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.
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Canadian
Horticulturist, Volume I
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: The Canadian Horticulturist, Volume I

Author: Various

Editor: Delos W. Beadle

Release date: February 21, 2018 [eBook #56616]

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Marcia Brooks, David Jones, Cindy Beyer, and

the online Project Gutenberg team at
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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE CANADIAN

HORTICULTURIST, VOLUME I ***
 GOVERNOR WOOD.
FOR CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST.

THE

PUBLISHED BY
 ———
VOLUME I.

———
EDITOR:

D. W. BEADLE.

――•――

ST. CATHARINES
E. S. LEAVENWORTH, BOOK AND JOB PRINTER, ST. PAUL STREET,
1878.

The Canadian Horticulturist.

VOLUME I, COMPENDIUM & INDEX

TABLE OF CONTENTS.
[Added for the reader's convenience—Transcriber.]

NO. 1

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

THE BURNET GRAPE
 WINTER MEETING
CHINESE PRIMROSES
ONE OF OUR COMMON INSECTS
SHELTER
SCRIBNER SPITZENBERG APPLE
APPLES IN MINNESOTA
A WORD OF WARNING TO PEACH GROWERS OF ONTARIO

NO. 2

CLAPP’S FAVORITE
SOME NEW FOUND FRIENDS
THE AMERICAN ARBOR-VITÆ FOR SHELTER-BELTS
SOME FRUITS OF RECENT INTRODUCTION
DISEASES OF APPLE TREES
THE CHINESE PRIMROSE
JARED P. KIRKLAND, L.L.D.
BEETS FOR TABLE USE
SHALL WE GRAFT OVER OLD ORCHARDS
ONE OF OUR COMMON INSECTS
MILDEW ON THE BLACK CURRANT
ASPARAGUS

NO. 3

THE HASTINGS APPLE

THE SEASON FOR TRANSPLANTING EVERGREENS
THE CABBAGE BUTTERFLY
A PLEA FOR FLOWERS
CYCLAMEN PERSICUM
CONOVER’S COLOSSAL ASPARAGUS
APPLE TREES IN THE COUNTY OF DUNDAS
ON PHOSPHATES
THE POMME GRISE, AND THE SWAYZIE POMME GRISE
JOHN FREED
THE SECRET OF SUCCESS IN TRANSPLANTING TREES
 NO. 4

SOME RECENTLY DESCRIBED HARDY APPLES

SOME OF THE EARLY FLOWERING SHRUBS
HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP
WILSON’S ALBANY STRAWBERRY
THE GRAPE-VINE FLEA-BEETLE
SNAP OR STRING BEANS
CHANGING THE BEARING YEAR

NO. 5

HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP. II.

SPECIAL MANURES FOR ASPARAGUS
OUR PRESENT FRUIT PROSPECTS
THE BEURRE BOSC PEAR
GRAFTING BEARING APPLE TREES
HOW TO RAISE COLOSSAL ASPARAGUS
THE PLUM CURCULIO
THE POOR MAN’S GARDEN
TO KEEP FOREST TENT CATERPILLARS FROM TREES
OUR HAWTHORNS
FRANCIS HANSFORD HORA

NO. 6

THREE POPULAR PLUMS

ADVICE ON FRUIT GROWING TO THE FARMERS
WOMAN’S WORK IN HORTICULTURE
SOME RELATIONS BETWEEN PLANTS AND INSECTS
THE BLACKBERRY
THE GRAPE VINE FLEA BEETLE
HOW TO PROPAGATE FLOWERING SHRUBS

NO. 7

ROSES
 SUMMER MEETING
HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP. III.
EXPERIMENTS WITH THE GRAPE VINE FLEA-BEETLE
TREE ROSES AND WEEPING ROSES

NO. 8

A NEW RASPBERRY
LATE SPRING FROSTS
SUMMER PRUNING OF THE GRAPE
THE TYSON PEAR
THE BALDWIN APPLE
GREEN PEAS
NOTES ON STRAWBERRIES
CULTIVATION OF THE QUINCE
RASPBERRY NOTES
CRESCENT SEEDLING AND FOREST ROSE STRAWBERRIES
EXPERIMENTS IN HYBRIDIZATION
HORTICULTURAL ECCENTRICITIES

