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 Lab Technique videos can be
assigned as pre-lab quizzes in
MasteringMicrobiology and include
Lab Technique Videos give students an opportunity to see coaching and feedback on the following
techniques performed correctly and quiz themselves on lab techniques:
procedures both before and after lab time.

»
» NEW! The Scientific Method
» NEW! How to Write a Lab Report
» Acid-Fast Staining
» Amylase Production
» Carbohydrate Catabolism
» Compound Microscope
» Differential and Selective Media
» Disk-Diffusion Assay
» ELISA
» Gram Stain
» Hydrogen Sulfide Production
» Litmus Milk Reactions
» Negative Staining
» Respiration
» Serial Dilutions
» Simple Staining
» Smear Preparation
» Structural Stains
» Safety in the Microbiology Laboratory

Also Available for the Microbiology Lab Course

NEW EDITION! Techniques in Microbiology:
Microbiology: A Laboratory Manual, Global Edition, A Student Handbook
Eleventh Edition by John M. Lammert
by James G. Cappuccino 978-0-13-224011-6 • 0-13-224011-4
and Chad Welsh ©2017 This concise, visually-appealing
978-1-292-17578-2 • 1-292-17578-8 handbook provides step-by-step
The Eleventh Edition of this popular laboratory manual has been instructions for the most frequently-
thoroughly revised with easy-to-adapt Lab Reports and the latest used microbiology lab techniques.
protocols from governing agencies including the EPA, ASM, and
AOAC, along with two new lab exercises: one on Food Safety, and Laboratory Experiments in
another covering the BSL 1 Biological Safety Level. Microbiology, Eleventh Edition
by Ted R. Johnson and Christine L. Case
978-0-32-199493-6 • 0-32-199493-0
» The very best instructor & student support

MasteringMicrobiology with Pearson eText NEW! Learning Catalytics is a “bring your own device”
(laptop, smartphone, or tablet) classroom system for
MasteringMicrobiology is the most effective and widely
student engagement and assessment. With Learning
used online homework, tutorial, and assessment system
Catalytics, instructors can assess students in real time
for the sciences, delivering self-paced tutorials that
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focus on your course objectives, provide individualized
coaching, and respond to your students’ progress.
Test Bank (Download Only)
by Robert W. Bauman, Nichol Dolby
Instructor’s Resource Material
The Instructor’s Resource Material offers a wealth of The Fifth Edition Test Bank includes hundreds of multiple
instructor media resources, including presentation art, choice, true/false, and short answer/essay questions that
lecture outlines, test items, and answer keys—all in one are correlated to the book’s Learning Outcomes and
convenient location. These resources help instructors Bloom’s Taxonomy rankings. Available electronically in
prepare for class—and create dynamic lectures—in half the “Instructor Resources” area of MasteringMicrobiology,
the time! The Instructor’s Resource Materials include: in both Microsoft Word® and in TestGen formats.
» All figures from the text with and without labels in
both JPEG and PowerPoint® formats Instructor’s Manual (Download Only)
» All figures from the book with the Label Edit feature by Robert W. Bauman, Nichol Dolby
and selected “process” figures from the text with the
This guide can be downloaded from the “Instructor
Step Edit feature in PowerPoint format
Resources” area of MasteringMicrobiology and includes a
» All tables from the text
detailed chapter outline and summary for each chapter
» PowerPoint lecture outlines, including figures and
as well as answers to in-text Clinical Case Studies, “Tell
tables from the book and links to the animations and
Me Why” questions, Critical Thinking questions, and end-
videos
of-chapter Questions for Review.
All items provided on the IRC can also be
downloaded from the “Instructor Resources” area of
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Video Tutors, MicroFlix™ Animations, Microbiology
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and more.
FIFTH EDITION
GLOBAL EDITION

MICROBIOLOGY
WITH DISEASES BY TAXONOMY

ROBERT W. BAUMAN, PH.D.

Amarillo College

CO N T R I B U T I O N S BY:

Todd P. Primm, Ph.D.

Sam Houston State University

Elizabeth Machunis-Masuoka, Ph.D.

University of Virginia

C L I N I C A L C O N S U LTA N T S :

Cecily D. Cosby, Ph.D., FNP-C, PA-C

Jean E. Montgomery, MSN, RN

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About the Author
ROBERT W. BAUMAN is a professor of biology and past chairman of the Department of
Biological Sciences at Amarillo College in Amarillo, Texas. He has taught microbiology, human anatomy and
physiology, and botany. In 2004, the students of Amarillo College selected Dr. Bauman as the recipient of the
John F. Mead Faculty Excellence Award and he has been nominated for the one-time award every year since.
He received an M.A. degree in botany from the University of Texas at Austin and a Ph.D. in biology from
Stanford University. His research interests have included the morphology and ecology of freshwater algae,
the cell biology of marine algae (particularly the deposition of cell walls and intercellular communication),
environmentally triggered chromogenesis in butterflies, and terrestrial oil pollution remediation by naturally
occurring bacteria. He is a member of the American Society of Microbiology (ASM) where he has held
national offices, Texas Community College Teachers Association (TCCTA) where he serves in a statewide
position of leadership, American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS), Human Anatomy
and Physiology Society (HAPS), and The Lepidopterists’ Society. When he is not writing books, he enjoys
spending time with his family: gardening, hiking, camping, rock climbing, backpacking, cycling, skiing, and
reading by a crackling fire in the winter and in a gently swaying hammock in the summer.

TODD P. PRIMM (contributor) is an associate professor at Sam Houston State University,

where he teaches pre-nursing microbiology. He also serves as Director of the Professional and Academic
Center for Excellence, which focuses on improving teaching and learning on campus. In 2010, he was
Distinguished Alumnus of the Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences of Baylor College of Medicine,
where he earned a Ph.D. in Biochemistry in 1997. He received a B.S. from Texas A&M University in
1992. He is very active in the American Society for Microbiology and received the Texas Branch 2015
Faculty Teaching Award. He was chair of the organizing committee for the 2013 ASM Conference
for Undergraduate Educators, participated in the 2012 Research Residency of the ASM/NSF Biology
Scholars Program, and currently serves on the editorial board for the Journal of Microbiology and Biology
Education. He is also an affiliate staff member with the international organization Cru. He loves teaching
and mentoring students and spending time with his wonderful wife of 23 years and four children.

