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Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African
 Poems for the Millennium
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 The publisher gratefully acknowledges the support of the
Leslie Scalapino Memorial Fund for Poetry, which was established
by generous contributions to the University of California Press
Foundation by Thomas J. White and the Leslie Scalapino–O
Books Fund.
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 poems
for the m i l l e n n i u m

The University of California

Book of North African Literature

Volume Four

Edited with commentaries by

Pierre Joris
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

and
Habib Tengour

University of California Press

Berkeley Los Angeles London

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 This project is supported in part by an award from the National Endowment
for the Arts.

University of California Press, one of the most distinguished university presses in the United
States, enriches lives around the world by advancing scholarship in the humanities, social
sciences, and natural sciences. Its activities are supported by the UC Press Foundation and
by philanthropic contributions from individuals and institutions. For more information,
visit www.ucpress.edu.

University of California Press

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University of California Press, Ltd.

London, England

© 2012 by The Regents of the University of California

For credits, please see page 745. For figure credits, please see page 756.

Every effort has been made to identify and contact the rightful copyright holders of material
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applicable, for reuse of all such material. Credit, if and as available, has been provided
for all reprinted material in the credits section of the book. Errors or omissions in credit
citations or failure to obtain permission if required by copyright law have been either
unavoidable or unintentional. The volume editors and publisher welcome any information
that would allow them to correct future reprints.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Poems for the millennium, volume four : the University of California book of North African
literature / edited with commentaries by Pierre Joris and Habib Tengour.
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

   p. cm. — (Poems for the millennium ; 4)

Includes bibliographical references and index.
isbn 978-0-520-26913-2 (cloth) — isbn 978-0-520-27385-6 (pbk.)
1. North African literature. I. Joris, Pierre. II. Tengour, Habib.
PL8014.N652P64 2012
808.8'9961—dc23 2012024995

Manufactured in the United States of America

21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of ansi/niso z39.48–
1992 (r 2002) (Permanence of Paper).

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 To those poets of the Maghreb and the Arab worlds
who stood up against the prohibitions.
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 This page intentionally left blank
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Contents

Thanks and Acknowledgments xxxi

Introduction 1

A Book of Multiple Beginnings

Prologue 13

The First Human Beings, Their Sons and Amazon Daughters 16

Hanno the Navigator (Carthage, c. sixth century b.c.e.)

from The Periplos of Hanno 21

Callimachus (Cyrene, 310–c. 240 b.c.e.)

Thirteen Epigrammatic Poems 23

Mago (Carthage, pre-second century b.c.e.)

from De Agricultura 26
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Lucius Apuleius (Madaurus, now M’Daourouch, c. 123–c. 180 c.e.)

from The Golden Ass, or Metamorphoses 27

Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus (Carthage, c. 160–c. 220 c.e.)

from De Pallio (The Cloak) 29
from Scorpiace (The Scorpion) 30

Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus (Carthage, early third century–258 c.e.)

from Epistle to Donatus 31

Lucius Lactantius (Cirta? c. 240–Trier? c. 320 c.e.)

from De Ave Phoenice 32

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis (Saint Augustine)
(Thagaste, 354–Hippo, 430 c.e.)
from Confessions 33
from De Doctrina Christiana 34
from De fide rerum invisibilium 35
from Psalmus contra partem Donati 35

Blossius Aemilius Dracontius (Carthage, c. 455–c. 505 c.e.)

The Chariot of Venus 36
De Mensibus (Months) 36
The Origin of Roses 37

Luxorius (Carthage, sixth century c.e.)

“They say, that when the fierce bear gives birth” 37
Premature Chariot 38

First Diwan
A Book of In-Betweens: Al-Andalus, Sicily, the Maghreb

Prologue 41

Anonymous Muwashshaha 45

Some Kharjas 46

Ibn Hani al-Andalusi (Seville, c. 934–Barqa, Libya, 973)

Al-Jilnar 49
Extinction Is the Truth . . . 50

Ibn Darradj al-Qastalli (958–1030)

from Ode in Praise of Khairan al-‘Amiri, Emir of Almería 52
from Ode in Praise of al-Mansur al-‘Amiri, Emir of Córdoba 53
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Abu Amir Ibn Shuhayd (Córdoba, 992–1035)

from Qasida (I) 55
Córdoba 56
from Qasida (II) 56
“As he got his fill of delirious wine” 57
Gravestone Qasida 57