NO. 9

THE CHERRY CURRANT

THE JAPANESE IRIS
THE GOOSEBERRY
THE ROSE A TYPE OF INFINITY
PRIDE OF THE HUDSON RASPBERRY
LETTUCE
FRUIT SHIPPED IN 1877 FROM MEAFORD AND OWEN SOUND
THE EARLY HARVEST AND RED ASTRACAN APPLES
THE ARCHIPPUS BUTTERFLY

NO. 10

THE ARCHIPPUS BUTTERFLY

RISE AND FALL OF SAP
TOMATOES
 THE MONTREAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
THE GRAVENSTEIN APPLE
AUTUMN MEETING
THE HENRIETTA RASPBERRY
HOW SHALL I WINTER MY GERANIUMS, &c.?
A GOOD ROSE

NO. 11

THE YUCCA FILAMENTOSA

THE EARLY CANADA PEACH
DUCHESS OF OLDENBURGH APPLE
THE DOWNING GOOSEBERRY
GREEN NEWTOWN PIPPIN, AND RHODE-ISLAND GREENING APPLES
BEGONIAS
FRUITS GROWN IN THE OTTAWA VALLEY
HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP. IV.
THE GLADIOLUS

NO. 12

FRUIT AT THE PROVINCIAL EXHIBITION

EXPERIENCE IN WINTERING GERANIUMS
TOMATOES
HORTICULTURAL GOSSIP. V.
THE OLD KENTISH CHERRY
MOORE’S EARLY GRAPE
A PLEA FOR OUR SMALL FRUITS

INDEXES

INDEX
INDEX TO CONTRIBUTORS
VOL. I.] ST. [NO. 1.
CATHERINES

THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST

The Directors of the Fruit Growers’ Association have long felt the
importance of having a monthly publication as a medium of
communication between the members, and a means of imparting
information on subjects of interest, more frequently and promptly
than can be done by the Annual Report. And now, after careful
deliberation, they have decided to make the experiment, and
commence to-day the issue of the HORTICULTURIST, in the hope
that it will find favor with the members. It will be devoted chiefly to
the publication of such information as is sought after by those who
are interested in fruit culture, yet not neglecting those kindred
subjects which are closely connected with that pursuit. The lover of
fruits is also usually a lover of flowers, and delights to surround the
house with a well kept lawn. It will therefore contain occasional
articles intended to guide and help those who seek to cultivate
flowering plants and shrubs, and to make their grounds bright with
summer flowers. And if the less showy, but not less important
vegetable garden should have a place now and then in these pages,
there are those among the readers, it is believed, who will welcome
any timely information in this department also.
But while the Directors will spare no pains to make the
HORTICULTURIST acceptable and profitable, it will nevertheless be,
in a very large degree, what the members shall make it. If they shall
use it as the medium through which they tell each other of success
and of failure with particular fruits, flowers, trees, &c., and in which
they ask for information upon doubtful points, then will it become
what the Directors hope, a mirror, in which is reflected continually
the Horticultural progress and skill of Ontario. They ask therefore
that the members will regard it as their publication, put forth in their
interests, to help them in whatever way it can, and to be used by
them for the promotion of Horticulture in this Canada of ours.

—————

THE BURNET GRAPE.

As long ago as in the Autumn of 1873, Mr. P. C. Dempsey, Albury,
Prince Edward County, exhibited at the Fruit Growers’ meeting a few
bunches of a grape that on account of the beauty of its appearance,
its earliness of ripening, and delicacy of flavor, attracted much
attention and called forth universal praise. In due time a committee
was appointed to visit Mr. Dempsey’s grounds and examine the vine
and fruit; and such was the character of their report that the
Directors requested Mr. Dempsey to propagate it largely, so as to be
able to supply the Association with vines sufficient to give one to
each member. Since this arrangement was made, the members have
become familiar with its general appearance through the colored
lithograph which was presented to them in the Report for 1876. Mr.
Dempsey has given to this excellent grape the name of our honored
President, and henceforth it will be known in the Pomological world
as the “Burnet” grape.
 This grape was raised by fertilizing the Hartford Prolific with
pollen from the Black Hamburgh. The vine seems to possess much
resemblance to the Hartford Prolific, is a vigorous grower, of robust
and healthy constitution, very productive and hardy. The fruit is very
like that of the Black Hamburgh, the bunch is large, slightly
shouldered; berries large, sweet, and delicately flavored, having
nothing of the foxiness of the Hartford Prolific. The flesh is tender,
almost melting, with none of the tough pulpiness of the most of our
hardy grapes. It also ripens early, somewhat earlier than the
Hartford Prolific, and considerably before the Concord. Our members
are to be congratulated on the reception of so valuable a grape—one
that gives promise of being held in lasting estimation as a variety of
unusual excellence, and adapted to general cultivation in nearly all
parts of our Province. It will be sent to all who are members this
year as early in the Spring as the season will permit.

