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From the Couch to the Circle

From the Couch to the Circle: Group-Analytic Psychotherapy in Practice is a handbook of

group therapy and guide to the group-analytic model – the prevailing form of group therapy
in Europe. It draws on John Schlapobersky’s engagement as a practitioner and the words
and experience of people in groups facing psychotherapy’s key challenges – understanding
and change.
It provides a manual of practice for therapists’ use including detailed descriptions of
groups at work; accounts of therapists’ experience and the issues they face in themselves
and their groups. It is devoted to the group-analytic model and brings the other psychody-
namic models into a comparative discussion to create an integrated and coherent approach.
The book is divided into three sections:

Foundations – aimed at practitioners using groups of any kind and working at every
level providing supportive psychotherapy and groups for psychosis, trauma, people
at risk, the elderly and children;
The Group-Analytic Model – defines the group-analytic model at a basic and advanced
level;
The Dynamics of Change – aimed at group analysts, psychotherapists and psychologists
providing short-term psychotherapy and long-term group analysis.

The book is illustrated with figures, tables and clinical vignettes including incisive, instruc-
tive commentaries to explain the concepts in use. It is intended for those seeking psycho-
therapy to resolve personal problems or find new sources of meaning; for policy-makers in
mental health; and for students of different models of psychotherapy and the psychosocial
field. The comparative discussion about methods and models of practice will be of interest
to the wider mental health and psychotherapy fields.
The author draws together the inherited wisdom of group analysis since Foulkes’s time
and makes his own lasting contribution. From the Couch to the Circle will be an invalu-
able, accessible resource for psychotherapists, psychoanalysts, psychologists, family thera-
pists, academics, mental health practitioners and teachers in psychotherapy.

John R. Schlapobersky is a Training Analyst, Supervisor and Teacher at the Institute of

Group Analysis, London and Research Fellow, Birkbeck, University of London. He is in
private practice at the Bloomsbury Psychotherapy Practice and works with individuals,
couples and groups. He has trained generations of group analysts, teaches internationally
and has many publications. This book is the professional life’s work of a leading British
group analyst.
The role of a conductor in a group-analytic group has always appeared . . .
similar to that of a poet or writer in the community . . . receptive to the current
problems of his time and creative in expressing them . . . to bring them nearer
to the consciousness of those concerned.
(Foulkes 1975, 1986:157)

Group-analytic psychotherapy offers an incomparable instrument for under-

standing the group mind or psychology of the individual in the group . . .
(and though) much weaker . . . than psychoanalysis will need to build a more
substantial theoretical superstructure out of the process of communication, of
mirroring, of configuration and of translation.
(Anthony 1978:10)
From the Couch to the Circle

Incredibly rich in clinical vignettes, steeped in heart, mind and scholarship and
faithful to how group therapy heals, Schlapobersky’s From Couch to Circle beau-
tifully depicts how ‘the troubled group that each individual has within’ is played
out among the other group members. A simple testimonial cannot do justice to this
monumental effort that is destined to become a classic in the field.
Prof Jerry Gans MD, DLFAGPA, Harvard Medical School,
Distinguished Life Fellow, American Group Psychotherapy Association.
Author, Difficult Topics in Group Psychotherapy

This unique publication offers the next fine turning point in group education and
practice. It covers the wide range of methodology and the complexity of group
experience moving from one stage of disciplined work to the next buoyed with
intellectual excitement and a deft touch of humor. It draws fluently upon the three
ingredients of group: process, theory and practice and will delight Modern Ana-
lysts encouraging both new entrants and the most experienced practitioners. Sta-
tistics, theory and typology are used with wit and daring as John takes us from the
most personal narratives in case studies to varied interpretations of theory offering
vivid contrasts between schools of analytic investigation. Few books can achieve
the dynamic pace and thrilling results that he uses to carry the reader from one
chapter to another.
Phyllis F. Cohen, PhD; FAGPA; National Chair,
Group Foundation for Advancing Mental Health;
Former Chair Center for Group Studies, New York;
American Board for Accreditation in Psychoanalysis;
Former Chair, Center for Group Studies

