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Radio Frequency Integrated
Circuits and Systems

Second Edition

This updated and expanded new edition equips students with a thorough understanding of the state
of the art in RF design and the practical knowledge and skills needed in industry. Introductory and
advanced topics are covered in depth, with clear, step-by-step explanations, including core topics
such as RF components, signals and systems, two-ports, noise, distortion, low-noise amplifiers,
power amplifiers, and transceiver architectures. New material has been added on wave propagation,
skin effect, antennas, mixers and oscillators, and digital PAs and transmitters. Two new chapters
detail the analysis and design of RF and IF filters (including SAW and FBAR duplexers and N-path
filters), phase-locked loops, frequency synthesizers, digital PLLs, and frequency dividers. Theory is
linked to practice through real-world applications, practical design examples, and exploration of the
pros and cons of various topologies. Over 250 homework problems are included, with solutions and
lecture slides for instructors available online. With its uniquely practical and intuitive approach, this
is an essential text for graduate courses on RFICs and a useful reference for practicing engineers.

Hooman Darabi is a Fellow of Broadcom, California, and a lecturer at the University of California,
Los Angeles. His research interests include analog and RF IC design for wireless communications.
Radio Frequency
Integrated Circuits
and Systems
Second Edition

HOOMAN DARABI
Broadcom Inc., Irvine
University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom

One Liberty Plaza, 20th Floor, New York, NY 10006, USA

477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia
314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, New Delhi – 110025, India

79 Anson Road, #06–04/06, Singapore 079906

Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge.

It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of

education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9781107194755
DOI: 10.1017/9781108163644
© Cambridge University Press 2020

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,
no reproduction of any part may take place without the written
permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2015

Second edition 2020

Printed in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow Cornwall

A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Darabi, Hooman, 1972– author.
Title: Radio frequency integrated circuits and systems / Hooman Darabi Broadcom Inc., Irvine.
Description: Second edition. | Cambridge, United Kingdom ; New York, NY, USA : Cambridge University
Press, 2020.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019021297 | ISBN 9781107194755 (hardback)
Subjects: LCSH: Radio frequency integrated circuits–Design and construction.
Classification: LCC TK7874.78 .D37 2020 | DDC 621.3841/2–dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019021297

ISBN 978-1-107-19475-5 Hardback

Additional resources for this publication at www.cambridge.org/darabi2
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of
URLs for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
To my family
 CONTENTS

Preface to the Second Edition page xiii

Preface to the First Edition xv
Glossary xviii

1. RF Components 1
1.1 Electric Fields and Capacitance 2
1.2 Magnetic Fields and Inductance 5
1.3 Time-Varying Fields and Maxwell Equations 9
1.4 Circuit Representation of Capacitors and Inductors 11
1.5 Distributed and Lumped Circuits 12
1.6 Energy and Power 15
1.7 LC and RLC Circuits 17
1.8 The Uniform Plane Wave 26
1.9 Antennas 36
1.10 Integrated Capacitors 43
1.11 Integrated Inductors 47
1.12 Summary 70
1.13 Problems 70
1.14 References 77

2. RF Signals and Systems 79

2.1 Fourier Transform and Fourier Series 80
2.2 Impulses 83
2.3 Fourier Transform of Periodic Signals 85
2.4 Impulse Response 86
2.5 Network Functions 88
2.6 Hilbert Transform and Quadrature Signals 93
2.7 Stochastic Processes 95
2.8 Analog Linear Modulation 109
2.9 Analog Nonlinear Modulation 115
2.10 Modern Radio Modulation Scheme 119
2.11 Single-Sideband Receivers 121
2.12 Summary 123
2.13 Problems 123
2.14 References 129
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viii Contents

3. RF Networks 130
3.1 Introduction to Two-Ports 130
3.2 Available Power 139
3.3 Impedance Transformation 149
3.4 Lossless Transmission Lines 166
3.5 Low-Loss Transmission Lines 173
3.6 Receive–Transmit Antennas as Two-Port Circuits 176
3.7 Smith Chart 179
3.8 Scattering Parameters 185
3.9 Differential Two-Ports 196
3.10 Summary 197
3.11 Problems 197
3.12 References 205

4. RF and IF Filters 206

4.1 Ideal Filters 207
4.2 Doubly Terminated LC Filters 208
4.3 Active Filters 238
4.4 Surface and Bulk Acoustic Wave Filters 248
4.5 Duplexers 253
4.6 N-Path Filters 255
4.7 Quadrature Filters 260
4.8 Summary 270
4.9 Problems 270
4.10 References 274

5. Noise 278
5.1 Types of Noise 279
5.2 Two-Port Equivalent Noise 296
5.3 Noise Figure 299
5.4 Minimum NF 303
5.5 Impact of Feedback on Noise Figure 309
5.6 Noise Figure of Cascade of Stages 312
5.7 Phase Noise 316
5.8 Sensitivity 317
5.9 Noise Figure Measurements 322
5.10 Summary 325
5.11 Problems 325
5.12 References 330

6. Distortion 331
6.1 Blockers in Wireless Systems 332
6.2 Full-Duplex Systems and Coexistence 335
 Contents ix

6.3 Small Signal Nonlinearity 336

6.4 Large Signal Nonlinearity 356
6.5 Reciprocal Mixing 359
6.6 Harmonic Mixing 363
6.7 Transmitter Nonlinearity Concerns 364
6.8 Summary 382
6.9 Problems 382
6.10 References 385