Yusuf Ibn Harun al-Ramadi (d. c. 1022)

Hugging Letters and Beauty Spots 58
Silver Breast 58
Gold Nails 59

viii Contents

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 The Swallow 59
O Rose . . . 59

Yosef Ibn Abitur (mid-tenth century–c. 1012)

The “Who?” of Ibn Abitur of Córdoba 60

Hafsa bint Hamdun (Wadi al-Hijara, now Guadalajara, tenth century)

Four Poems 64

Samuel Ha-Levi Ibn Nagrella, called ha-Nagid, “the Prince”

(Merida, 993–Granada, 1055)
Three Love Poems 65
War Poem 66

Ibn Hazm (Córdoba, 994–Niebla, 1064)

My Heart 67
from The Neck-Ring of the Dove
from “Author’s Preface” 68
Of Falling in Love while Asleep 69

Wallada bint al-Mustakfi (Córdoba, 994–1091)

Six Poems 70

Ibn Rashiq al-Qayrawani (also al-Masili)

(Masila, Algeria, c. 1000–Mazara, Sicily, c. 1064)
from Lament over the Fall of the City of Kairouan 71

Ibn Zaydun (Córdoba, 1003–1071)

Fragments from the Qasida in the Rhyme of Nun 74
Written from al-Zahra’ 75

Salomon Ibn Gabirol (Malaga, c. 1020–Valencia, c. 1058)

The 16-Year-Old Poet 77
from The Crown of Kingdom 77
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Al Mu‘tamid Ibn Abbad (Seville, 1040–Aghmat, 1095)

To Abu Bakr Ibn ‘Ammar Going to Silves 80
To Rumaykiyya 81

Ibn Hamdis (Noto, Sicily, 1056–Majorca, 1133)

He Said, Remembering Sicily and His Home, Syracuse 82
Ibn Labbana (Benissa, mid-eleventh century–Majorca, 1113)
Al-Mu‘tamid and His Family Go into Exile 85
Two Muwashshahat 85

Contents ix

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Moses Ibn Ezra (Granada, c. 1058–c. 1135)
Drinking Song 87
Song 88

Al-A’ma al-Tutili (b. Tudela, c. late eleventh century–d. 1126)

Water-Fire Muwashshaha 88

Ibn Khafadja (Alcita, province of Valencia, 1058–1138)

The River 90

Yehuda Halevi, the Cantor of Zion (Toledo, 1075–Cairo, 1141)

from Yehuda Halevi’s Songs to Zion 91
The Garden 92

Ibn Quzman (Córdoba, 1078–1160)

[A muwashshaha] 93
The Crow 94

Abraham Ibn Ezra (1089–1164)

“I have a garment” 96

Abu Madyan Shu’ayb (Sidi Boumedienne) (Cantillana, 1126–

Tlemcen, 1198)
You Will Be Served in Your Glass 96

Hafsa bint al-Hajj Arrakuniyya (Granada, 1135–Marrakech, 1190)

Eight Poems 97

Ibn Arabi, al-Sheikh al-Akhbar (Murcia, 1165–Damascus, 1240)

“I believe in the religion of love” 99
“O my two friends” 99
The Wisdom of Reality in the Words of Isaac 100

Abi Sharif al-Rundi (Seville, 1204–Ceuta, 1285)

Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Nuniyya 100

Ibn Said al-Maghribi (Alcalá la Real, 1213–Tunis, 1274)

The Battle 102
Black Horse with White Chest 103
The Wind 103

Abu al-Hassan al-Shushtari (Guadix, 1213–Damietta, 1269)

My Art 104
But You Are in the Najd 105
Desire Drives the Camels 105

x Contents

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Abraham Abulafia (Saragossa, 1240–Comino, c. 1291)
How He Went as Messiah in the Name of Angel Raziel
to Confront the Pope 106
from The Book of the Letter 107
from Life of the World to Come: Circles 108

Ibn Zamrak (Granada, 1333–1393)

The Alhambra Inscription 112

T h e O r a l T r ad i t i o n I

Prologue 117

Kabyle Origin Tale: “The World Tree and the Image of

the Universe” 120

from Sirat Banu Hilal (I)

Sultan Hassan el Hilali Bou Ali, the Taciturn 121
Over Whom to Weep 121
Who Is the Best Hilali Horseman? 122
Chiha’s Advice 123
Bouzid on Reconnaissance in the Maghreb 124