John has amassed a rich harvest in the skills by which he applies group analytic
theory and technique – a narrative art. Science is in the tabulations, careful catego-
rization of diagnoses, treatment results, and illuminating figures. This book will
interest and inform readers seeking an introduction and mature practitioners who
want to revise their own experience and ideas. Rarely do we read a single author text
written with the authority that derives from such rich experience as a practitioner
and teacher who enjoys and is able to utilize the work of his students. The writing
of former patients gives the final stamp of authority to his work in ‘The last word’.
Malcolm Pines, MRCPsych., Founder, Institute of Group
Analysis London, Formerly Consultant Psychotherapist,
Maudsley Hospital, St. George’s Hospital,
Tavistock Clinic. Author, Circular Reflections

Everyone working with groups will benefit from this book from whichever
‘school’ they come and at whatever level of experience. It is a mine of informa-
tion about group analytic ideas and how to use them presented accessibly and
with an appreciation of their complexity. Theoretical material is compelling and
enlightening. The massive strength of the book is the case material that drives it
with engaging and often moving examples and incisive, consistently instructive
commentaries. John shows acute clinical sensitivity and virtues as a teacher,
deploying the concepts to make sense of clinical material . . . and using clini-
cal material recursively to flesh out the theoretical concepts . . . a terrific way
to work.
Prof Stephen Frosh PhD, Professor of Psychosocial Studies,
Birkbeck, University of London. Author,
Hauntings: Psychoanalysis and Ghostly Transmissions

John’s masterful exposition of Foulksian group analysis and other models gives
us their underlying theories, principles and clinical applications in a jargon-free,
beautiful language. There shines through the man the writer is: intellectually
inquisitive, emotionally engaged and deeply humane in his contact with and care
for his patients. This spirit exemplifies a passage by Foulkes quoting a patient
saying, ‘What is essential is not what you do but who you are.’ The book extends
this spirit for experienced and new practitioners and for students who will find it
especially useful. It is relevant and accessible to a wide audience of professionals
including teachers, social workers, administrators and – dare one hope – politi-
cians. Their reactions would be as welcome as those of John’s former patients in
‘The last word’.
Liesel Hearst, Training Analyst, Institute of Group Analysis, London;
Supervisor and Founding Trainer, Institutes of Group Analysis,
Denmark, Norway, GRAS Germany and ZGAZS Switzerland.
Co-author, Group-Analytic Psychotherapy: A Meeting of Minds

In his wonderfully well-written textbook John Schlapobersky does a great service

for the field of group psychotherapy – a remarkable synthesis of accrued clinical
wisdom, cutting-edge knowledge and thoughtful clinical application. The author
builds articulate, eloquent bridges between individual and group psychotherapy;
between members and leaders within the therapy group; between European and
North American models of group psychotherapy and, most importantly, between
depth theory and accessible technique. There is no better resource that brings
together the worlds of group analysis and group psychotherapy.
Prof Molyn Leszcz MD, FRCPC, DFAGPA.
Professor and Vice-Chair, University of Toronto
Department of Psychiatry, Co-author with Irvin Yalom,
5th edition, The Theory and Practice of Group Psychotherapy

This book provides ‘the state of the art’ in group-analytic practice and think-
ing. A most experienced clinician shares his curative approach and interventions
through a wide range of clinical examples in different, touching group experi-
ences. It is a joy to learn from this master teacher – he is both a model for group
therapists and a theoretical innovator. John’s interest in new formulations, new
approaches and a humane way of relating to patients will help the reader grow.
Students as well as experienced practitioners will find the text, the broad field it
covers and the depth of its studies applicable to many of their own challenges in
group therapy.
Robi Friedman PhD., President,
International Group Analytic Society;
Former Chair, Israeli Institute of Group Analysis.
Co-author, Dreams in Group Psychotherapy

British group analysts have been waiting for a major contemporary textbook on
group-analytic psychotherapy for many years and John Schlapobersky has writ-
ten such a book. The term ‘magnum opus’ is highly appropriate for a work that
is both theoretically robust and clinically rich. It will be of particular interest
to those who work as therapists with victims and perpetrators of violence and
I predict that it will become a book that no practicing group therapist will want
to be without.
Gwen Adshead, MB ChB; FRCPsych. Group Analyst;
Consultant Forensic Psychiatrist, Ravenswood House.
Co-author, A Matter of Security – Attachment Theory,
Psychiatry and Psychotherapy