About the Clinical Consultants

CECILY D. COSBY is nationally certified as both JEAN E. MONTGOMERY is a registered nurse
a family nurse practitioner and physician assistant. She is a formerly teaching in the associate degree nursing program at
professor of nursing, currently teaching at Samuel Merritt Austin Community College in Texas. She received her MSN
University in Oakland, California, and has been in clinical from the University of Texas Health Science Center at San
practice since 1980. She received her Ph.D. and M.S. from the Antonio, Texas.
University of California, San Francisco; her BSN from California
State University, Long Beach; and her P.A. certificate from the
Stanford Primary Care program. She is the Director of Samuel
Merritt University’s Doctor of Nursing Practice Program.
11
 Preface
The reemergence of whooping cough, mumps, and measles and the emergence of snail fever, spot-
ted fever rickettsiosis, Middle East respiratory syndrome, and other diseases; the cases of strep
throat, MRSA, and tuberculosis; the progress of cutting-edge research into microbial genetics; the
challenge of increasingly drug-resistant pathogens; the continual discovery of microorganisms
previously unknown—these are just a few examples of why exploring microbiology has never
been more exciting, or more important. Welcome!
I have taught microbiology to undergraduates for over 27 years and witnessed firsthand how
students struggle with the same topics and concepts year after year. To address these challenging
topics, I have created 14 new Video Tutors: three in addition to those already incorporated into the
first 18 chapters of the text and 11 that cover the Disease in Depth features. The Video Tutors and
Disease in Depth features walk students through key concepts in microbiology, bringing the art of
the textbook to life and important concepts into view. In creating this textbook, my aim was to help
students see complex topics of microbiology—especially metabolism, genetics, and immunology—
in a way that they can understand, while at the same time presenting a thorough and accurate
overview of microbiology. I also wished to highlight the many positive effects of microorganisms
on our lives, along with the medically important microorganisms that cause disease.

New to This Edition

In approaching the fifth edition, my goal was to build upon the strengths and success of the previ-
ous editions by updating it with the latest scientific and educational research and data available
and by incorporating the many terrific suggestions I have received from colleagues and students
alike. The feedback from instructors who adopted previous editions has been immensely gratifying
and is much appreciated. The Microbe at a Glance features have been widely praised by instructors
and students, so I, along with art editor Kelly Murphy, developed 11 new Disease in Depth features,
most as two-page spreads, that use compelling art and photos to provide a detailed, visually un-
surpassed overview of a specific disease. Each Disease in Depth feature includes an Investigate It!
question with a QR code directing students to a Video Tutor that explores the topic and encourages
further, independent research. These activities are assignable in MasteringMicrobiology®. Another
goal for this edition was to provide additional instruction on important foundational concepts and
processes. To that end, I developed and narrated three new core concept Video Tutors, accessible
via QR codes in the textbook and assignable in MasteringMicrobiology.
The result is, once again, a collaborative effort of educators, students, editors, and top scientific
illustrators: a textbook that, I hope, continues to improve upon conventional explanations and
illustrations in substantive and effective ways.
In this new edition:

• NEW Disease in Depth features highlight important and representative diseases for each body
system, extending the visual impact of the art program as well as the highly praised M ­ icrobe at a
Glance features. Each of these 11 visual features contains infographics, provides i­ n-depth cover-
age of the selected disease, and includes a QR code and Investigate It! question that d ­ irects stu-
dents to a Video Tutor exploring the topic and prompting further inquiry and critical thinking.

12
 Preface 13

New assignable Disease in Depth coaching activities in Mastering­Microbiology® ­encourage

­students to apply and test their understanding of key concepts.

• NEW Video Tutors developed and narrated by the author walk students through key con-
cepts. New to this edition are Video Tutors on glycolysis, protein translation, and antigen
processing. These Video Tutors bring the textbook art to life and help students visualize and
understand tough topics and important processes. Thirty-two video tutorials are accessible
via QR codes in the textbook and are accompanied by multiple-choice questions, assignable
in MasteringMicrobiology®.

• NEW Tell Me Why critical thinking questions end every main section within each chapter.
These questions strengthen the pedagogy and organization of each chapter and consistently
provide stop-and-think opportunities for students as they read.

• NEW Expanded coverage of helminths is provided in new Highlight features, and an

­emphasis on virulence factors is included the Disease in Depth features.

• The genetics chapters (Chapters 7–8) have been reviewed and revised by genetics special-
ists. These now reflect the most current understanding of this rapidly evolving field, includ-
ing new discussion of next-generation DNA sequencing.

• Over 330 NEW and revised micrographs, photos, and figures enhance student under-
standing of the text and boxed features.

• NEW and EXPANDED MasteringMicrobiology includes new Interactive Microbiology ­

animations and tutorials; new MicroBooster remedial video tutorials; new Disease in
Depth ­coaching activities; new Video Tutors with assessments; new MicroCareers and
Clinical Case Study coaching activities; and a plethora of microbiology lab resources. NEW
­Interactive ­Microbiology is a dynamic suite of interactive tutorials and animations that
teach key ­concepts in the context of a clinical setting. Students actively engage with each
topic and learn from manipulating variables, predicting outcomes, and answering forma-
tive and ­summative assessments. Topics include Operons; Complement; Biofilms and Quo-
rum ­Sensing; Antibiotic Resistance, Mechanisms; Antibiotic Resistance, Selection; Aerobic
­Respiration in Prokaryotes; and Human Microbiota. NEW MicroBoosters are a suite of brief
video tutorials that cover key concepts that students often need to review, including Study
Skills, Math, Basic Chemistry, Cell Biology, Basic Biology and more! The Micro Lab resources
include MicroLab Tutors, which use lab technique videos, 3-D molecular animations, and
step-by-step tutorials to help students make connections between lecture and lab; Lab
­Technique Videos and pre-lab quizzes to ensure that students come prepared for lab time;
and Lab Practical and post-lab quizzes to reinforce what students have learned.