—————

WINTER MEETING.
The regular Winter meeting was held in the City of Hamilton, on
Wednesday, the sixth of February. The President, Rev. R. Burnet,
took the chair; and after the reading of the Minutes by the Secretary,
introduced to the members Mr. Craig, Secretary of the Agricultural
and Arts Association, of Ontario, and Mr. J. B. Jones, delegate from
the Horticultural Society of Western New York. The gentlemen were
most enthusiastically welcomed by the members, and addressed the
meeting in a few well-timed words of hearty interest in the object of
our Association.
Mr. Chas. Arnold—our accredited delegate to the Winter meeting
of the W. N. Y. Horticultural Society—read his Report of what he
heard and saw on that occasion. He stated that there was an
average attendance during the two days of the meeting, 23rd and
24th of January, of about one hundred and forty intelligent fruit
growers from all parts of the State of New York, and adjoining
States. The evening session of the 23rd was largely taken up with a
discussion upon the best means of destroying the Codlin Moth. One
gentleman spoke for nearly two hours, advocating the merits of his
patent invention for catching the larvæ of this Moth. (Our cousins
are highly gifted in the talking line, and are an exceedingly inventive
people.) This invention consisted of a piece of water-proof paper or
pasteboard, lined with cotton batting. This was to be placed, in the
form of a band of about three inches in width around the trunk of
each tree, with the cotton batting next to the tree, and occasionally
taken off and the larvæ found therein destroyed. Another man had
applied for a patent for substantially the same thing, only in this
case the cardboard was punched full of holes, and the cotton batting
pressed into the holes. It was fully admitted by all who took part in
the discussion, that the Codlin Moth was a very serious pest, and
that every owner of a pear or apple tree should wage a war of
extermination against it. The larvæ will take refuge under anything
that gives them shelter and security, hence any contrivance that
offers them a hiding place will be sought by them, and can be used
as a trap for catching and killing them.
A very convenient trap has been made by fastening a strip of old
carpeting or of cotton flannel around the trunk of the tree, and
removing it every week or ten days and passing it through an old
clothes-wringer, so as to crush the larvæ that have taken refuge in
it, and then putting it back around the tree. Those who desire to
inform themselves more fully on the subject of the Codlin Moth, will
find much valuable information in the entomological part of the
Report for 1870, page 91; for 1872, page 5; for 1874, page 43; and
those who have only the Report for 1877, will find the insect figured
in all its stages of existence at page 46 of the entomological part.
Mr. Arnold further reported that the morning session was taken
up by the reading of essays, some of them containing much valuable
information. The essays were upon our public roads; gathering,
marketing, and preserving apples; small fruits; spring flowering
shrubs; the kitchen garden; horticultural botany; roses, and weeping
or drooping trees. But few fruits were exhibited. A plate of the
Columbia pear was the finest plate of Winter pears he ever saw,
judging from the appearance merely, as no opportunity was given
him to test their flavor.
Reports from different parts of the State shewed that an
immense revenue is derived from the sale of apples. Niagara County
alone reported sales amounting to three hundred thousand dollars.
Other counties reported as high as five hundred thousand dollars
worth of apples, besides large sums for pears and other fruits.
Mr. Arnold closed his Report by expressing the hope that the day
was not far distant when reports similar to those made to the
Western New York Society, will come from many counties in Ontario,
where both soil and climate are certainly equal to any portion of the
State of New York; and ventured the prediction that in view of our
already great and yearly increasing facilities for shipping, the
growing of first class fruit in Ontario must be profitable for many
years to come.
The subject of fruit statistics, brought before the meeting by Mr.
Arnold’s closing remarks, was briefly discussed, and Messrs. Burnet,
Beadle and Bucke were appointed a Committee to interview the
Government, and devise means for obtaining reliable statistics of the
quantity and value of the fruits raised and exported from Ontario. A
resolution was also passed requesting the railways to incorporate in
their annual report on the crops, the condition and extent of the
apple crop.
The discussion now turned upon the Canker Worm—an insect
pest that is doing considerable damage to apple orchards in some
sections. A full description of the Canker Worm, and engravings
shewing the insect in all its stages, from the egg to the moth, will be
found in the entomological part of the Report for 1870, at page 86;
also a very full article on the Canker Worms in the same part of the
Report for 1875, page 25. Mr. Bowman, of Hamilton, said that for
the past two years they had stripped the leaves completely off from
some two or three hundred of his apple trees—they did their work
early in Spring, and disappeared about the 15th of June. He had
read that syringing the trees with a mixture of Paris Green and water
was complete destruction to the worms. Mr. Woolverton, of Grimsby,
had suffered severely from the Canker Worms, and had tried several
means of preventing their ravages. He had tied bandages around the
trunks of the trees and smeared them with pitch tar, and found this
a very easy and successful method of destroying the female moths.
The tar must be renewed as often as it becomes hard, or the moths
will crawl over it. Last year he had applied Paris Green in water with
a garden engine, and found that also very beneficial. This must be