This book sets new standards for the whole group-analytic community and
anyone interested in the tradition founded by Foulkes. It integrates practi-
cal relevance and scholarship in a carefully elaborated presentation. John
Schlapobersky is a staunch ‘Foulkesian’, fully aware of inconsistencies and
gaps in Foulkes’s original texts, one of which is the key concept of communi-
cation. He breaks new ground here with chapters on the speech forms of the
group-analytic process; silence in groups; and metaphors for a ‘language of
change’. Readers in the German-speaking world will find especially informa-
tive how he documents the origins of group analysis in the German intellec-
tual tradition to 1933; then locates its development in the context of British
psychoanalytic discourse; and then connects it with the development of group
psychotherapy in the USA.
Thomas Mies PhD., Training Analyst, Institute of Group Analysis,
Munster, Germany; Editorial Board,
Gruppenpsychotherapie und Gruppendynamik

Group analysis has been waiting for a book that integrates the many diverse
strands of the theory into a meaningful whole. From the Couch to the Circle is an
important step in this direction. Ambitious and scholarly, the book draws on litera-
ture and research from the UK, USA and beyond to build a rich and nuanced con-
struction of what group analysis is. This dense tapestry is animated throughout by
vivid examples in vignettes and commentary that reflect the author’s unwavering
commitment to group analysis and his considerable experience and wisdom, his
passion and compassion. Beginners in the field, seasoned practitioners and curi-
ous non-professionals will gain both essential data and rare insights into a field
that holds hope for the future of accessible and equitable mental health practice.
Morris Nitsun, PhD, Consultant NHS Psychologist
in Group Psychotherapy; Training Group Analyst,
Institute of Group Analysis London and Fitzrovia
Group Analytic Practice. Author, The Anti-Group

In this substantial work John Schlapobersky turns his thoughtful and meticulous
attention to embodying comprehensively the corpus of group-analytic litera-
ture. This will become a standard work for consultation as much as for reading,
for study as for inspiration. It establishes group analysis as a seriously thought
through approach to the practice of psychotherapy in groups. More than that,
Foulkes and his early colleagues are properly acknowledged to have originated in
and extended the theory and practice of psychoanalysis itself. The psychoanalytic
couch and the circle of the group are close cousins. There is a special tension
between them that arises out of their mutual dependence and rivalry that John
shows has been turned to creative advantage by the long tradition of academic and
institutional work. This book leads the beginner towards becoming a sophisticated
practitioner and the experienced group analyst towards renewing his acquaintance
with his own origins.
Bob Hinshelwood, Psychoanalyst, British Psychoanalytic Society.
Author, What Happens In Groups, and Research On The Couch

Much of this book is teachable and would be a great introduction for American
readers unfamiliar with group analysis. Theory alone is not enough; something
has to catch fire. What is not teachable is exemplified in John’s vivid clinical
narratives of how and why people who struggle, succeed, and sometimes fail, in
group therapy. He describes Foulkes, founder of group analysis, as a towering
figure who attracted and led through great personal creativity and charm, with a
gift for bringing ideas to life in the room. John supplies the equivalent Foulkesian
life force in his deeply poetic clinical thinking and writing.
Dominick Grundy PhD, Editor,
International Journal of Group Psychotherapy

‘To make soup the cook doesn’t need to get into the pot.’ (Gorky quoted Schla­
pobersky, characteristically illustrating the role of the group conductor). This
book is the most glorious potpourri of everything one wants to know and feel and
experience about group therapy, group analysis, and group dynamics – and more.
It magically combines, theory, science, clinical illustration, personal revelation,
anecdote, apposite quotation, allusions from the literary canon, and social and
cultural wisdom. Schlapobersky and his book – the literary analogue of a group at
its best – are worthy successors to his predecessor giants: Foulkes and Anthony,
Yalom, Skynner, Pines. Read him: for instruction, for joy, to live and laugh more
fully, more contentedly, more dangerously – and become a better, braver, more
compassionate, more confident yet questioning therapist whilst doing so.
Prof Jeremy Holmes MD FRCPsych, University of Exeter,
UK. Author, Explorations In Security

Foulkes would have been as delighted with this new book as I am.
E.J. Anthony MD, FRCPsych., Co-Author,
Group Psychotherapy: The Psychoanalytic Approach
This page intentionally left blank
From the Couch
to the Circle