MasteringMicrobiology offers students access to Dynamic Study Modules to help them acquire,
retain, and recall information faster and more efficiently than ever before with textbook-specific
explanations and art. Dynamic Study Modules are available for use as a self-study tool or as
assignments. Instructors also now have the option to give Adaptive Follow-Up assignments that
provide student-specific additional coaching and practice. These question sets continuously adapt
to each student’s needs, making efficient use of homework time.
MasteringMicrobiology also includes Learning Catalytics—a “bring your own device” student
engagement, assessment, and classroom intelligence system. With Learning Catalytics, instructors
can assess students in real time using open-ended tasks to probe student understanding using
Pearson’s library of questions or designing their own.
The following section provides a detailed outline of this edition’s chapter-by-chapter revisions.
Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions

CHAPTER 1 A Brief History of Microbiology Chapter 4 Microscopy, Staining, and Classification

• Added three Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text • Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Added three new photos (chapter opener, Fig. 1.6b, Highlight box • Revised two figures for enhanced pedagogy (Figs. 4.4, 4.6)
on MERS) • Revised Learning Outcome regarding simple stains, which now
• Updated map showing countries having transmission of variant include Gomori methenamine silver stain and h ­ ematoxylin and
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vJCD) eosin stains
• Added CDC-preferred term “healthcare-associated infection (HAI)” • Added fill-in-the-blank Concept Map about Gram stain and cell
(formerly nosocomial infection) wall structure to end-of-chapter review
• Added introductory coverage of normal microbiota and of agar in • Revised coverage of history of taxonomy
micro labs • Expanded discussion of resolution, immersion oil, mordants,
• Clarified the use of controls in Pasteur’s experiment to ­disprove definition of microbial species, and role of George Fox in the
spontaneous generation discovery of the archaea and three domains of life
• Clarified industrial use of microbes in making yogurt and pest • Revised section on microbial taxonomy to more fully ­address
control genomic techniques in taxonomy
• Introduced the success of gene therapy to treat several ­inherited • At request of reviewers and instructors, removed ­detailed figures
immune deficiencies for dark field, phase, and scanning electron ­microscopy so as to
• Updated box: “The New Normal”: The Challenge of Emerging and reduce complexity and chapter length
Reemerging Diseases to include Middle East respiratory syndrome • Added three critical thinking questions and a new photo to
(MERS), Ebola, chikungunya, and measles Emerging Disease Case Study: Necrotizing Fasciitis
• Added to list of current problems in microbiology: biofilms, tests for
infections, and persistent antimicrobial-drug resistance Chapter 5 Microbial Metabolism
• Added three critical thinking questions to Emerging ­Disease Case • Added six Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
Study: Variant Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease • Added two new figure questions (Figs. 5.4, 5.13)
• New end-of-chapter, short-answer question on healthcare- • Added one new end-of-chapter fill-in-the-blank question
associated (nosocomial) infections • Revised 14 figures for greater clarity and better pedagogy (Figs. 5.5,
• Added fill-in Concept Map over types of microbes and some of 5.6, 5.10, 5.11, 5.12, 5.13, 5.14, 5.16, 5.17, 5.18, 5.19, 5.26, 5.30; end-of-
their major characteristics chapter critical thinking question 1)
• Clarified and expanded discussion of enzymatic activation through
Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Microbiology allosteric sites and competitive and noncompetitive inhibition of
• Added five Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text enzyme activity
• Eleven figures revised for better pedagogy (Figs. 2.2, 2.3, 2.6, • Added fill-in Concept Map over aerobic respiration
2.11, 2.15, 2.17, 2.19, 2.21, 2.22, 2.23; amino group in Table 2.3)
• New Learning Outcomes concerning terms regarding ­elements, Chapter 6 Microbial Nutrition and Growth
valence electrons and chemical bonding, organic compounds,
contrasting ionic and covalent bonds, and lipids
• Added three Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• New figure legend question for enhanced pedagogy (Fig. 2.3) • Revised five figures for greater clarity and better pedagogy
(Figs. 6.7, 6.8, 6.9, 6.17, 6.20)
• Expanded coverage of term “nucleoside” because nucleoside • Added two new photos (Figs. 6.13, 6.24b)
analogs treat many diseases
• Added fill-in Concept Map over nucleotide structure and function • Expanded discussion of singlet oxygen and superoxide ­radicals as
oxidizing agents
Chapter 3 Cell Structure and Function
• Clarified the method of counting microbes using a cell counter
• Added fill-in Concept Map over culture media
• Added 12 Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Two new photos (Figs. 3.5b, 3.8a) Chapter 7 Microbial Genetics
• Revised and enhanced artwork in 14 figures for enhanced
pedagogy (Figs. 3.4, 3.8b, 3.9, 3.12, 3.14, 3.15, 3.17, 3.18, 3.19, 3.20, • Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
3.21, 3.22, 3.24, 3.35) • Upgraded 20 figures for greater clarity, accuracy, ease of reading,
• Added one new figure (structure of glucose versus NAG and NAM) and better pedagogy (Figs. 7.1, 7.5, 7.6, 7.7, 7.9, 7.10, 7.11, 7.13, 7.20,
(Fig. 3.13) 7.21, 7.22, 7.23, 7.26, 7.27, 7.28, 7.30, 7.34, 7.35, 7.36, 7.37)
• Enhanced discussion of flagella and cilia structure and ­function, • Updated text to discuss the smallest cellular genome at 112,091 bp
comparison and contrast between the outer and cytoplasmic (candidatus Nasuia deltocephalinicola)
membranes of Gram-negative cells, and m ­ ovement across cell • Included recent discovery that chloroplast chromosomes are linear
membranes rather than circular
• Increased discussion of use of RNA as enzymes (ribozymes)
14
 Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions 15

