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THE EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDE TO
ANTIPSYCHOTIC
MEDICATIONS
This page intentionally left blank
THE EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDE TO
ANTIPSYCHOTIC
MEDICATIONS
Edited by
Washington, DC
London, England
Note: The authors have worked to ensure that all information in this book is accu-
rate at the time of publication and consistent with general psychiatric and medical
standards, and that information concerning drug dosages, schedules, and routes of
administration is accurate at the time of publication and consistent with standards
set by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the general medical community. As
medical research and practice continue to advance, however, therapeutic standards
may change. Moreover, specific situations may require a specific therapeutic re-
sponse not included in this book. For these reasons and because human and mechan-
ical errors sometimes occur, we recommend that readers follow the advice of
physicians directly involved in their care or the care of a member of their family.
Books published by American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., represent the views and
opinions of the individual authors and do not necessarily represent the policies and
opinions of APPI or the American Psychiatric Association.
If you would like to buy between 25 and 99 copies of this or any other APPI title, you
are eligible for a 20% discount; please contact APPI Customer Service at ap-
[email protected] or 800-368-5777. If you wish to buy 100 or more copies of the same ti-
tle, please e-mail us at [email protected] for a price quote.
Copyright © 2010 American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
Manufactured in the United States of America on acid-free paper
13 12 11 10 09 5 4 3 2 1
First Edition
Typeset in Adobe’s Cushing and Optima
American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.
1000 Wilson Boulevard Cert no. XXX-XXX-XXXX
Arlington, VA 22209–3901
www.appi.org
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
The evidence-based guide to antipsychotic medications / edited by Anthony J.
Rothschild. — 1st ed.
p. ; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-58562-366-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Antipsychotic drugs. 2. Evidence-based psychiatry. I. Rothschild, Anthony J.
[DNLM: 1. Mental Disorders—drug therapy. 2. Antipsychotic Agents—therapeutic
use. 3. Evidence-Based Medicine. WM 402 E945 2010]
RM333.5.E95 2010
615′.7882–dc22
2009040345
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A CIP record is available from the British Library.
To Judy, Rachel, and Amanda; my mother, Edith Rothschild,
and the memory of my father, Ernest Rothschild; and the
memory of my in-laws, Maye and Arnold Shindul.
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii
Disclaimer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Anthony J. Rothschild, M.D.
TREATMENT GOALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CLINICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
TREATMENT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
TREATMENT OF SCHIZOAFFECTIVE DISORDER . . . 37
TREATMENT ADHERENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
KEY CLINICAL POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
3 Mood and Anxiety Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Kristina M. Deligiannidis, M.D.
Anthony J. Rothschild, M.D.
BIPOLAR DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: BIPOLAR DISORDER . . . . 53
PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION . . 58
TREATMENT-RESISTANT DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . 59
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: TREATMENT-RESISTANT
DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
NONPSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: NONPSYCHOTIC
DEPRESSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . 63
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE
DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER. . . . . . . . . . . . 72
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: GENERALIZED ANXIETY
DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . 81
KEY CLINICAL POINTS: POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS
DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
SAFETY AND TOLERABILITY OF ANTIPSYCHOTICS
IN MOOD AND ANXIETY DISORDERS:
FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
4 Personality Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Kenneth R. Silk, M.D.
Michael D. Jibson, M.D., Ph.D.
HOW PSYCHOSIS IS VIEWED
IN PERSONALITY DISORDER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
MECHANISM OF ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
INDICATIONS AND EFFICACY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
CLINICAL USE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
GUIDELINES FOR SELECTION AND USE . . . . . . . 108
SIDE EFFECTS AND THEIR MANAGEMENT . . . . . 110
BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER . . . . . . . 110
SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER . . . . . . 116
OTHER PERSONALITY DISORDERS . . . . . . . . . . . 121
KEY CLINICAL POINTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Appendix 1
Names, Strengths, and Formulations of
First- and Second-Generation
Antipsychotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241
Appendix 2
Pharmacokinetics of First- and Second-
Generation Antipsychotics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249
Appendix 3
Dosing and Administration of First- and
Second-Generation Antipsychotics
in Schizophrenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .261
Appendix 4
Medical Workup When Initiating and
Continuing First- and Second-Generation
Antipsychotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275
Appendix 5
Medical Workup When Initiating and
Continuing Clozapine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279
Appendix 6
Use of First- and Second-Generation
Antipsychotics for Agitation Due to
Psychosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283
Appendix 7
Side Effects of Commonly Used
Antipsychotics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289
Appendix 8
Management of Treatment-Emergent
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications . . . .291
Appendix 9
Use of First- and Second-Generation
Antipsychotics in Pregnancy and Lactation . . .297
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .331
Contributors
Kristina M. Deligiannidis, M.D.
Director, Depression Specialty Clinic, and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry,
Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School,
Worcester, Massachusetts
Charles Madeira
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
xiii
xiv THE EVIDENCE-BASED GUIDE TO ANTIPSYCHOTIC MEDICATIONS
I have many people to thank for their encouragement, advice, and support in
preparing this book. My family has been patient and understanding of my
need to spend time on this project. Irving and Betty Brudnick were instru-
mental by their endowment of the Irving S. and Betty Brudnick Endowed
Chair at the University of Massachusetts Medical School, a position that al-
lowed me the time to focus on projects such as this evidence-based guide. I
am eternally grateful to Irving Brudnick’s wisdom and support, and I miss his
guidance greatly.
At American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., Robert Hales, Editor-in-Chief;
John McDuffie, Editorial Director; and Greg Kuny, Managing Editor, Books,
deserve a great deal of credit for their unwavering confidence in me as an au-
thor and for their support throughout the development and production of this
evidence-based guide.
A special thank-you goes to Dr. Kristina Deligiannidis of the University of
Massachusetts Medical School for creating the informative tables in the Ap-
pendix of this book. My assistant Karen Lambert provided invaluable help in
the typing of the manuscript, figures, and tables. I am also appreciative of the
support and encouragement of colleagues and trainees at the University of
Massachusetts Medical School and UMass Memorial Healthcare. Finally, this
book could not have been written without the many patients and families with
whom I have had the privilege of working.
xvii
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Disclaimer
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