Four Tamachek’ Fables

The Greyhound and the Bone 126
The Lion, the Panther, the Tazourit, and the Jackal 126
The Billy Goat and the Wild Boar 127
The Woman and the Lion 128

Kabylian Song on the Expedition of 1856 129

Tuareg Proverbs from the Ahaggar 130

Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Second Diwan
Al Adab: The Invention of Prose

Prologue 135

Ibn Sharaf al-Qayrawani (Kairouan, c. 1000–Seville, 1067)

On Some Andalusian Poets 137
On Poetic Criticism 138

Contents xi

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Ibn Rashiq al-Qayrawani (also al-Masili) (Masila, Algeria, c. 1000–
Mazara, Sicily, 1064)
from Al-‘Umda: “On making poetry and
stimulating inspiration” 139

Al-Bakri (Huelva, 1014–Córdoba, 1094)

from Kitab al-Masalik wa-’al-Mamalik (Book of
Routes and Realms) 143

Abu Hamid al-Gharnati (Granada, 1080–Damascus, 1169)

from Tuhfat al-Albab (Gift of the Spirit)
Description of the Lighthouse of Alexandria 147
Chamber Made for Solomon by the Jinns 148

Ibn Baja (Avempace) (Saragossa, 1085–Fez, 1138)

from The Governance of the Solitary, Chapter 13 149

Al-Idrisi (Ceuta, 1099–Sicily, c. 1166)

from Al-Kitab al-Rujari (Roger’s Book) 152

Ibn Tufayl (Cadiz, c. 1105–Marrakech, 1185)

from Hayy Ibn Yaqzan, a Philosophical Tale 155

Musa Ibn Maimon, called Maimonides (Córdoba, 1138–Fostat, 1204)

from The Guide for the Perplexed 160

Ibn Jubayr (Valencia, 1145–Egypt, 1217)

from The Travels of Ibn Jubayr: Sicily 163

Ibn Battuta (Tangier, 1304–Marrakech, 1369)

from Rihla: Concerning Travels in the Maghreb 167

Ibn Khaldun (Tunis, 1332–Cairo, 1406)

from The Muqaddimah, an Introduction to History, Book 6
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Section 54: “The craft of poetry and the way of

learning it” 171
Section 55: “Poetry and prose work with words,
and not with ideas” 175

Sheikh Nefzaoui (Nefzaoua, southern Tunisia–c. 1434)

from The Perfumed Garden
The Names Given to Man’s Sexual Organs 176
The Names Given to Woman’s Sexual Organs 177

xii Contents

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Al-Hasan Ibn Muhammad al-Wazzan al-Fasi (Leo Africanus)
(Granada, c. 1488–1554)
from Travel Diaries
Why This Part of the World Was Named Africa 179
The Manner and Customs of the Arabs Inhabiting Africa 179
On Fez 180

A B o o k o f My s t i c s

Prologue 185

Abu Madyan Shu’ayb (Sidi Boumedienne) (Cantillana, 1126–

Tlemcen, 1198)
The Qasida in Ra 189
The Qasida in Mim 191

Abdeslam Ibn Mashish Alami (Beni Aross region, near Tangier, 1163–1228)
As-Salat Al-Mashishiyah (The Salutation of Ibn Mashish) 192

Ibn Arabi, al-Sheikh al-Akhbar (Murcia, 1165–Damascus, 1240)

Our Loved Ones 195
I Wish I Knew if They Knew 196
“Gentle now, doves” 196
“Who is here for a braveheart” 198

Abu al-Hassan al-Shushtari (Guadix, 1213–Damietta, 1269)

Layla 199

Othman Ibn Yahya el Sherki (Sidi Bahlul Sherki) (Tétouan region,

seventeenth century)
from Al-Fiyachiya 200

Ahmed Ibn ‘Ajiba (Tétouan region, 1747–1809)

Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Qasida 204
Maxims 206

Mystical Poetry from Djurdjura

“Tell Me, You Saints from Everywhere” 207
“Those Who Remember Know It” 207
“What Dwelling Did I Raise in Ayt-Idjer” 207
“Bird, Soar Up into the Sky” 208

Contents xiii

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Two Shawia Amulets
Amulet against Poison and Poisonous Animals 209
Amulet to “Unknot” Headaches and Neuralgias 209