done very early in the season, as soon as the buds burst, to be
effectual. He had also tried fall ploughing of his orchard in the end of
October, and thought this also had been beneficial, by lessening
their numbers. Mr. Smith, of Glanford, suggested that a mixture of
castor oil and resin,—such as is used in making the sticky fly-paper—
might be found useful, though in cold winter weather it would
become too hard. Molasses mixed with tar was also suggested, but
rains will wash the molasses out and leave only the tar. D. W.
Beadle, of St. Catharines, remarked that the use of some sticky
substance, over which the wingless female moths could not crawl,
would be found to be the most certain and convenient method of
preventing their ravages.
P. E. Bucke, of Ottawa, read an able paper on irrigation, which
was heard with marked interest and attention. This paper has been
handed to the Secretary, and will appear in full in the Annual Report.
A. M. Smith, of Drummondville, called attention to the Yellows in
peach trees, a disease which has been very destructive to the trees
in many places, and was making its appearance in this Province. His
views are given more fully in an article on this subject which will be
found in this number.
The meeting proceeded to the consideration of the benefits of
shelter to peach orchards, and the trees which are the best to plant
for this purpose. C. M. Honsberger, of Jordan Station, had planted
his peach trees between the rows of apple trees, and let them take
their chances, but now, however, had been induced to plant some
evergreens on the south-west side for a wind-break, and had set out
a row of Norway spruce. W. Haskins, Hamilton, spoke of fifty acres
of peach orchard at Navy Island in which he was interested, and said
that the best trees and the best fruit were to be found in that part of
the orchard that was sheltered. He was also convinced that good
cultivation of the soil was just as necessary for the production of fine
peaches as for anything else. A. M. Smith would protect peach
orchards on the south, south-west and west. W. Holton, Hamilton,
remarked that the peach orchards about Brantford seemed to thrive
best on a poor soil where they were sheltered, and that in the rich
hollows they did not succeed. He thought that our native arbor-vitæ,
or as it is often called, white cedar, and the native white pine, and
black spruce were excellent trees to plant for shelter, and easily
procured. Chief Johnson, of Tuscarora, thought the sugar maple an
excellent tree to plant for shelter. P. C. Dempsey, Albury, advocated
planting the basswood, because it grew rapidly, afforded as good
shelter as any deciduous tree, and from its blossoms the bees gather
the best honey, fully equal to, if not better, than white clover honey.
W. McKenzie Ross, Chatham, spoke favorably of the Scotch pine,
because it was a hardy tree and rapid grower. J. Croil, Aultsville,
thought that the Norway spruce was the most valuable tree for
shelter belts, it being even a more rapid grower than the Scotch
pine, very dense in its habit and symmetrical in form. D. W. Beadle,
St. Catharines, concurred fully in this opinion; he had seen this tree
planted around a large field devoted principally to a pear orchard; in
a very few years it had attained to a height of ten or twelve feet,
and was quite dense. He believed also that at present it was the
cheapest tree that could be planted, cheaper than gathering up the
white pines and spruces of our forests, for the reason that the
Norway spruce having been several times transplanted, was very
sure to grow, and could be bought, of small sizes, about as cheap as
the cost of digging up the native trees. W. Roy, Owen Sound, spoke
favorably of the Norway spruce, Austrian pine, and Scotch pine as
shelter trees. J. B. Jones, Rochester, N. Y., spoke highly of the
Norway spruce, saying that it was a hardy tree, easily transplanted,
easily kept within any desired limits, and comparatively inexpensive.
The European larch was also a graceful tree, of rapid growth, and
very cheap.
 On the subject of fertilizers for fruit trees, Mr. Robertson, of
Oakville, said that in sandy soils he had found that the application of
clay around the trees proved to be very beneficial and lasting in its
effects. L. Woolverton, Grimsby, had also used clay around trees
growing in sandy soil with marked benefit. P. E. Bucke, Ottawa,
suggested the use of mineral phosphates, and spoke of the large
beds which had been found near Ottawa, whence considerable
quantities were being shipped to Europe. J. McGill, Oshawa, thought
wood ashes to be one of the very best fertilizers for fruit bearing
trees. C. Arnold, Paris, preferred barn-yard manure, this he
considered preferable to all other fertilizers, believing it contained all
that was needed both for the tree and the fruit. J. B. Jones,
Rochester, N. Y., would apply lime and ashes liberally to orchards
growing in heavy soils, occasionally plow under some green crop,
and apply barn-yard manure. He remarked that the practice of
composting barn-yard manure, and allowing it to stand some time in
large heaps, where it would ferment and decay, was now believed to
be erroneous, and that the best results were obtained by applying it
to the land as quickly as possible, without allowing any opportunity
for fermentation.
The Report of the Committee on fruits was read. This occasioned
a short discussion on the value of the Ben Davis apple. W. Holton,
Hamilton, remarked that he feared many planters of this variety
would be disappointed in the quality of the fruit, it not being equal in
this respect to many of our older sorts. The tree was hardy, and it
might on that account be a valuable sort to plant where the higher
flavored kinds could not be grown. P. C. Dempsey, Albury, remarked
that one of his neighbors had found it a very profitable orchard
variety.
The Summer meeting will be held in the city of St. Catharines, on
Wednesday, July 10th, at ten o’clock A. M.
 —————

