless and sometimes even harmful theories and
remedies for mental illness. “Garbage in, garbage out" as the expression goes. In his
book Introduction to the Sciences of Mental Health and Illness, Volume 1:
Philosophical Psychology, Fr. Ripperger lays a foundation for the integration of
principles of philosophical realism into the science of psychology. What he has done in
his book is to give somewhat of a “primer" on basic philosophical principles of St.
Thomas Aquinas with regards to the nature of the mind and soul of man. Fr. Ripperger's
work explains the design of man's spiritual nature, and how a true understanding of it can
provide valuable insights into psychological care, as well as illuminate potential pitfalls.
He explains the various powers and faculties of man and provides clues for the
psychologist that will help him as he renders care to his patient.
While the book is not an exhaustive treatment of the subject of the philosophy
of man, it does a good job of tying together various parts of St. Thomas' thought and
shows how necessary it is as a proper foundation for the science of psychology. Fr.
Ripperger's book is very scholarly with extensive footnotes, showing the psychologist
where to go for further exploration of the topics contained. In his work, Fr. Ripperger
has provided an excellent starting point for the building of the science of psychology on
a solid foundation. We should hope and pray that psychologists will listen.
Most Reverend Fabian W. Bruskewitz
Bishop of Lincoln

XV
 Introduction to the First Volume

William Kirk Kilpatrick, in his book Psychological Seduction, addresses the

problem of the failure of modern psychology to effect mental health. He is not the only
one who is testifying to the failure of modern psychology; the books and articles
supporting the same thesis tend to increase by the year. Yet, amongst all the criticism,
there is a certain segment of the psychological community which seems to recognize
there is a problem and they are addressing it. For instance, Conrad Baars and Anna
Terruwe have published a great deal in trying to bring a more Thomistic approach to the
science of psychology. However, their use of Thomistic anthropology is less than
systematic and their actual use of Thomistic principles seems to be lacking in their
practical applications as written in their texts, perhaps due to an incomplete explication
of Thomistic principles. The work is important and valuable, however, because it is a
good attempt to found a psychological praxis in a sound anthropology and, in that sense,
it has helped the psychological community to begin seeking a proper direction in their
science.
Yet, psychology did not start down the road which led it to a view which is
incompatible with any sound understanding of man. Franz Brentano, who is considered
by some to be the father of modern psychology, used Aristotle as the basis of his
psychology.' However, shortly after Brentano did his work, the psychological
community went another direction by embracing an anthropology and method which had
a very different view of the nature of man. The psychological community embraced
writers such as Freud, Jung and Watson whose view of man was not much more than
materialistic and whose theories, even though often touted as “scientific,” had very little
basis in an empirical method or in sound philosophy.
Later, in the Catholic community, writers began addressing certain issues
brought up by the modern psychological schools. Writers such as Rudolf Allers, Robert
Brennan, James Royce and others began working on psychology in a way that was
compatible with an authentic philosophical anthropology. Yet, none ever completed a
systematic look at the very nature of psychology. One of Brennan’s primary
contributions was to show how modern science regarding the brain was compatible with
Thomistic understanding of the various cognitive faculties of man. However, Brennan,
as well as some of the other Catholics working in the area of psychology, was
too quick
to adopt the terminology of modern psychology. There appears among these
writers a
preoccupation to address modern psychologists on their own terms rather than
seeking
to transform modern psychology into a science compatible with an authentic
view of
man. It almost appears as ifthere is an attempt to justify the realist view of man
to those
who hold modern psychological theories. His work, nevertheless,
is exceedingly
important, even today as most of his conclusions are still accurate. His works
should be

—e—_—e_————————

'It is unfortunate that Franz Brentano lapsed into heresy. This may
be why, in the
Catholic community, his psychological works were not studied with
any seriousness. While
his psychology is incomplete and problematic in points, it was
a good start, despite his
theological errors.

XVI
necessary reading in any psychology curriculum.
Rudolf Allers’ work was also of great value. His work, primarily on character,
provided a valuable look at the volitional building of character in order to act well (i.e.
to avoid psychological problems and bad behavior). While not all of his conclusions are
acceptable in a more systematic and Thomistic approach to man, his work provided a
direction for psychology which, with some modification, could have provided a sound
basis for psychological counseling. One thing that is apparent in his writing is that his
work presumes a philosophical knowledge not had by most psychologists. Many of his
works are being republished, some of them not requiring a philosophical foundation, yet
there are others which require a great deal of philosophical background. To the
philosophically unknowledgeable reader, his appears to be a system without a
foundation. Part of the reason for this method of writing appears to be historical, insofar
as he wrote his works in a period in which educated Catholics had enough philosophical
background to understand the source of his conclusions.
The difficulty was, particularly in the Catholic community, a lack of a
systematic approach to a fully developed science of mental health. The historical result
of this, in the Catholic community, was a later invasion of modern psychologies into
virtually every area of Catholic life, which were at variance with an authentic Catholic
anthropology. While there are some Catholic psychologists working on a psychology
which is compatible with an authentic view of man, the work seems to be progressing
very slowly, if at all, even though the desire to advance the science of mental health is
not lacking.
This book does not claim to answer all of the questions about psychology. Nor
does it claim even to treat adequately the topics it does present. Its goal is to provide an
initial impetus to founding a science of mental health on Thomistic philosophy, both in
theory and in practice. This book should not be seen as a substitute for an in-depth
formal education in philosophy, rather it is meant primarily as a pointer toward those
things which must be studied by any serious psychologist.’ It is, moreover, designed to
provide an initial understanding of basic philosophical tenets in order to provide a
direction for further study and development of the field.

°This is why the footnotes are somewhat extensive and numerous. They are
intended as a guide for those who wish to investigate in greater depth the various topics
covered.

XVil
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