7. Low-Noise Amplifiers 386

7.1 Matching Requirements 387
7.2 RF Tuned Amplifiers 392
7.3 Common-Source and Common-Gate LNAs 397
7.4 Shunt Feedback LNAs 401
7.5 Series Feedback LNAs 405
7.6 Feedforward LNAs 410
7.7 LNA Practical Concerns 413
7.8 LNA Power–Noise Optimization 421
7.9 Signal and Power Integrity 425
7.10 LNA Design Case Study 431
7.11 Summary 433
7.12 Problems 433
7.13 References 436

8. Mixers 437
8.1 Mixers Fundamentals 437
8.2 Evolution of Mixers 442
8.3 Active Mixers 445
8.4 Passive Current-Mode Mixers 460
8.5 Passive Voltage-Mode Mixers 484
8.6 Transmitter Mixers 486
8.7 Harmonic Folding in Transmitter Mixers 491
8.8 LNA/Mixer Case Study 494
8.9 Summary 502
8.10 Problems 503
8.11 References 507

9. Oscillators 510
9.1 The Linear LC Oscillator 511
9.2 The Nonlinear LC Oscillator 517
9.3 Phase Noise Analysis of the Nonlinear LC Oscillator 521
9.4 LC Oscillator Topologies 540
9.5 Q-Degradation 551
x Contents

9.6 Frequency Modulation Effects 554

9.7 More LC Oscillator Topologies 562
9.8 Ring Oscillators 566
9.9 Quadrature Oscillators 577
9.10 Crystal and FBAR Oscillators 581
9.11 Summary 588
9.12 Problems 589
9.13 References 592

10. PLLs and Synthesizers 595

10.1 Phase-Locked Loops Basics 596
10.2 Type I PLLs 598
10.3 Type II PLLs 601
10.4 Integer-N Frequency Synthesizers 611
10.5 Fractional-N Frequency Synthesizers 618
10.6 Frequency Dividers 630
10.7 Introduction to Digital PLLs 640
10.8 Summary 647
10.9 Problems 647
10.10 References 649

11. Power Amplifiers 651

11.1 General Considerations 652
11.2 Class A PAs 654
11.3 Class B PAs 656
11.4 Class C PAs 660
11.5 Class D PAs 662
11.6 Class D Digital PAs 665
11.7 Class E PAs 669
11.8 Class F PAs 672
11.9 PA Linearization Techniques 673
11.10 Summary 685
11.11 Problems 685
11.12 References 688

12. Transceiver Architectures 690

12.1 General Considerations 691
12.2 Receiver Architectures 692
12.3 Blocker-Tolerant Receivers 707
12.4 Receiver Filtering and ADC Design 715
12.5 Receiver Gain Control 718
12.6 Transmitter Architectures 719
 Contents xi

12.7 Transceiver Practical Design Concerns 734

12.8 Summary 751
12.9 Problems 751
12.10 References 754

Index 757
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION

While the first edition was written to be equally used as a textbook in graduate-level RF courses
in academia, as well as among RF professional engineers, it was felt that it may be more
suitable to practicing RF engineers in industry. Personal teaching experience in the past few
years and feedback from some colleagues and friends inspired me to work on a new edition to
address the needs of entry-level graduate and senior undergraduate students more properly. To
that extent, without altering the overall organization of the book significantly and retaining the
bulk of material from the first edition, the book has been rewritten to address the fundamental
concepts more deeply, give more step-by-step design explanations, and provide many more
examples and clarifying points. The examples particularly are designed to cover both funda-
mental theoretical concepts as well as hands-on circuit-level design and simulations and have
been organized more distinctly to both complement the basic concepts and provide guidelines
for more advanced discussions. It has been the author’s intention to familiarize the readers early
on with two of RF designers’ best friends, Spectre-RF and EMX, through many of these
examples covering circuit-level analysis followed by verification through actual simulations.
Furthermore, over 50 new additional problems, with guidance and hints, have been added
throughout the 12 chapters and may be assigned as homework problems or exam questions or
simply used as means of practicing the fundamental concepts.
Apart from this main motivation, there were several important concepts crucial in the RF
design that were missing from the first edition or at least needed more elaboration. One of the
main additions of this edition is the inclusion of two new chapters, one to cover in-depth
analysis and design of RF and IF filters, including SAW, FBAR, duplexers, and N-path filters,
as well as a dedicated chapter to cover phase-locked loops, frequency synthesizers, digital
PLLs, and frequency dividers. Additionally, new discussions on wave propagation, skin effect,
and antennas were added to Chapter 1. This is introductory material but is deemed vital for RF
engineers as they are an essential part of RF design. Among other new additions are more
expanded discussion on RF two-ports and reciprocal networks, additional discussions of mixers
and oscillators, and a section on digital power amplifiers. One of the main innovations of this
edition is inclusion of a section to address signal and power integrity, a critical part of the RF
design. This was added to the low-noise amplifiers chapter, as being the most susceptible block,
though is applicable in general to any part of the radio. It covers various topics such as electric
and magnetic coupling, shielding, and power rails transient noise.
Neither in the first edition nor in the current one does a dedicated chapter on the subject of the
wireless standards exist. The wireless standards are evolving, and as such a chapter examining
them would be drastically different today versus five or ten years in the future. It is more
important for RF designers to attain the ability to translate high-level system specifications into
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