• Expanded table comparing and contrasting DNA replication, • Revised seven figures for greater clarity, accuracy, ease of reading,
transcription, and translation and better pedagogy (Figs. 10.2, 10.3, 10.6, 10.8, 10.13, 10.15; map of
• Discussed codon and tRNA for 21st amino acid, selenocysteine worldwide, community-associated MRSA)
• Enhanced and clarified discussion of lac and trp operons and of the • Three new photos (Highlight, Fig. 10.10, Clinical Case Study)
action of cAMP and CAP as activators • Added three critical thinking questions to Emerging Disease Case
• Expanded and reorganized discussion of DNA repair systems Study: Community-Associated MRSA and updated map with
• Clarified and updated information on the events in ­conjugation, newly published data
particularly with Hfr cells
• Expanded coverage of nucleotides and pyrophosphate (diphosphate) Chapter 11 Characterizing and Classifying
• Added critical thinking questions to Emerging Disease Case Study: Prokaryotes
Vibrio vulnificus Infection • Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Revised the chapter to better explain differences between ­archaeal, • Six new Learning Outcomes (for proteobacteria, including newly
bacterial, and eukaryotic genetics discovered zetaproteobacteria)
• Added fill-in Concept Map over point mutations • Thirteen new photos (Figs. 11.1, 11.2a, 11.5, 11.7, 11.11a, 11.16, 11.17,
11.19, 11.21, 11.22, 11.23, 11.24b, 11.27b)
Chapter 8 Recombinant DNA Technology • Ten revised figures for better pedagogy (Figs. 11.1, 11.3, 11.4, 11.6,
• Added five Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text 11.10, 11.14, 11.17, 11.21, 11.26, 11.27)
• Added six Learning Outcomes concerning uses of ­synthetic nucleic • Clarified and expanded coverage of (1) “snapping ­division,”
acids, PCR, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), functional which is a distinctive characteristic of corynebacteria, i­ ncluding C.
genomics, Sanger sequencing, and next-­generation sequencing diphtheriae, (2) floc formation and its use in s­ ewage treatment, and
• Added one new figure (Fig. 8.10) (3) methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus
• Modified Fig. 8.7 for better pedagogy • Updated with new discoveries in bacterial and archaeal
• Deleted figures for Southern blots and Sanger automated DNA ­­systematics: six classes of proteobacteria rather than four and five
sequencing as these techniques are historical and ­less-commonly phyla of archaea (rather than two)
used today • Removed box on Botox and box on the possible link between
• Added discussion of real-time PCR (RT-PCR), Sanger sequencing ­cyanobacteria and brain disease to make room for new material
methods, next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS), including • Three new critical thinking questions over pertussis as a
pyrosequencing and fluorescent methods, functional genomics, ­reemerging disease
microbiomes, and biomedical animal models • Added fill-in Concept Map over domain Archaea
• New Highlight boxes: How Do You Fix a Mosquito? on controlling
dengue and The Human Microbiome Project Chapter 12 Characterizing and Classifying
Eukaryotes
Chapter 9 Controlling Microbial Growth in the • Added six Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
Environment • Eight new photos (Figs. 12.11, 12.12a and b, 12.13c, 12.14, 12.20,
• Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text 12.25, 12.27)
• Revised five figures for better accuracy, currency, and ­pedagogy • Seven revised figures for more accurate and lucid pedagogy
(Figs. 9.2, 9.7, 9.13, 9.15, 9.16) (Figs. 12.1, 12.3, 12.7, 12.8, 12.17, 12.23; map for aspergillosis)
• Two new photos (Fig. 9.9, Beneficial Microbes) • As reviewers requested, shortened chapter by ­eliminating detailed
• Updated techniques for deactivation of prions, coverage of discussion and artwork of ciliate (Paramecium) ­conjugation
thimerosal in vaccines, and activity of AOAC International in and of sexual reproduction by zygomycetes, ­ascomycetes, and
developing disinfection standards basidiomycetes
• Added three critical thinking questions to Emerging Disease Case • Updated algal, fungal, protozoan, water mold, and slime mold
Study: Acanthamoeba Keratitis taxonomy
• Added critical thinking question concerning salmonellosis • Clarified and expanded coverage of (1) meiosis, (2) alveoli in
pandemic from smoked salmon protists, and (3) use of radiation as an energy source for some fungi
• Added fill-in Concept Map over moist heat applications to control • Added new critical thinking questions: three about the emerging
microbes disease aspergillosis and two at end of chapter about genomics in
relationship to metabolism in various environments
Chapter 10 Controlling Microbial Growth in the • Added fill-in Concept Map over eukaryotic microorganisms
Body: Antimicrobial Drugs
• Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text Chapter 13 Characterizing and Classifying Viruses,
• Updated and revised tables of antimicrobials to include all Viroids, and Prions
new antimicrobials mentioned in disease chapters, including • Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
carbapenems and capreomycin (antibacterials); enfuvirtide (newly • Four new photos (Figs. 13.1b, 13.21, 13.24; bacteriophage box)
approved anti-HIV-1); ciclopirox (antifungal); and bithionol • Upgraded eight figures for better pedagogy and currency (Figs.
(anthelmintic); updated sources of drugs, modes of action, clinical 13.5, 13.8, 13.12, 13.13, 13.14, 13.16, 13.18, 13.22)
considerations, and methods of resistance • One new figure showing prion templating (Fig. 13.23)
• Updated adverse effects of aminoglycosides • Two new Learning Outcomes concerning (1) structures of viruses
• Updated the mechanism of resistance against quinolone and (2) control of prions
­antibacterial drugs • Updated viral nomenclature to correspond to changes ­approved by
• Removed amantadine as a treatment for influenza A the International Committee on Taxonomy of V ­ iruses (ICTV) in 2014
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16 Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions

• Added discussion on the benefits and costs to a virus of ­having an • Revised five figures for better pedagogy (Figs. 17.2, 17.3, 17.6,
envelope versus being naked 17.11, 17.14)
• Clarified and expanded text concerning lytic cycle of phage
replication; use of phage typing; replication of animal ­viruses, Chapter 18 Hypersensitivities, Autoimmune Diseases,
particularly ssDNA viruses; link between viruses and human and Immune Deficiencies
cancers; viroids; and prions • Added three Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Updated techniques for deactivation of prions and treatment of • Revised one figure for greater clarity and accuracy (Fig. 18.7)
prion disease • Expanded coverage of type III hypersensitivity, the relationship
• Updated Emerging Disease Case Study: Chikungunya; added three between hypersensitivities and autoimmune disorders
critical thinking questions to the discussion • Removed figure and text for a very rare disease, immune throm­
bocytopenic purpura, to make room for new material in
Chapter 14 Infection, Infectious Diseases, and Chapter 19
Epidemiology
• Added eight Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text Chapter 19 Pathogenic Gram-Positive Bacteria
• Changed eight figures for better pedagogy, timeliness, or clarity • Added nine Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
(Figs. 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.9, 14.10, 14.14, 14.16, 14.20) • Added three Disease in Depth visual presentations of disease:
• Revised and updated coverage of (1) number of human cells in a necrotizing fasciitis, listeriosis, and tuberculosis
body and the number of cellular microbiota, (2) microbiome, and • Twenty-five new photos (Figs. 19.1, 19.12, 19.17, 19.19, 19.20, 19.21)
(3) symbioses (added terms symbiont and amensalism) • Seven revisions to figures for consistency, currency, ­accuracy, and
• Updated to replace term nosocomial with healthcare-associated (in all better pedagogy (Figs. 19.5, 19.23; Disease in Depth: Necrottizing
chapters) Fasciitis, Listeriosis, and Tuberculosis; Microbe at a Glance:
• Updated epidemiology charts, tables, and graphs Streptococcus and Clostridium)
• Updated list of nationally notifiable infectious diseases • Updated all diagnoses and incidence data
• Three new critical thinking questions added to the d­ iscussion of • Revised two Learning Outcomes for better pedagogy (19.10, 19.13)
Hantavirus as an emerging disease • Revised Chapter Summary for better pedagogy (for ­Staphylococcus;
• Added fill-in Concept Map over transmission of diseases Streptococcus; Enterococcus, Bacillus; Clostridium; Listeria; Mycoplasma;
Corynebacterium; Mycobacterium)
Chapter 15 Innate Immunity • Updated definitions for multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and
• Added two Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text ­extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis
• Modified nine figures for enhanced clarity and better ­pedagogy • Updated treatment regimen for inhalation anthrax, ­bioterrorist
(Figs. 15.4, 15.6, 15.7, 15.8, 15.9, 15.11, 15.12, 15.13, 15.14) anthrax, botulism, tetanus, listeriosis, m
­ ycoplasmal p ­ neumonia,
• Three new photos (Figs. 15.1, 15.5b) nongonococcal urethritis, and tuberculosis
• Updated and expanded coverage of the action of ­antimicrobial • Updated and enhanced discussion of mycolic acids, role of
peptides (defensins), Toll-like receptor 10 (TLR10), complement Streptococcus mutans in tooth decay, and anthrax vaccine
activation, complement cascade, and membrane attack complexes • Added a figure question regarding snapping division in
• Expanded and clarified discussion of inflammatory mediators corynebacteria
• Added three critical thinking questions and updated ­incidence
Chapter 16 Specific Defense: Adaptive Immunity maps for the discussion of Buruli ulcer
• Added three Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text • Added Clinical Case Study regarding tuberculosis
• Revised and clarified (1) function and structure of tonsils, (2) flow
of lymph, and (3) mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue Chapter 20 Pathogenic Gram-Negative Cocci
• Reordered the discussion of topics in adaptive immunity to better and Bacilli
align with the way events occur; for example, MHC and antigen • Added three Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
processing are discussed before T cells and ­cell-mediated immunity, • Added one Disease in Depth visual presentation of disease on
which are discussed before B cells and antibody-mediated immunity urinary tract infections
• Removed discussion of T-independent antibody immunity as it was • Updated all diagnoses and incidence data, including maps
too advanced for beginning students • Updated to replace term nosocomial with healthcare-associated
• Revised three pieces of art for enhanced pedagogy (Figs. 16.2, 16.3, • Revised Chapter Summary for better pedagogy (Pathogenic, Gram-
16.10) Negative, Facultatively Anaerobic Bacilli; ­Pathogenic, Gram-Negative,
• Added three critical thinking questions and updated ­incidence map Aerobic Bacilli; Pathogenic, Gram-­Negative, Anaerobic Bacilli)
for the discussion of microsporidiosis • Updated treatment regimen for gonorrhea, meningococcus
• Added fill-in Concept Map over antibodies meningitis, bubonic plague, bartonellosis, brucellosis, and
Legionnaires’ disease
Chapter 17 Immunization and Immune Testing • Added one new figure (Fig. 20.1) and figure question on the
• Added a Tell Me Why critical thinking question to text potential effects of lipid A
• Updated to newly revised CDC 2015 vaccination schedule for • Revised nine figures for better pedagogy (Microbe at a Glance:
children, adolescents, and adults Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Figs. 20.2, 20.3, 20.14, 20.18, 20.19, 20.22,
• Updated table of vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States 20.23, 20.28)
• Enhanced discussion of development of attenuated viral vaccines • Added three critical thinking questions and updated ­incidence
• Added two points to chapter summary about recombinant gene maps for the discussion of melioidosis
technology and vaccine production and about vaccine safety
 Chapter-by-Chapter Revisions 17