Group-Analytic Psychotherapy
in Practice

John R. Schlapobersky
First published 2016
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
And by Routledge
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business
© 2016 John R. Schlapobersky
The right of John R. Schlapobersky to be identified as author of
this work has been asserted by him in accordance with sections
77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic,
mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from
the publishers.
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks
or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and
explanation without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from
the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Schlapobersky, John R., author.
Title: From the couch to the circle : group-analytic psychotherapy
in progress / John R. Schlapobersky.
Description: Hove, East Sussex ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2016.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015021331 | ISBN 9780415672191 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Group psychotherapy. | Group psychoanalysis. |
BISAC: PSYCHOLOGY / Movements / Psychoanalysis. |
PSYCHOLOGY / Psychotherapy / General. | PSYCHOLOGY /
Mental Health.
Classification: LCC RC488 .S25 2016 | DDC 616.89/152—dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015021331
ISBN: 978-0-415-67219-1 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-415-67220-7 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-315-67009-6 (ebk)
Typeset in Times New Roman
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
Dedication

This book is dedicated to the memories of James Anthony, Helen Bamber and
Bryan Boswood, who passed away whilst it was being written. They were
inspiring colleagues and mentors who became dear friends.
It is dedicated to three groups of living people. First it is dedicated to the next
generation of my own family: my daughter Hannah; grandchildren Maia and
Leo; stepson Josh; nieces Kate and Diana, Alice and Jane; nephew Simon; and
stepnephews James and Andrew; to their children and children to come. May the
work described here help to make the world a better place for all our children.
It is dedicated to those I have known in teaching relationships, including
students and supervisees in training programmes and institutions in different
countries. The Training Convenors of my own institute, the Institute of Group
Analysis London, who I have worked with down the years merit special mention.
We worked together to develop a curriculum, write a handbook and establish an
MSc programme with our academic partner, Birkbeck College, University of
London, now in its 18th year. The introduction to this book by the former head of
the Department of Psychosocial Studies at Birkbeck College, Prof. Stephen Frosh,
gives one tribute to this work. Another is in the citations and references to our
graduates’ theory papers and dissertations written during their training, some of
which now inform the literature and many of which have been quoted from with
their permission.
It is dedicated with a full heart and deep appreciation to those who have attended
my groups – therapy and experiential groups – and the groups of my colleagues
and supervisees. Your lives populate the pages of this book. I have drawn on
your stories and taken liberties with them and your identities, to re-arrange them
and so protect your confidentiality that would allow an authentic portrayal of our
work together. This protocol is in line with the code on confidentiality set out
by the Institute of Group Analysis and International Psychoanalytic Association.
I have made every effort to reach you, secure your consent to this publication or
make amendments to meet your concerns if experience described here was likely
to be recognisable. Where called for, vignettes have been amended or removed.
I did not anticipate the active co-operation shown by those approached. Many of
you have participated by providing memories that augmented my own records,
xii Dedication

allowing me to edit the vignettes and shape them more authentically. I thank you
all. The work goes back many years, and there may be some who think they find
themselves here who have not heard from me first. Similarities in this material to
the actual therapy of anyone – alive or not – is accidental. I trust readers will find
that the accounts are set out here on professional terms, first to honour the work
we have done together and second to serve the field in good faith. For this I thank
you twice.
Contents

List of vignettes xv
List of tables xviii
List of figures xxi
Foreword: Stephen Frosh xxiii
Tribute: Malcolm Pines xxvi
Historical Preview: E. James Anthony xxvii
Acknowledgements xxxiv

Introduction1

SECTION I
Foundations29

1 Aims and vocabulary of psychotherapy 31

2 Psychotherapy’s three dimensions: Relational, reflective,
reparative59
3 Personal and group development 84
4 The language of the group: Monologue, dialogue and
discourse in group analysis 112
5 Speech and silence in psychotherapy 135
6 The range of applications in ten studies: Duration,
frequency, setting 158
7 Methods applications and models: The group-analytic
model and its contemporaries 200
xiv Contents

SECTION II
The group-analytic model221

8 A group’s three dimensions: Structure, process

and content 223
9 Structure: Dynamic administration, composition,
selection235
10 Process: Concepts and applications 247
11 Content: Key questions about narrative, discourse
and the voice of the symbol 278
12 The conductor: Convenor, therapist and group member 301