Third Diwan
The Long Sleep and the Slow Awakening

Prologue 213

Sidi Abderrahman el Mejdub (Tit Mlil, early sixteenth century–Merdacha,

Jebel Aouf, 1568)
Some Quatrains 215

Sidi Lakhdar Ben Khlouf (Mostaganem region,

sixteenth–seventeenth century)
from The Honeycomb 218

Abdelaziz al-Maghraoui (Tafilalet, 1533–1593/1605)

from A Masbah az-Zin (O Beautiful Lamp!) 221
from Peace Be upon You O Shining Pearl! 222

Mawlay Zidan Abu Maali (d. Marrakech, 1627)

“I passed . . . ” 223

Al-Maqqari (Tlemcen, c. 1591–Cairo, 1632)

On Those Andalusians Who Traveled to the East 224

Al-Yusi (Middle Atlas, 1631–1691)

from Al-Muharat
[Two seasons] 226
[The city and the country] 226

Ahmed Ben Triki (Ben Zengli) (Tlemcen, c. 1650–c. 1750)

Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

from Tal Nahbi (My Pain Endures . . . ) 227

from Sha’lat Niran Fi Kbadi (Burned to the Depths of
My Soul!) 227

Sid al Hadj Aissa (Tlemcen, 1668—Laghouat, 1737)

A Borni Falcon Song 229
A Turkli Falcon Song 230

Al-Hani Ben Guenoun (Mascara, 1761–1864)

from Ya Dhalma (O Unfair Lady!) 230

xiv Contents

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Sidi Mohammed Ben Msaieb (d. Tlemcen, 1768)
from O Pigeon Messenger! 232

Mohammed ben Sliman (d. Fez, 1792)

The Storm 234

Boumediene Ben Sahla (Tlemcen, late eighteenth–early nineteenth century)

from Wahd al-Ghazal Rit al-Youm (I Saw a Gazelle Today . . .) 235

Mostefa Ben Brahim (Safa) (Boudjebha, Sidi Bel Abbès province,

1800–1867)
Saddle Up, O Warrior! 237

Mohammed Belkheir (El Bayadh, south of Oran, 1835–1905)

Melha! 239
Moroccan Exile 240
Exiled at Calvi, Corsica 240

Si Mohand (Icheraiouen, At Yirraten, c. 1840–Lhammam-Michelet, 1906)

Three Poems 241
from Si Mohand’s Journey from Maison-Carrée to Michelet 242

Mohamed Ibn Seghir Benguitoun (Sidi Khaled, c. 1843–1907)

from Hiziya 244

Sheikh Smati (Ouled Djellal, near Biskra, 1862–1917)

Mount Kerdada 247

Mohamed Ben Sghir (Tlemcen, late nineteenth century)

Lafjar (Dawn) 249
Ya’l-Warchan (O Dove) 249

Abdallah Ben Keriou (Laghouat, 1869–1921)

“Oh you who worry about the state of my heart” 250
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Hadda (Dra Valley, southern Morocco, late twentieth century)

The Poem of the Candle 251

A Book of Writing

Prologue 257

Archaic Kufic Script 259

Polychrome Maghrebian Script 260

Maghrebian Script 261

Contents xv

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Maghrebian Cursive Script 262

Andalusian Cursive Script 263

Al-Qandusi
A Bismillah 264
The Word Paradise 265

Maghrebian Script: The Two Letters Lam-Alif 266

Maghrebian Mujawhar Script 266

Fourth Diwan
Resistance and Road to Independence

Prologue 269

Emir Abd El Kader (Mascara, 1808–Damascus, 1883)

My Spouse Worries 271
I Am Love 271
The Secrets of the Lam-Alif 272

Mohammed Ben Brahim Assarraj (Marrakech, 1897–1955)

Poem I 274
Poem II 275

Tahar Haddad (Tunis, 1899–1935)

from Muslim Women in Law and Society 277

Jean El Mouhoub Amrouche (Ighil Ali, 1906–Paris, 1962)

Adoration of the Palm Trees 280

Abu al-Qasim al-Shabi (Tozeur, 1909–Tunis, 1934)

Life’s Will 282
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Mouloud Feraoun (Tizi Hibel, 1913–Algiers, 1962)

from Journal, 1955–1962 284

Emmanuel Roblès (Oran, 1914–Boulogne-Billancourt, 1995)

from Mirror Suite 287

Edmond Amram El-Maleh (Safi, 1917–Rabat, 2010)

from Taksiat 289

Mouloud Mammeri (Taourirt Mimoune, Kabylia, 1917–Aïn Defla, 1989)

from L’Ahellil du Gourara: Timimoun 293

xvi Contents

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Mostefa Lacheraf (Sidi Aïssa, 1917–Algiers, 2007)
from Country of Long Pain 295