Chapter 21 Rickettsias, Chlamydias, Spirochetes, • Eight revised, updated, enhanced, and pedagogically more effective
and Vibrios figures (Figs. 23.1, 23.3, 23.5, 23.6, 23.9, 23.14, 23.17, 23.24)
• Added three Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text • Added three critical thinking questions and updated ­incidence
• New Disease in Depth: Spotted Fever Rickettsiosis maps for the discussions of babesiosis and of schistosomiasis
• Updated all diagnoses and incidence data • Added fill-in Concept Map over intestinal protozoan parasites
• Modified/updated nine figures (Figs. 21.1, 21.2, 21.3, 21.5, 21.8,
21.12, 21.13, 21.17, 21.20) Chapter 24 Pathogenic DNA Viruses
• Two new photos (Figs. 21.11, 21.19) • Added five Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Updated treatment regimen for rickettsial spotted fever (Rocky • Updated all diagnoses and incidence data
Mountain spotted fever, RMSF), murine typhus, scrub typhus, • Updated treatment regimen for shingles, history of smallpox
human monocytic ehrlichiosis, ­anaplasmosis (formerly called vaccination, and the effect of adenovirus 36 on obesity
human granulocytic ehrlichiosis), ­lymphogranuloma venereum, • Four new photos (Figs. 24.3, 24.15, 24.16c, 24.22)
trachoma, cholera, and gastric ulcers • Reformatted one figure for better pedagogy (Fig. 24.21)
• Updated and expanded coverage of epidemic typhus, murine • Added three critical thinking questions and updated ­incidence
typhus, scrub typhus, spotted fever rickettsioses (RMSF), maps for the discussion of monkeypox
ehrlichiosis, anaplasmosis, lymphogranuloma ­venereum, urethritis, • New Disease in Depth: Papillomas with three new photos and three
yaws, Borrelia, and cholera new figures

Chapter 22 Pathogenic Fungi Chapter 25 Pathogenic RNA Viruses

• Added five Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text • Added six Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Added new Disease in Depth: Candidiasis • Updated all diagnoses and incidence data
• Updated all diagnoses and incidence data • Updated treatment regimen for colds, hepatitis E, hepatitis C, AIDS,
• New Learning Outcomes: antifungal vaccines, mycetomas measles, respiratory syncytial virus infection, and Lassa hemorrhagic
• Added one new photo for enhanced pedagogy (Fig. 22.19) fever
• Updated treatment regimen for ­paracoccidioidomycosis, • Updated, revised, and expanded discussion of coronavirus
Pneumocystis pneumonia, candidiasis, aspergillosis, ­Malassezia respiratory syndromes, Nipah virus encephalitis, hepatitis E virus,
infections, mycetoma, and sporotrichosis and respiratory syncytial viral disease
• Enhanced discussion of dearth of antifungal vaccines • Clarified definition of zoonosis
• Added three critical thinking questions and updated ­incidence • Added Learning Outcome about mumps
maps for the discussion of blastomycosis • Sixteen figures revised, updated, or enhanced for better ­pedagogy
• Added fill-in Concept Map over systemic mycoses (Figs. 25.2, 25.9, 25.10, 25.11, 25.12, 25.14, 25.17, 25.18, 25.19, 25.21,
25.23, 25.24, 25.26, 25.28, 25.29, 25.36)
Chapter 23 Parasitic Protozoa, Helminths, • Thirteen new photos (chapter opener; Figs. 25.1, 25.7, 25.16b,
and Arthropod Vectors 25.22b, 25.27, 25.30, 25.32; Highlight box on bats and Nipah virus)
• Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text • New Microbe at a Glance box on measles virus
• Added two new Disease in Depth spreads: Giardiasis and Malaria • Two new Emerging Disease Case Study boxes on norovirus
• Rearranged the chapter to cover vectors first; expanded ­coverage of gastroenteritis and tick-borne encephalitis
vectors • Two new Disease in Depth features on Ebola hemorrhagic fever
• New Learning Outcomes: parasitology, definitive versus and influenza
intermediate hosts, biological versus mechanical vectors, ­ascariasis, • Added three critical thinking questions to the box on ­influenza
hookworm infestations, pinworms, anisakiasis H1N1
• Updated all diagnoses and incidence data
• Updated treatment regimen for Acanthamoeba keratitis, Chapter 26 Industrial and Environmental
­leishmaniasis, trichomoniasis, malaria, Cryptosporidium ­enteritis, Microbiology
and infestation with Fasciola • Added four Tell Me Why critical thinking questions to text
• Added mention of emerging human pathogen of malaria: • Added Learning Outcome on eutrophication
Plasmodium knowlesi • Three figures revised, updated, or enhanced for better ­pedagogy
• Updated stages in life cycle of Toxoplasma (Figs. 26.6, 26.8, 26.15)
• Simplified discussion of life cycles of Trypanosoma cruzi and of T. • Revised and clarified water contamination and water pollution
brucei • Updated list of bioterrorist threats to include the additions
• Added roundworm Anisakis and its disease anisakiasis at teachers’ to category C
requests • New Emerging Disease Case Study regarding primary ­amebic
• Twenty-four new, more engaging photos (Figs. 23.2, 23.10, 23.12, meningoencephalitis (Naegleria fowleri infection)
23.13, 23.18; Disease in Depth: Giardiasis; Disease in Depth:
Malaria; Emerging Disease Case Study: Babesiosis)
Reviewers for the Fifth Edition
I wish to thank the hundreds of instructors and students who participated in reviews, class
tests, and focus groups for earlier editions of the textbook. Your comments have informed this
book from beginning to end, and I am deeply grateful. For the fifth edition, I extend my deepest
appreciation to the following reviewers.