SECTION III
Dynamics of change325

13 Four domains of communication: Current,

transference, projective and primordial 328
14 Lost or found in the transference? Transference,
countertransference, projection and identification
in groups 359
15 Longing and belonging in the intermediate territory 393
16 Metaphors and metamorphosis: Symbols, transition
and transformation 418
17 Location, translation, interpretation: The heart of the
group-analytic model 440
18 Conclusion and the last word 459

Index 475
Vignettes

0.1  About Heaven and Hell 5

0.2  Survival and reciprocity 5
0.3  Sipology with soap and bubbles 6
1.1  The seer’s eye in the mirror 33
1.2  Empathic mirroring 34
1.3  Why are we talking about sausages? 36
2.1  My brother, what have they done to you? Some relational
moments68
2.2  The ‘normals’ in our space capsule 70
2.3  About mayonnaise on the chin 71
2.4  The persecutor and the jangling keys 73
2.5  Separating a mother and baby: The cries of the cow
and her calf 77
3.1  Key phases in the progress of individuals through a group 102
4.1  Who are you talking to? 117
4.2  A good father and an abusive father 119
4.3  How dare you dream about me killing your father!
Projection and projective identification 121
4.4  Envy against progress in the group 123
4.5  An empty house without sexual feeling: Desire can bring the
roof down 128
4.6  Do we discuss the nightmare or ‘the nightmare?’ 130
5.1  Who says it doesn’t work? 137
5.2  Love me or fuck off 141
5.3  You cry for what you’ve lost and me for what I’ve never had 142
5.4  The girl who lived in the heart of stone 145
5.5  A male megaphone silent in protest against a newcomer 149
5.6  Springing a trap 151
8.1  Challenges at the broken boundary: Structural interventions
establishing authority 228
8.2  Poor attendance and the baby at the breast: Process-based
interventions looking for meaning 229
xvi Vignettes

9.1  The story of the wooden spoon 241

10.1  Resonance and valency: The isolate and the avoidant 256
10.2  Mirroring and resonance: One person’s tears as a votive
offering to another’s hidden grief 258
10.3  Desire as a conscious condenser of accessible emotion 260
10.4  Unconscious condenser: He’s not a fucking professor, he’s
my father! 261
10.5  Amplification and condensation after exposure 262
10.6  Signal (simple) resonance 1: Where fear and opportunity
crawl the streets 264
10.7  Signal resonance 2: Where sheep may safely graze 264
10.8  Complex resonance: The wounds of injured experience that
speak without words 265
10.9  ‘Familiarity is the kingdom of the lost’: The woman who
found a newcomer in her group: Resonance, condenser
and amplification at work in therapy 267
10.10 The story of four fingers linked to describe partnership –
process dynamics at work in the round during therapy 270
11.1  People’s voices come alongside one another, followed by
their stories 283
11.2  Anger and its monsters: Language, imagery and thematic
development in the content of a therapy group over time 289
11.3  The woman whose birth saved her mother: Content and
thematic development in a short experiential group 296
12.1  Late-night vigil – waiting for parents to return: The conductor
at work 320
13.1  Learning containment: The current domain 329
13.2  Fighting with the ‘wrong’ sister 330
13.3  Something new ‘cooking’ in the group: Projection and change 332
13.4  The living will not be buried with the dead 333
13.5  The triumph of hateful failure in a masochistic protest 336
13.6  The longing to be a ‘princess’ inside and outside the group 341
13.7  The work of the ‘crying group’: Analysis of 25 subjects,
their figurations and the four domains 346
14.1  Reading Fraud and Junk 362
14.2  Who took my place and when was it taken? Location,
translation and interpretation of vertical and horizontal
transference378
14.3  A group dream of Grandfather wearing the conductor’s face:
Positive vertical and complex transference 380
14.4  Disillusionment: Negative vertical transference 383
14.5  Good sisters, bad sisters and good sisters again: Changing
horizontal transference 384
 Vignettes xvii

