(Ebook) Essential Revision Notes in Paediatrics For The MRCPCH (PasTest) by Mark Beattie, Mike Champion ISBN 9781905635764, 9781909491045, 1905635761, 1909491047 PDF Available
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© 2012 PASTEST LTD
Egerton Court
Parkgate Estate
Knutsford
Cheshire
WA16 8DX
Telephone: 01565 752000
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The information contained within this book was obtained by the author from reliable sources. However, while every effort has been made
to ensure its accuracy, no responsibility for loss, damage or injury occasioned to any person acting or refraining from action as a result of
information contained herein can be accepted by the publishers or author.
PasTest has been established in the field of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education since 1972, providing revision books
and intensive study courses for doctors preparing for their professional examinations.
Medical undergraduates, MRCGP, MRCP Parts 1 and 2, MRCPCH Parts 1 and 2, MRCS, MRCOG, DRCOG, DCH, FRCA,
Dentistry.
Contributors
Preface to the Third edition
CHAPTERS
1. Cardiology
Robert Tulloh
2. Child Development, Child Mental Health and Community Paediatrics
Joanne Philpot and Ruth Charlton
3. Child Protection and Safeguarding
Joanne Philpot and Ruth Charlton
4. Clinical Governance
Robert Wheeler
5. Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology
Steven Tomlin
6. Dermatology
Helen M Goodyear
7. Emergency Paediatrics
Serena Cottrell
8. Endocrinology and Diabetes
Heather Mitchell and Vasanta Nanduri
9. Ethics and Law
Vic Larcher and Robert Wheeler
10. Gastroenterology and Nutrition
Mark Beattie and Hemant Bhavsar
11. Genetics
Natalie Canham
12. Haematology and Oncology
Michael Capra
13. Hepatology
Nancy Tan and Anil Dhawan
14. Immunology
Pamela Lee and Bobby Gaspar
15. Infectious Diseases
Nigel Klein and Karyn Moshal
16. Metabolic Medicine
Mike Champion
17. Neonatology
Grenville F Fox
18. Nephrology
Christopher J D Reid
19. Neurology
Neil H Thomas
20. Ophthalmology
Ken K Nischal
21. Orthopaedics
Vel K Sakthivel
22. Respiratory
Rebecca Thursfield and Jane C Davies
23. Rheumatology
Nathan Hasson
24. Statistics
Angie Wade
25. Surgery
Merrill McHoney
Picture Permissions
Index
Contributors to the Third Edition
Nancy Tan MBBS MMED (Paeds) MRCPCH (Edin) Dip (FP) Derm (S’pore)
Consultant, Department of Paediatrics Medicine, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
The first edition of Essential Revision Notes for the MRCPCH was in response to the candidates
often expressed desire for a single text covering essential information required for the examination in
a clear and concise way. The format of the examination has changed considerably over the 10 years
since, although the need for a sound knowledge base of the principles and practice of paediatrics
remains crucial for success. We have been delighted with the response to the first and second edition
of this text and the consistent positive feedback from trainees. The third edition has been completely
revised and extensively updated and we hope will continue to be considered as relevant to the
examination and future paediatric practice.
We are indebted to the many contributing authors, experts in their fields and expert clinical teachers.
We are indebted to PASTEST for their continued enthusiastic support.
We are also indebted to the candidates for their enthusiasm and commitment to the speciality and hope
very much that this new edition of Essential Revision Notes for the MRCPCH will continue to help
trainees to get through their paediatric membership and be useful to them subsequently as an up to
date and relevant paediatric textbook.
Mark Beattie
Mike Champion
Chapter 1
Cardiology
Robert Tulloh
CONTENTS
3. Left-to-right shunt
3.1 Atrial septal defect (ASD)
3.2 Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
3.3 Persistent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
3.4 Aortopulmonary window
3.5 Others
4. Right-to-left shunt
4.1 Tetralogy of Fallot
4.2 Transposition of the great arteries
4.3 Pulmonary atresia
4.4 Ebstein anomaly
4.5 Eisenmenger syndrome
5. Mixed shunt
5.1 Complete atrioventricular septal defects
5.2 Tricuspid atresia
5.3 Others
15. ECG
15.1 The ECG and how to read it
15.2 Tachycardias
15.3 Bradycardias
18. Imaging
18.1 Echocardiography
18.2 Magnetic resonance imaging
18.3 Positron emission tomography
18.4 Radionuclear angiography
19. Further reading
Cardiology
Diagnosis
In the UK, most children (>70%) who require infant surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) are
diagnosed during pregnancy at 16–20 weeks’ gestation. This gives a significant advantage to the
parents who are counselled by specialists who can give a realistic guide to the prognosis and
treatment options. A few undergo termination of pregnancy (depending on the diagnosis). Most
continue with the pregnancy and can be offered delivery within the cardiac centre if there could be
neonatal complications or if treatment is likely to be needed within the first 2 days of life. Surgical
intervention during fetal life is not yet routinely available.
Arrhythmias
• Diagnosed at any time during pregnancy: an echocardiogram is required to confirm normal anatomy
and to confirm type of arrhythmia. Fetal electrocardiogram (ECG) is not yet a routine investigation
• Multiple atrial ectopics are usually not treated
• Supraventricular tachycardia is usually treated with maternal digoxin or flecainide
• Heart block may be treated with maternal isoprenaline or salbutamol
• Presence of hydrops is a poor prognostic sign
Incidence is increased by a positive family history, so the proportion of live births with CHD will be:
• Biventricular:
• Concordant
• Discordant
Ambiguous (with atrial isomerism)
•
• Univentricular:
• Absent left AV connection
• Absent right AV connection
• Double inlet AV connection
• Two AV valves
• Common AV valve
• Straddling right or left AV valve
• Imperforate right or left AV valve
• Overriding right or left AV valve
Ventricular topology
Ventriculoarterial connection
• Concordant
• Discordant
• Double outlet
• Single outlet:
• Common arterial trunk
• Solitary arterial trunk
• With pulmonary atresia
• With aortic atresia
Infundibular morphology
Arterial relationships
Associated malformations
• Position of heart in the chest – left, right or middle
• Systemic and pulmonary veins
• Atrial septum
• Atrioventricular valves
• Ventricular septum
• Semilunar valves
• Anomalies of great arteries (e.g. double aortic arch)
History
The history taking is short and to the point. The candidate needs to know:
Examination
• Introduce yourself to mother and patient. Ask if you can examine the child.
• Position child according to age:
• For a 6 year old – at an angle of 45°
• For a toddler – upright on mother’s knee
• For a baby – flat on the bed
• Remove clothes from chest
• Stand back and look for:
• Dysmorphism
• Intravenous infusion cannula
• Obvious cyanosis or scars.
The following examinations should be performed.
Heart failure
The delivery of oxygen to the peripheral vascular bed is insufficient to meet the metabolic demands of
the child. Usually because of left-to-right shunt with good heart pump function.
Cyanosis
• Mild cyanosis is not visible – use the pulse oximeter
Clubbing
• Visible after 6 months old
• First apparent in the thumbs or toes
• Best demonstrated by holding thumbs together, back to back to demonstrate loss of normal nail-bed
curvature
• Disappears a few years after corrective surgery
Pulse
• Rate (count for 6 seconds × 10)
• Rhythm (only ‘regular’ or ‘irregular’, need ECG for ‘sinus rhythm’)
• Character at the antecubital fossa with the elbows straight, using the thumbs – on both arms together
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