Denice D. King
Book Reviewers Cleveland State Community College
Christopher Thompson
Loyola University, Maryland
Dena Berg Todd Martin Marie N. Yearling
Tarrant County College Metropolitan Community College, Laramie County Community College
Carroll Bottoms Blue River
Collin College Jennifer Metzler
Nick Butkevitch Ball State University Video Tutor Reviewers
Schoolcraft College Mary Miller Jason Adams
Kari Cargill Baton Rouge Community College College of Dupage
Montana State University Alicia Musser
Abiodun Adibi
Richard J. Cristiano Lansing Community College
Houston Community College Hampton University
Gregory Nasello
Northwest—Spring Branch campus Lewis and Clark Community College Melody J. Bernot
Ann Evancoe Dana Newton Ball State University
Hudson Valley Community College College of the Albemarle Denise Foley
Tod Fairbanks Johanna Porter-Kelley Santiago Canyon College
Palm Beach State College Winston-Salem State University Emily Getty
Teresa G. Fischer Jennifer Reaves Ivy Tech Community College
Indian River State College Jackson State Community College Mary Ann Arnold Hedrick
Sandra M. Fox-Moon Jackie Reynolds Wytheville Community College
Anne Arundel Community College and Richland College
University of Maryland Cristi Hunnes
Steven Scott Rocky Mountain College
Eric Gillock Merritt College
Fort Hays State University Sudeep Majumdar
Amy Siegesmund
Raymond Harris Temple College
Pacific Lutheran University
Prince George’s Community College Tony A. Slieman Bhavya Mathur
Jennifer Hatchel University of South Dakota Chattahoochee Technical College
College of Coastal Georgia Lori Smith Daniel Brian Nichols
Barbara R. Heard American River College Seton Hall University
Atlantic Cape Community College Vetaley Stashenko Kevin Sorensen
Nazanin Hebel Palm Beach State College, Belle Glade Snow College
Houston Community College—Northwest Jennifer Swartz Sandra L. Specht
Amy Helms Pikes Peak Community College Sinclair Community College
Collin College
David T. Jenkins
University of Alabama at Birmingham

18
Acknowledgments

As has been the case with all previous editions, I am ever more Thanks to Michéle Shuster and Amy Helms for their work on
cognizant that this book is a team effort. I am deeply grateful the media and print supplements for this edition. Special thanks
once again to Kelsey Churchman of Pearson Science and to the are due to Lauren Beebe and Andrea Stefanowicz for managing
team she gathered to produce the fifth edition. Kelsey, dedicated the supplements, to Kyle Doctor in production for his work on
project manager Lauren Beebe, and invaluable program the Instructor’s Resource DVD, and to Joe Mochnick for his
manager Chriscelle Palaganas helped develop the vision for management of the extraordinary array of media resources for
this fifth edition, generating ideas to make it more effective and students and instructors, especially MasteringMicrobiology®.
compelling. As project manager, Lauren also had the unenviable Thanks also to Jordan Roeder, RN, and Nan Kemp and for
task of coordinating everything and keeping me on track—thank their administrative, editorial, and research assistance. I am
you, Lauren, for being understanding, patient, and lenient, grateful to Neena Bali and now Lauren Harp in Marketing; they
especially when I misplaced a deadline. Kari Hopperstead was lead the amazing Pearson sales representatives to do a terrific
invaluable in developmental editing. I am grateful. job of keeping in touch with the professors and students who
provide so many wonderful suggestions for this textbook. As
Thank you to Barbara Yien, project editor of the first two always, I am humbled, inspired, and encouraged by the sales
editions, for years of support and for introducing me to representatives; your role on the team deserves more gratitude
chocolate truffles. I am excited for your growing family and than I can express here or with citrus fruit.
new responsibilities! I am grateful to Frank Ruggirello for his
unflagging encouragement and support of my work and this I am especially grateful to Phil Mixter of Washington State
book; enjoy your new adventures! I am also indebted to Daryl University, Mary Jane Niles of the University of San Francisco,
Fox, whose early support for this book never wavered. Bronwen Steele of Estrella Mountain Community College, Jan
Miller of American River College, and Jane Reece for their
Anita Wagner Hueftle—the eagle-eyed—edited the manuscript expertise and advice.
thoroughly and meticulously, suggesting important changes
for clarity, accuracy, and consistency. The incomparable Kelly I am further indebted to Sam Schwarzlose for his excellent work
Murphy did a magnificently superb job as art development on the Video Tutor assessments and to Terry Austin for lending
editor, helping to conceptualize new illustrations and suggesting his technical expertise to the project.
ways to improve the art overall—thank you, Kelly for taking the
original art of my friend Ken Probst and enhancing this book’s On the home front: Thank you, Jennie and Nick Knapp,
amazingly beautiful biological illustrations. My thanks to Elizabeth Bauman, Jeremy Bauman, Larry Latham, Josh Wood,
Lachina for rendering the art in this edition. Andrea Stefanowicz and Mike Isley. You keep me even-keeled. My wife Michelle
and Lumina Datamatics expertly guided the project through deserves more recognition than I can possibly express: “Many
production. Andrea, thank you for meticulously improving the are noble, but you excel them all.” Thank you.
text. Maureen “Mo” Spuhler remains the most amazing photo
Robert W. Bauman
researcher. I am in your debt, “Molybdenum.” Rich Robison
Amarillo, Texas
and Brent Selinger supplied many of the text’s wonderful and
unique micrographs. Emily Friel created the beautiful interior
design and the stunning cover.

The publishers would like to thank the following for contributing to and reviewing the Global Edition:

Dhriti Bhattacharyya
Sumitra Datta
Amity University Kolkata
Rajeev Kaul
University of Delhi
Gopalakrishnan Menon
Tomsk State University

19
Table of Contents

1
Acids and Bases 66
Salts 68
Organic Macromolecules 68
A Brief Functional Groups 69
Lipids 70
History of Carbohydrates 72
Proteins 74
­Microbiology 31 Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids 78
The Early Years of Chapter Summary 81 • Questions for Review 82  
Microbiology 32 Critical Thinking 83 • Concept Mapping 84
What Does Life Really Look
Like? 32