CHINESE PRIMROSES.
We commend these beautiful plants to our readers for the reason
that we have found them among the most desirable and satisfactory
for window cultivation of all the various things we have grown in the
sitting room. They are very abundant bloomers, and keep up a
succession of flowers for many months, so that from December to
May they are continually bright and beautiful; they are easily grown
by the merest novice in plant culture, requiring only to be kept from
the frost, and regularly supplied with water. They can be had of
several shades, red, pure white, and striped red and white, and both
single and double.

—————

ONE OF OUR COMMON INSECTS.

BY W. SAUNDERS, LONDON, ONT.

Most of our readers will recognize in the accompanying cut, FIG.

1, an object with which they are more or less familiar, although they
may know little of its origin or the nature of its contents.
During the Winter months, when our trees and shrubs are
leafless these curious silky structures are readily seen, and are found
on many different trees and shrubs, but perhaps oftener on the
twigs of apple trees and currant bushes than anywhere else. They
are the cocoons of a very large and beautiful moth, called the
 Cecropia moth, (Attacus Cecropia,) which
thus spends the winter in a quiet and torpid
condition.
If you cut a twig on which one of these
cocoons has been hung, and shake it, you will
feel that it contains a heavy body which is to
some extent moveable, and you can feel a
slight dull thud as it falls from side to side.
This winter home of the insect is about three
inches long, shaped something like a pod,
tapering towards each end, and invariably
fastened lengthwise to the twig. It is of a
dirty brown colour; the exterior is very close
and papery like, although much wrinkled, and
is quite impervious to wet. Let us look inside
of it; underneath the close exterior we find a
mass of loosely woven threads of strong
yellow silk which surround the dark brown
chrysalis and fill the intervening space, the
upper end of the cocoon where the moth is
eventually to make its escape, being much
looser in texture than the other portions. The
chrysalis itself, the object of all this care, is
smooth, of a dull brown colour, and about
one and a half inches long, and 5/8 of an inch
broad in the widest portion.
FIG. 1. Early in June—or if the cocoon is kept in a
warm room, many weeks before this—a
marvellously beautiful moth issues from this
snug enclosure. When the time has come for its escape, the shelly
structure of its prison house is rent, split open along the back, and
at once restless movements begin within; the struggling creature as
it tries to free itself, making a scratching noise as it tears away the
silken bars which stand between it and the outer world, and this
noise can be distinctly heard at some distance from the object. At
this juncture a fluid is secreted from the mouth of the insect which