14.6  Dreaming together about the conductor wearing her apron and

withholding delicious soup 386
15.1  Postman Pat: Stepping in and out of each other’s pictures 404
15.2  Was it nice when you kissed the conductor in your dream? 406
15.3  Other people’s babies 410
15.4  So you want us to eat potatoes? No, we’re coming home! 412
16.1  The angel in the torture chamber: Individual psychotherapy 425
16.2  The angel in the family 428
16.3  A band of angels in a group of refugees 431
16.4  Jacob’s Ladder in the group 434
17.1  Where is the conductor’s baton? 441
17.2  On making a home amongst strangers 452
18.1  The patients are the ones who get better and go away 465
Tables

0.1  Elementary principles in group-analytic theory 13

1.1  The important lessons distilled from personal experience: Gans 32
1.2  Basic principles in group-analytic psychotherapy 39
1.3  Categories of need amongst people attending intensive groups 43
1.4   Definition and classification of conductors’ interventions: Roberts 50
2.1  Tripartite division of psychoanalytic interactions: Holmes 62
2.2  Qualities of dependency in groups: von Fraunhofer 64
3.1  Current developmental literature in group-analytic
psychotherapy: Inclusion criteria – key elements in clinical
theory89
3.2  Developmental tasks, critical issues and focus 96
5.1  The human experience of silence: Haddock 146
5.2  Speech and silence in group psychotherapy 146
6.1  Dick’s phases in group process and content 166
6.2  Specific areas of disturbance in eight parameters of life
situation166
6.3  Levels of satisfaction/dissatisfaction in eight parameters
rated by patient/therapist 167
6.4  Pre- and post-group rating of total series 168
6.5  Block group therapy: Attendance numbers 186
6.6  Block group therapy: Occupational categories 186
6.7  Categories of need amongst people attending twice-weekly
groups190
6.8  Basic demographic and clinical data amongst people attending
twice-weekly groups 191
6.9  Basic clinical data for people attending twice-weekly groups:
Ratings on five-point scale (14 and 15) 191
6.10 Twice-weekly group therapy: Occupational categories 192
6.11 Twice-weekly group therapy: Family situation 192
6.12 Twice-weekly group therapy: Referral source 193
6.13 Twice-weekly groups: Presenting problems 193
6.14 Twice-weekly groups: Diagnosis on presentation 193
 Tables xix

6.15 Twice-weekly groups: Leaving reasons 194

8.1  Visible elements in the dynamic life of a group 233
8.2  Invisible elements and the emergence of a three-dimensional
model233
9.1  Basic organising principles for group psychotherapy 236
9.2  Twelve principles and practices of dynamic administration: Behr
and Hearst 237
9.3  Principles for group composition 241
10.1a Foulkes’s original list of group-specific factors 249
10.1b Foulkes and Anthony’s revised list of group-specific factors 249
10.2  A new working list of process dynamics in small group
psychotherapy251
10.3  Resonance: Simple, complex, descriptive and unconscious 266
10.4  Mirroring in seven forms and ensuing group dynamics 269
11.1  Tyerman’s four questions about non-verbal communication 281
11.2  Working with content: Five therapeutic challenges for the
conductor282
12.1  Advice to aspiring group analysts: Seven cautionary points 303
12.2  Phases in the cycle of a group’s development: Conductor’s
prevailing identity and responsibilities 313
12.3  Leadership principles for small and median group therapy 315
12.4  Leadership principles for large groups 316
12.5  Requirements for therapeutic competence in group-analytic
psychotherapy317
12.6  The conductor’s interventions in time and place 318
12.7  Summary of therapeutic principles in group-analytic
psychotherapy: Leadership, analysis and interpretation 319
12.8  Conductor’s therapeutic role mapped against group’s three
dimensions and four domains (refers to Figure ii.1) 320
13.1  Foulkes’s four levels of communication in group: Original and
current formulation 339
13.2  Four ‘regions’ of the group described now as domains: With
conductor’s role responsibilities 341
13.3  Progression of subjects and figurations in ‘The crying group’ 354
13.4  Frequency score of figurations during life of group 357
14.1  The transference situation in psychoanalysis and group
analysis – Foulkes and Anthony 366
14.2  Different forms of transference: Simple, complex, vertical
horizontal370
14.3  Illustrations of transference and countertransference in the text 376
15.1  Four forms of play in relational life and the authors who
describe them 400
16.1  Brown’s three stages of growth and development:
Self-development through subjective interaction 423
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