3
How Can Microbes Be
Classified? 33
The Golden Age of Microbiology 37
Does Microbial Life Spontaneously Generate? 37
What Causes Fermentation? 40
Cell Structure and
What Causes Disease? 41
How Can We Prevent Infection and Disease? 45
Function 85
The Modern Age of Microbiology 48 Processes of Life 86
What Are the Basic Chemical Reactions of Life? 48 Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
How Do Genes Work? 48 Cells: An Overview 87
What Roles Do Microorganisms Play in the Environment? 50 External Structures of Bacterial
How Do We Defend Against Disease? 50 Cells 89
What Will the Future Hold? 51 Glycocalyces 89
Chapter Summary 52 • Questions for Review 52  
Flagella 89
Critical Thinking 54 • Concept Mapping 55 Fimbriae and Pili 92
Bacterial Cell Walls 93

2
Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Walls 94
Gram-Negative Bacterial Cell Walls 96
Bacteria Without Cell Walls 96
Bacterial Cytoplasmic Membranes 96
The Chemistry of Structure 96
­Microbiology 56 Function 97
Cytoplasm of Bacteria 102
Atoms 57 Cytosol 102
Atomic Structure 57 Inclusions 102
Isotopes 57 Endospores 103
Electron Configurations 58 Nonmembranous Organelles 104
Chemical Bonds 60 External Structures of Archaea 104
Nonpolar Covalent Bonds 60 Glycocalyces 105
Polar Covalent Bonds 61 Flagella 105
Ionic Bonds 62 Fimbriae and Hami 105
Hydrogen Bonds 63 Archaeal Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 106
Chemical Reactions 64 Cytoplasm of Archaea 106
Synthesis Reactions 64
External Structure of Eukaryotic Cells 107
Decomposition Reactions 64
Exchange Reactions 65 Glycocalyces 107
Water, Acids, Bases, and Salts 65 Eukaryotic Cell Walls and Cytoplasmic Membranes 107
Water 65
20
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 Psychology - Workbook
Spring 2024 - Academy

Prepared by: Prof. Miller

Date: August 12, 2025

Results 1: Key terms and definitions

Learning Objective 1: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 2: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 3: Study tips and learning strategies
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Learning Objective 4: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Learning Objective 5: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Case studies and real-world applications
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Lesson 2: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Historical development and evolution
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 14: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Historical development and evolution
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 15: Historical development and evolution
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Quiz 3: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 23: Research findings and conclusions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 24: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 24: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Literature review and discussion
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 26: Research findings and conclusions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 27: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Ethical considerations and implications
• Statistical analysis and interpretation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 28: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 28: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Test 4: Research findings and conclusions
Key Concept: Study tips and learning strategies
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 32: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 32: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 33: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 35: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Current trends and future directions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 37: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 37: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 38: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 39: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Module 5: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Literature review and discussion
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 43: Key terms and definitions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 44: Experimental procedures and results
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Research findings and conclusions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Practical applications and examples
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Exercise 6: Theoretical framework and methodology
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 52: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 54: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Experimental procedures and results
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 55: Historical development and evolution
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 58: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Summary 7: Critical analysis and evaluation
Note: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 61: Practical applications and examples
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Definition: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Example 64: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Practical applications and examples
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 67: Practical applications and examples
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 68: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Background 8: Experimental procedures and results
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 75: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 75: Experimental procedures and results
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Research findings and conclusions
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 9: Theoretical framework and methodology
Note: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Key terms and definitions
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Literature review and discussion
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Experimental procedures and results
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 88: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Practice Problem 89: Experimental procedures and results
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 90: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Topic 10: Current trends and future directions
Example 90: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 91: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Note: Ethical considerations and implications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 93: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Historical development and evolution
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 95: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 96: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 96: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 97: Assessment criteria and rubrics
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Quiz 11: Literature review and discussion
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Critical analysis and evaluation
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 101: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Case studies and real-world applications
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Problem-solving strategies and techniques
• Study tips and learning strategies
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 103: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 104: Current trends and future directions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 105: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Interdisciplinary approaches
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Research findings and conclusions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Methodology 12: Case studies and real-world applications
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Learning outcomes and objectives
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Key terms and definitions
• Problem-solving strategies and techniques
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 114: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 114: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 115: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Case studies and real-world applications
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 116: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Key Concept: Literature review and discussion
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Definition: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 119: Practical applications and examples
• Experimental procedures and results
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Methodology 13: Ethical considerations and implications
Definition: Study tips and learning strategies
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 121: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Literature review and discussion
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 122: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 122: Statistical analysis and interpretation
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Note: Practical applications and examples
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Practice Problem 124: Ethical considerations and implications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Example 125: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Remember: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Study tips and learning strategies
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Best practices and recommendations
• Literature review and discussion
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Fundamental concepts and principles
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 130: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Methodology 14: Case studies and real-world applications
Remember: Experimental procedures and results
• Assessment criteria and rubrics
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 131: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Key Concept: Comparative analysis and synthesis
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Important: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Practice Problem 134: Critical analysis and evaluation
• Comparative analysis and synthesis
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 135: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 135: Current trends and future directions
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Example 136: Current trends and future directions
• Historical development and evolution
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
Key Concept: Case studies and real-world applications
• Research findings and conclusions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 138: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 138: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 139: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Definition: Practical applications and examples
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 140: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Summary 15: Best practices and recommendations
Example 140: Research findings and conclusions
• Learning outcomes and objectives
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Note: Current trends and future directions
• Best practices and recommendations
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
[Figure 142: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Example 142: Literature review and discussion
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Key Concept: Theoretical framework and methodology
• Ethical considerations and implications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Remember: Historical development and evolution
• Theoretical framework and methodology
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
[Figure 145: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Key terms and definitions
• Current trends and future directions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 146: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Practice Problem 146: Case studies and real-world applications
• Fundamental concepts and principles
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 147: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Best practices and recommendations
• Key terms and definitions
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
Formula: [Mathematical expression or equation]
[Figure 148: Diagram/Chart/Graph]
Important: Interdisciplinary approaches
• Case studies and real-world applications
- Sub-point: Additional details and explanations
- Example: Practical application scenario
- Note: Important consideration
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