Mohammed Dib (Tlemcen, 1920–La Celle-Saint-Cloud, 2003)

from Ombre Gardienne 297
Guardian Shadow 1 297
Guardian Shadow 2 298
Guardian Shadow 3 298
Dawn Breaks 298
The Crazed Hour 299
Nursery Rhyme 299
A Voice 300

Bachir Hadj Ali (Algiers, 1920–1991)

Dreams in Disarray 302
Oath 303

Jean Pélégri (Rovigo, 1920–Paris, 2003)

Open the Pebble 304

Nourredine Aba (Aïn Oulmene, 1921–Paris, 1996)

from Lost Song of a Rediscovered Country 307

Mohammed Al-Habib El-Forkani (Tahannaout, 1922–Rabat, 2008)

“In a miserable world” 309
“My yesterday pursues me” 310

Frantz Fanon (Fort-de-France, 1925–Bethesda, Maryland, 1961)

from On National Culture 311

Jean Sénac (Béni Saf, 1926–Algiers, 1973)

Dawn Song of My People 315
News in Brief 316
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

The July Massacres 317

Malek Haddad (Constantine, 1927–Algiers, 1978)

The Long March 319

Kateb Yacine (Guelma, 1929–Grenoble, 1989)

Nedjma, or The Poem or the Knife 321
from Nedjma 323

Ismaël Aït Djaafar (Algiers, 1929–1995)

from Wail of the Arab Beggars of the Casbah 327

Contents xvii

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Anna Gréki (Batna, 1931–Algiers, 1966)
The Future Is for Tomorrow 329
Even in Winter 330

Henri Kréa (Algiers, 1933–Paris, 2000)

from Le Séisme au bord de la rivière 333
Clandestine Travelers 335

T h e O r a l T r ad i t i o n II

More Kabylian Origin Stories 339

The Origin of Shooting Stars 339
The First Eclipse 339
The Origin of Menstruation 340

The Magic Grain: A Tale 341

Kabyle Proverbs 345

Songs 347
Children’s Rain Song 347
“O night lights of Jew Town” 347

from The Adventures of the Jew 348

1. The Bride Who Was Too Large 348
2. The Tail of the Comet 349

More Riddles and Proverbs 350

Satirical Nomad Poem 351

Saharan Gharbi / Western-Style Anonymous Nomad Songs 351

from Sirhat Banu Hilal (II) 353

Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Sada Betrays Her Father for Love of Meri 353

Fifth Diwan
“Make It New”: The Invention of Independence I

Prologue 361

Libya 365
Muhammad al-Faituri (b. al-Janira, Sudan, 1930)
The Story 366

xviii Contents

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
 Incident 366
The Question and the Answer 367

Ibrahim al-Koni (b. Fezzan region, 1948)

from Anubis
Dusk 367

Ashur Etwebi (b. Tripoli, 1952)

from Of Solitude and a Few Other Matters 373

Faraj Bou al-Isha (b. 1956)

Where Does This Pain Come From? 377
Here I Am 377
Wait 377
Sleep 377

Fatima Mahmoud (b. Tripoli, mid-twentieth century)

What Was Not Conceivable 378

Laila Neihoum (b. Benghazi, 1961)

Melting Sun 383

Khaled Mattawa (b. Benghazi, 1964)

from East of Carthage: An Idyll 384

Tunisia 388
Claude Benady (Tunis, 1922–Boulogne, Hauts-de-Seine, 2000)
Thirst for a Country . . . 390
Struggle 391

Al-Munsif al-Wahaybi (b. Kairouan, 1929)

The Desert 393
In the Arab House 393
Copyright © 2013. University of California Press. All rights reserved.

Ceremony 394

Midani Ben Salah (Nefta, 1929–2006)

In the Train with Them 395

Noureddine Sammoud (b. Kelibia, 1932)

The Eyes of My Love 397
Salah Garmadi (Tunis, 1933–1982)
Our Ancestors the Beduins 399
Counsel for My Family after My Death 400

Contents xix

Poems for the Millennium, Volume Four : The University of California Book of North African Literature, edited by Pierre Joris, and
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